Introduction: Why I choose this topic?

Gender discrimination is a critical issue that warrants attention due to its far-reaching impact on
various facets of our lives. Unfortunately, it is often overlooked across different fields, leading to
adverse consequences for both individuals and society as a whole. This research aims to address the
importance of tackling gender discrimination by shedding light on its pervasive nature and the
negative repercussions it brings.

Gender discrimination is a widespread problem that significantly affects individuals in various

aspects of life. It entails treating someone unfairly based on their gender, resulting in unequal
opportunities and harmful consequences. Instances of such discrimination are particularly prevalent
during adolescence, as seen in the impact on girls. For instance, a girl in her adolescent years may
find herself in relationships with individuals of the opposite gender or with a homosexual friend.
The root of these relationships often lies in the support she receives from her peer group, viewing
them as her confidants. However, she may also experience anxiety when her parents express
disapproval, leading to thoughts of suicide.

The underlying cause of these issues often traces back to familial dynamics, where an excessive
focus on male children perpetuates harmful stereotypes. To address these challenges, encouraging
open discussions about consent, healthy relationships, and gender equality becomes crucial. Such
conversations can play a pivotal role in challenging harmful stereotypes and fostering respectful
behaviour.

Furthermore, creating supportive spaces and networks for adolescents is essential to help them
navigate social pressures and address issues related to gender discrimination effectively.
Establishing a home environment that empowers the girl child is paramount. Recognizing her as a
powerful member capable of contributing to discussions, solving puzzles, and having her opinions
valued can positively impact her development.

In summary, this research aims to explore the multifaceted issue of gender inequality, emphasizing
the importance of addressing its impact during adolescence. By fostering open discussions, creating
supportive environments, and challenging stereotypes, we can work towards a society that upholds
Principles of equality and fairness.
Problem Statement:

Some girls from underprivileged backgrounds still face gender discrimination. If we do not address
this issue with urgency, it will lead to numerous problems, including an increased risk of girls
resorting to suicide. The prevalent discrimination can be attributed to a lack of knowledge and
perpetuated stereotypes dating back to ancient times. Girls are often stereotyped as being solely for
childbirth, kitchen duties, and childcare. These stereotypes extend to the choice of toys, where
girls are given dolls while boys are provided with accessories like guns and cars. Such
stereotyping adversely affects the mental and physical development of the girl child, shaping her
behavior as if she were a mere slave, devoid of individuality and vitality.

Literature Review:

Gender discrimination remains a persistent issue globally, affecting various aspects of individuals'
lives, with adolescence being a critical stage for identity development. This literature review aims
to explore existing research on gender discrimination specifically targeted at adolescent girls. By
examining current literature, we aim to identify gaps in research that can guide future studies in
understanding and addressing the unique challenges faced by adolescent girls in the context of
gender discrimination.

The study in "Lytonis Journal of Interception Violence" in 2004 (Volume 19, Issue 6, Pages 655-
675) highlights that in countries where the status of women is low, there is a higher prevalence of
sexual violence against them. This sexual violence is often linked to elevated levels of fear among
women compared to men. The findings underscore the need to move beyond individual-
level
Variables and work towards reducing violence and fear among
women.

Numerous studies have highlighted the presence of gender discrimination in educational settings,
including biased teacher expectations, limited access to STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering,
and Mathematics) fields, and stereotypical gender roles perpetuated through curriculum materials.
The impact of these discriminatory practices on adolescent girls' academic achievement, self-
esteem, and future career choices is well-documented (Archer et al., 2013; Hyde, 2018).
Societal expectations and cultural norms often reinforce gender stereotypes, leading to
discriminatory practices against adolescent girls. This may manifest in limited opportunities for
participation in sports, restricted mobility, and societal pressure to conform to traditional gender
roles. Studies suggest that these norms contribute to the perpetuation of gender-based violence and
unequal power dynamics (Kabeer, 2005; UNICEF, 2016).
Gender discrimination can also impact adolescent girls' physical and mental health. Unequal
access to healthcare, stigmatization of reproductive health issues, and limited awareness and
education about menstrual hygiene are critical concerns. Research underscores the need for a
comprehensive understanding of how gender discrimination intersects with health outcomes during
adolescence (Panchanadeswaran & Johnson, 2014; Chandra-Mouli et al., 2015).
The media plays a crucial role in shaping perceptions and attitudes. Adolescent girls are often
subjected to harmful stereotypes and unrealistic beauty standards in the media, influencing their
self- image and self-worth. The impact of media on the perpetuation of gender discrimination and
its consequences for adolescent girls is an emerging area of research (Dittmar et al., 2014;
Ferguson,
2017).

