SECUNDO TIERRA

Stars Of Galaxy
 Team Members

 Ishwari Ahirrao 5526936

 Swara Mhamunkar 5434238
 Manaswi Patil 5584777
 Sai Sanvika 5538951
 Prasad Jadhav 5459771
 Karan Wani 5570801
 Ajeet Parde 5451946
Shreekant Chavan 5472173

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to our teacher Tubiya
ma’am as well as our principle Pratima ma’am and the most thanks to our dean
sir Rasheed sir who gave us the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project
on the topic space settlement, which also helped us in doing a lot of research and
we came to know about so many about so many new things we are really thankful
to them. Secondly, we would also like to thank my parents and friends who
worked very hard for it. We feel proud to complete this project which helped us
lot in learning a lot of new things.
Finalizing this project within the limit time frame.

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 PREFACE
Secundo tierra is a space craft which will carry millions of people in the space for
settlement. It will carry two cylinders in parallel manner which will be the source
of gravity in the spacecraft. Water will be mine from Icy comets. It will be
suitable for life because the climate will be in our control. It is a safe place to
live.

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 INDEX

1.Introduction………………………………………………...5 - 8
a. What is a space?...............................................................5
b. What is space settlement?.................................................6
c. Need of space settlement………………………………..7
d. Challenges of our space settlement……………………...8
2.Structural Engineering……………………………………...9 - 20
a. Basic shapes……………………………………………...9
b. Construction sequence…………………………………...10 - 13
c. Location of space settlement…………………………….13 - 14
d. Materials to construct a space settlement………………..14 - 17
e. Asteroid mining………………………………………….18 - 19
f. Asteroid collision Avoidance……………………………19 - 20
g. Thrusters and boosting section…………………………..20
3.Life Support System…………………………………………21
a. Food………………………………………………………21
b. Water management in space settlement…………………..21
4.Human Life Design………………………………………….22 - 30
a. Education life…………………………………………….22 - 23
b. Security…………………………………………………..23 - 24
c. Recreation and entertainment……………………………24 - 25
d. Waste management………………………………………26
e. Communication…………………………………………..27
f. Accessing into space colony……………………………..28
g. Transportation in space settlement………………………29 - 30
5.Cost and schedule…………………………………………....31
Bibliography…………………………………………………....32

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 INTRODUCTION
Our earth is over-crowded now. We need a new shelter for billions of people,
and some people are bored living on earth. But there is no planet which is
suitable for living accept earth. So, we have created a new big shelter which is
Secondo Tiera. It is a space craft. It is its own atmosphere which is in human
control. To make this we need not to collapse all the planets. But we need to
mine our moon and nearby asteroids. It is a safe shelter to live.

What is space?

 From the perspective of an Earthling, outer space is a zone that

occurs about 100 kilometers (60 miles) above the planet, where
there is no appreciable air to breathe or to scatter light. In that area,
blue gives way to black because oxygen molecules are not in enough
abundance to make the sky blue.

 Further, space is a vacuum, meaning that sound cannot carry

because molecules are not close enough together to transmit sound
between them. That's not to say that space is empty, however. Gas,
dust and other bits of matter float around "emptier" areas of the
universe, while more crowded regions can host planets, stars and
galaxies.

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What is space settlement?

Space settlement is the hypothetical permanent settlement and exploitation of

natural resources at celestial objects other than Earth. As such it is a form of
human presence in space, beyond human spaceflight and operating space
outposts.

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Need of space settlement

Space colonies can supply clean energy necessary for human survival in the 21st
century. In addition, they can provide new homelands and an expanded ecological
niche for our species. The urgency to establish humanity as a multi-planet species
has been re-validated by the emergence of a worldwide pandemic, one of several
reasons including both natural and man-made catastrophes long espoused in the
pro-colonization rhetoric.

Challenges of our space settlement

There are several challenges that are to be faced while making our space colony.

•Transportation:

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In our settlement we need to use SOLAR CARS, OR SOLAR BIKE. Those cars
and bikes are eco-friendly because they run on solar energy. Outside colony
transportation is little bit difficult. These are launched from docking section.