India is one of the most challenging countries to be a girl or woman. India ranks 125 on the gender
inequality index out of 159 countries, a reflection of the gender-based discrimination that girls and
women face throughout their life course (Jāhāna, Citation2016), as evidenced with disparities in
secondary education, employment, health, violence and safety. India suffers from a skewed sex
ratio (900 girls to 1000 boys) (National Institution for Transforming India [NITI], Citation2015);
only
32% of girls complete class 10 (Santhya, Jejeebhoy, Francis Zavier, Acharya, &
Shah, Citation2014); 52% of women report some type of abuse in their lifetime (Nanda et
al., Citation2014); girls and women disproportionately experience adverse health outcomes
including malnutrition, maternal death, suicide and gender-based violence (World Health
Organization [WHO], Citation2009); and there is a large gender gap in terms of employment in the
labour force, as well as the types of work women are engaged in (Razavi, Citation2012).

Gender discrimination against women and girls is most prevalent in the north, central and eastern
zones of India (Kaul, Citation2018). In comparison to the Southern Indian states, disparity levels
(defined as differences in wages, mortality rates, educational attainments, etc.) are also higher in
North India (Husain, Citation2010). While, more than 90% of districts had excess female mortality,
the four largest states in India (Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh) accounted for
two-thirds of India's total female mortality (Guilmoto, Saikia, Tamrakar, & Bora, Citation2018). In
More than 10% of northern Indian districts, under-5 mortality exceeded 30 per 1,000 live births
among girls, showing that geography is a key factor (Guilmoto et al., Citation2018).

In countries like India where women have lower social and economic status than men, women often
receive less attention and lower quality of healthcare than their male counterparts. For example,
relative to boys between 1 and 2 years of age, girls of the same age in India were found to be
significantly less likely to be fully immunized against tuberculosis, polio, diphtheria-pertussis-
tetanus and measles (Borooah, Citation2004). Boys under five years were also more likely than
girls to be taken to a health facility when showing possible symptoms of a treatable illness
(Patra, Citation2011). As a result, Patra (Citation2011) found that girls had a 36% higher mortality
rate than boys during the post-neonatal period, and a 61% higher mortality rate between 1 and 4
years of age (Bobbitt-Zeher, Citation2007). Gender norms and attitudes are a prominent
determinant of these negative health outcomes that disproportionately affect women and girls.

Gender norms and gender attitudes

Gender norms are often defined as culturally shared expectations about the characteristics that men
and women should possess and how they should behave (Yu et al., Citation2017). This includes
socially acceptable rules about roles, traits, behaviour status, and power associated with
masculinity and femininity in a culture (Kagesten et al., Citation2016). These gender norms are
the strongest factors influencing an adolescent's gender-related attitudes.

Gender attitudes are defined as an individual's perceptions, beliefs, or support of gender norms
(Kagesten et al., Citation2016). Gender attitudes can be equitable or inequitable depending on the
gender norm. Endorsing stereotypical gender norms that encourage male dominance are associated
with inequitable gender attitudes such as substance use, violence and delinquency, lower male
engagement in caregiving and household chores, unsafe sexual behaviours, and perpetration of
intimate partner violence (Das et al., Citation2014; Kagesten et al., Citation2016). On the other
hand, young women and girls that prescribe to gender norms are forced to restrict their
opportunities, voice, and agency. During adolescence, boys and girls engage with and construct
their own gender-based understanding of what it means to be a boy or a girl.