•Location:
Location is a frequent point of contention between space colonization
advocates. Finding a perfect location for space settlement plays a crucial role.
Sensory forces which act on the space colony

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 STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

Basic Shapes

The structure consists of a residential torus, four quartered rings, a beaded

torus, central cylinder and zero-g heavy manufacturing cylinder with the
scope of expansion plans. The structure rotating at 0.95 rpm ensures different
values of g at different structural components.

The list of materials that can be used is inexhaustible, however the materials
which are cost effective and provide high tensile strengths are required. Some of
these also provide excellent radiation protection. These are listed below:
1. Carbon Nanotubes.
Super strong, however, still under development.
2. Titanium/Aluminium/Tin-Al Alloys
3. Silicon Carbide
4. Polyamide fibre (like Kevlar)
5. Super adobe
6. Silicon bucky structures
7. Boron Nitride Nanotubes
8. Polyethylene
9. Bo Pet
10. Aluminium Oxynitride
11. Indium Tin Oxide

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Construction sequence
First we need to make metallic frame of the settlement with roads –

Like this – and the frame shape should be like cylinder.

Then we need to cover the cylinders by metallic sheet from front side to back
side also -

Like this – and the metal we are using it should be same what we us to make
space rocket. And the houses, labs and all the things should be built on the
sheets only not on the glass.

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And the empty area after covering the metal sheet that we need to cover with a
verry strong glass –

Like this – these glasses are for sunlight should come in the space settlement.
And the tunnels will be made by the metal only –

Like this – and they are being used for roaming in both the cylinders.
And the end points of both the cylinders at the back side their will be boosters
for moving.

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Like this – they would be use in moving the space settlement.

And at fort end of both the cylinders their will be the antennas for
communication with other space settelment or with other any place where
humans are present –

Like this – it would be used in emergency.

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And there would be solar panels for energy –

Like this – and they will be like wings of space settelment .

Location of space settlement

L5 is also called Lagrange point 5 which is a great and best for locating a space
colony. There are numerous reasons for it and they are as follows:

1. The L5 point is a point where you can get maximum sunlight (more
than L4) for the residents of the space colony. Because you will be in
the topmost point of all Lagrange points.
2. The L4 and L5 are located in such a way that they are equidistant from
both earth and the moon and they form an equilateral triangle between
the celestial bodies with 60 degree angle.

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 1. It is also a great point for Trade and Business as it allows us to exploit
both the Earth and the Moon for the minerals for construction and trade
purposes.
2. L5 is a point which is located in a near Thermosphere (35000km from
earth) where you can experience no gravitational pull by earth.
De-merits:
There is only one demerit that you can expect it to be i.e. you will experience
the Interplanetary dust which can be overcome by various methods. I can tell
this because my project is one of the 154 selected projects this year out of 1500
in the world. I too located my Ojas in L5.

Materials to construct a space settlement

When building houses, you need to plan ahead and try to see what your needs
will be in the future. Then, a cost/benefit-analysis will often be in order to weed
out the wackiest stuff (like, do I really want a drawbridge 20 years from now?)
... and then the most important question: are you overbuilding?
First the basics:
When building a house, you're building a weatherproof shell to live in. You're
not building furniture or paintings on the walls, you're making a shell.
Therefore, you need to have a clear idea of your functional demands, and all the
time try to separate "need to have" and "nice to have". Remember, every square
meter you want, you will have to vacuum clean for the next 20 years.
You also need to look into building layout, with boring practicality in mind.
How far do you want to walk each day to go to the bathroom? Also, a long, thin,
wrinkled house will be costlier to heat than a compact layout with two floors
and a basement. The price in energy consumption for a large outer surface is
surprisingly high in a 20-year scale.
Also, you would want to consider if your house is just a residential location that
keeps you warm and dry, or if you want an artistic statement of your true self.
The first means building a standard house (cheapest, easiest to maintain and one
day, to sell), the second means building something absolutely non-standard
(exceedingly difficult, expensive and highly fashion-dependent).
Somewhere in between the two you need to find your balance.