Adolescence (defined as ages 10-19 years) is one of the most critical periods of human
development, as health and well-being at this age impacts long-term outcomes (Blum,
Mmari, & Moreau, Citation2017). Further, construction of gender attitudes and perceptions of
gender norms also occurs during this stage of human development. Many health behaviours
acquired during early
 Adolescence (ages 10-14 years) are influenced by gender norms and beliefs, and these gender
norms have implications for both girls and boys. The consequences for girls include lack of
education, child marriage, child pregnancy, poor health, violence and depression. Boys also have
consequences such as engaging in higher rates of physical violence, higher risk of substance abuse
and suicide, greater number of deaths from unintentional injuries, and as adults, shorter life
expectancies than women (Blum et al., Citation2017).

During early adolescence, individual perceptions about gender norms begin to form and are still
malleable (Bobbitt-Zeher, Citation2007). Adolescents become increasingly aware of the
expectations they must fulfil as a man or a woman and face increasing pressure to conform to the
appropriate gender roles of society (Yu et al., Citation2017). Young adolescents are actively
engaged with changing gender norms as they support, resist, or alter them (Yu et al., Citation
2017). However, this process is vulnerable to change. By fostering gender equitable approaches,
adolescents have the potential to alter their gender attitudes and perceptions of gender norms.

It is hypothesized that in terms of most psychological variables, boys and girls exhibit similarities
but diverge when it comes to emotional aspects. Girls may encounter increased pressure associated
with family and career concerns, whereas boys might demonstrate greater emotional sensitivity.
However, there is little research on psychological variables, boys and girls and gender equity in
adolescence girls, especially in India where high rates of gender discrimination and gender-based
violence exist. Most research on gender norms in adolescence has occurred in high-income
countries (Yu et al., Citation2017); little is known about psychological variables and gender
attitudes among young adolescents in low- and middle-income countries and even less is known
about gender attitudes in rural areas. In this research, gender discrimination amongst adolescent
girls is focused on. This study will contribute meaningful knowledge and fills gaps in the evidence
about gender equity and differences between adolescent males and females. Findings from this
study can be used to inform the design of gender-sensitization interventions working towards
gender equity and women empowerment at early stage to prevent long term victimization of
women.

Research Gaps:

1. Existing literature often lacks a nuanced understanding of how intersectionality and cultural context
shape the experiences of gender discrimination among adolescent girls. This study will explore the
interplay of gender with other social categories such as socioeconomic status, and cultural factors.
2. Many studies focus on immediate consequences of gender discrimination, but there is a dearth of
longitudinal research that examines the long-term effects on the life trajectories of adolescent girls.
Longitudinal studies will provide valuable insights into the persistence and accumulation of
discrimination over time.
3. While research identifies problems, there is a limited understanding of effective interventions and
solutions to mitigate gender discrimination's impact on adolescent girls. This study will explore
and evaluate interventions at the individual, institutional, and societal levels.
4. With the increasing presence of adolescent girls in digital and online spaces, there is a need
to investigate how gender discrimination manifests in these environments. Cyberbullying,
online harassment, and the influence of social media on gender perceptions warrant
comprehensive
exploration.

This literature review reveals the multifaceted nature of gender discrimination faced by adolescent
girls across various domains. The identified research gaps underscore the need for more
comprehensive, context-specific, and intersectional studies that can inform targeted interventions
to address the challenges posed by gender discrimination during this critical developmental stage.
As society strives for gender equality, understanding and addressing the unique experiences
of
Adolescent girls are imperative.

Research Questions:

) What are the specific forms of gender discrimination that adolescents face in
educational settings, and how do these impact their academic performance and well-being?
) Why does a girl child consider suicide, and what gender stereotype issues does she face?
) Why does she engage in kitchen chores at the ages of 13, 14, and 15?
) Why does she not feel safe on the street?
) Why is she concerned about her dressing sense?

Research Hypothesis:
In terms of most psychological variables, boys and girls exhibit similarities but diverge when it
comes to emotional aspects. Girls may encounter increased pressure associated with family and
career concerns, whereas boys might demonstrate greater emotional sensitivity.
OBJECTIVES:

1. Reduce Stereotype rules.

2. Stop Child marriage and sexual harassment.
3. Stop underestimate those whose who do know the justice rules for women.
4. We should talk to women and girls about their feelings if it is for some freedom either if it
for opposite side.
5. We should support to their work if they are doing work at call centre either will makes.

Need of the Study:

Studying gender discrimination is crucial as it allows the identification of underlying causes

and contributing factors. This knowledge can empower policymakers, organizations, and
individuals to develop effective strategies and interventions to address and combat gender
discrimination. Focusing on gender discrimination in adolescence is particularly vital for girls
to ensure their rights, well- being, and equal opportunities in society. We can assume
knowledge and expand it across generations to address how we give rights to others, reinforce
stereotypes, and develop environments in every field for women and adolescent children. This
includes addressing issues in office work, such as unequal pay or limited career opportunities
for women.
Studying gender discrimination is also crucial for following
reasons:
1) Reinforcing Negative
Stereotypes
2) Ending Child
Marriage
3) Stopping Sexual Misconduct or Unwanted Sexual
Advances
4) Let's continue to support and empower all women, ensuring that they have access to justice
and
are treated with respect and
equality.
5) It's important not to underestimate women who may not be aware of their rights or the
rules of justice that apply to them.
6) We should talk to women and girls about their feelings, whether it is for personal
freedom or societal expectations.
Scope:
In education there may be biases that discourage girls from perusing certain fields of study and
in social introductions, stereotypes and expectations based on gender can lead to unfair
treatment. These are just a few examples but gender discrimination can manifest in various
ways.

Delimitation of Study:

When discussing the delimitation of a study on gender discrimination in adolescence, it means

setting boundaries or limitations for research, specifically within the context of adolescents.
This could involve focusing on a particular age range, like early or late adolescence, or
examining gender discrimination in specific settings like schools or peer groups.
Research Design:

Conducting surveys can be a great way to gather insights and data on his issue by conducting
surveys in different settings like homes, schools and backwards areas. You can gain diverse
perspectives and a better understanding of the prevalence of gender discrimination.

1) Research Methodology: Conduct surveys and data collection in rural areas in

collaboration with an NGO and other sources to investigate gender discrimination, focusing on
societal preferences for male children and biases against girls. This involves understanding the
mindset of individuals who consider having a girl as a sin. Any particular contestation or
research endeavor requires a specific methodology. This research will use a mixed approach
method by principally taking into consideration both Qualitative and Quantitative analysis. The
method of data collection would include both primary and secondary sources. The primary
sources will include official government documents, parliamentary reports, United Nations
reports, leadership statements by various states, relevant videos etc. The secondary sources of
data will cover the bulk of this research, and will take into account mainly the books, journal
articles, websites, magazines, newspaper reports and various press releases etc. This study's
inferences and findings will be based on both primary and secondary sources. The study will be
supplemented with maps and statistics in order to draw or extract pertinent inferences and to
make the study more presentable and appealing, particularly in terms of gender discrimination
amongst adolescent girls in districts, Srinagar and Budgam, of Union territory of Jammu and
Kashmir.

2) Area of Study: Explore gender discrimination in various contexts, including societal

norms, education systems, and peer influences, to comprehend the factors contributing to
 discrimination during adolescence.

3) Sample: Examine instances where girls are discouraged from pursuing specific academic
subjects or careers perceived as masculine, addressing biased expectations, stereotypes, and
unequal opportunities. The data for this study will be derived from a baseline sample of girls
and boys in grades 8-12 in public schools in Jammu and Kashmir from district Srinagar and
Budgam. The study population consisted of a sample of about 10 schools. The total sample is
estimated about 600 participants' ages 13-19 years from two districts of Union Territory
Jammu and Kashmir.

4) Tools and Techniques: Utilize interviews, focus groups, and observational studies to
gain insights into individual perspectives and observe instances of gender discrimination in
real-life settings. Employ surveys, interviews, focus groups, and observational studies to collect
both quantitative and qualitative data on attitudes and experiences related to gender
discrimination.

6) Measurement and Scaling: Evaluate the impact of child marriage on adolescent girls
through quantitative measures, understanding changes in their lives and differentiating
experiences based on age groups.

7) Data Processing: Use coding and categorizations for qualitative data from interviews,
analyze focus group discussions, and employ software programs to quantify survey responses.
Identify patterns and trends related to gender discrimination.

8) Analysis and Estimation: Investigate the link between gender discrimination,

depression, psychological distress, and mental health. Focus on the appraisals of adolescent
girls and the effects on their psychological functioning.
9) Testing Hypothesis: Examine the importance of father involvement on adolescent girls
and understand their expectations from fathers and peer groups. Explore the impact of dating
trends on girls' self-esteem and mental health.

10) Expected Outcomes: Address gender-based discrimination in India, particularly

focusing on the unequal attention and lower-quality healthcare received by women compared to
men. Recognize the importance of empowering young people to pursue interests irrespective of
gender.
11) Relevance of Expected Results: Understand the adverse effects of social anxiety,
stigma, and depression on the social connections, educational achievement, and well-being of
 early adolescent girls.

12) Timelines: Girls getting married before age 18 has declined from 47 percent to 27 percent
between 2015-2016 are still too high. 20 September 2017 these gender rules have an impact
upon the decision that young people in early adolescence make and therefore upon their health
and well being they have an impact on the chooses young adolescence make an relation to
sexual and interpersonal relationships which can have an effect on their health and well being
throughout the rest of their lives. The WHO reports 2018 estimates notes that 24 percent that
adolescence 15-19 yrs are estimated to have experienced physical and or sexual intimate
partner violence at least once in their life time and 16 percent of adolescents girls. In 2019 an
estimated 21 million pregnancies among adolescence 15-19 yrs in low and middle income
countries. According to 2020 estimate (in English), at least one in eight children will experience
sexual abuse before the age of 18, and one in 20 girls aged 15-19 will experience forced sexual
intercourse in their lifetime.

In 2021, gender discrimination against adolescent girls persisted, impacting their well-being,
education, and overall empowerment. Here are some key findings from various reports:

UNICEF Global Annual Results Report 2021:

The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated existing gender disparities.
Adolescent girls faced challenges due to school closures and remote learning.
Girls’ education gains made over the last 25 years were at risk.
Percentage of the gender gap closed, 2022

Global gender gap index 68.1%

Health and survival 95.8%

Educational attainment 94.4%

Economic participation and opportunity 60.3%

Political empowerment 22.0%

Globally the adolescence birth rate of girls 10 -14 yrs in 2023 was estimated at 1.5per.
Adolescence girls aged 15-19 continue to face threads to their rights including disproportionate
discrimination and inequalities. (2024).
Tentative Chapter Plan:

1) Introduction: Provide an overview of the topic and its significance in understanding gender
discrimination during adolescence.

2) Theoretical Framework and Methodology: Explore relevant theories and concepts related
to gender discrimination, such as social learning theory or intersectionality. Outline the
research methods planned for use, such as surveys, interviews, or observations, and explain
how data on gender discrimination will be gathered and analyzed.
3) Factors Influencing Gender Discrimination: Discuss various factors contributing to
gender discrimination in educational settings, including societal norms, cultural beliefs, peer
influences, and institutional practices.

4) Data Analysis: Present and analyze the collected data to identify patterns, trends, and
insights related to gender discrimination during adolescence.

5) Findings and Discussion: Summarize the key findings from the analysis and discuss their
implications for understanding and addressing gender discrimination. Propose strategies and
interventions to help reduce gender discrimination in educational settings based on the study's
findings.

6) Conclusion: Summarize the main points of the research and emphasize the importance of
ongoing efforts to combat gender discrimination during adolescence.
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