Once you're clear here, you can proceed to the more practical things to consider.
Be aware, I don't know your location, so climate and local building regulations
might have a say. But anyway:
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- Isolation and low energy consumptions means low energy bills in the next 20
years.
- Very large glass areas means very warm in the summer and cold in the winter.
Be aware.
- Ventilation is a good idea, and a must in bathrooms and damp areas. All rooms
will benefit from fresh air, but don't use it for heating - the heat will me dry and
uncomfortable. It can be used for cooling, but be careful with condensation.
Moist is always bad.
- Heating can be done with floor heating or radiators. Don't use electrical
radiators, as they tend to dry out the air. Use a central heater with water pipes
going round the house. Much better heat.
- People have built houses for a long time. Most countries have building
regulations and recommendations, not to limit your freedom but to protect you.
Respect these limitations or it will have consequences. Fire escapes *can* be a
good thing. Smoke detectors save lives. Outside materials not protected from
weather will wither. And so forth.
- People tend to build too big. Limitation is an artform.

Once you have this skeleton setteled, the clous can come:
Clou 1: place your pipes and wires in tubes under the floors or above the
ceilings - with space for extras. Easy access is good. I've even seen houses with
a tunnel from end to end, solely for installations.
The second clou comes right after: you can never have too many power outlets,
in or out. Network outlets are also handy (you may have wifi, but nothing beats
cable). Remember the larger power outlets for hobby rooms etc.. In America
and Japan they have these flimsy 110V things, in most other parts its 230V up
to 16A. And 400V for more serious stuff, like a large air compressor for spray
painting or thelike. Remember grounding in all plugs; it's a good thing to have.
Which reminds me that the main fuse array can lead to some interesting design
solutions, with large steel enclosures and so forth.

Third clou is theft protection. A good shell is vital here. I recommend hardened
glass in sturdy frames all over, high-quality safety locks and doors with small
(or no) windows. Outdoor lights with movement sensors are also good
(remember power outlets). Consider if the burglar has a good place to work on
the house; a peaceful corner where noone can see him.
And when that's settled, maybe consider an alarm.

Now we can proceed to the more fun stuff. There's a lot of if's here, as many
things are dependent on layout. But still.
- Laundry chute: I recommend metal pipes, not plastic. In plastic pipes, light
clothing can stick to the surface due to static electricity. This can be handled by
grounding the metal pipe, but as the plastic has low conductivity, the plastic

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pipe can't be grounded.
- Climb the walls! In staircases, the walls are easily made sturdy enough to
support climbing handles all over. But simple american-style cardboard-walls
can't take the weight.
- Lifts are also fun, for stuff or for people. Will you be living in the house when
you grow old? Can a person with a broken leg climb the stairs? Or even get into
the house?
- In the livingroom, you can build a subwoofer for your home entertainment
under the floors. A concrete canal in the entire length of the room will make an
excellent bass horn.
- In the garden, bury a 800mm pipe vertical 1m down, and put a large concrete
lid on top. Excellent, simple and free cooling of beer or soft drinks, but but
recommended for milk, meat or thelike. Effectiveness will vary with depth, size,
lid and the soil around it. Remember to put a thick layer of sand in the bottom,
and a tile or two in the bottom to keep the pipe in place. Or place it right in front
of the main door and write "TRAP DOOR" on it.
- Secret doors and secret rooms can be fun, but only for a period. Entering a
kids room Narnia-style though a closet is cool, though.
- So are slides.
- Storage is good. But the more storage space you get, the more junk will
assemble. This goes for walk-in-closets too.
- Glass in floors and ceilings is fun. But don't invite people in kilts.
- High rooms give good climate and acoustics, but makes you feel small. But it
makes it possible to mount pulleys and hoist stuff up and down (laundry, for
instance).
- A large shower is romantic. Maybe with two separate showers in one.
- Be careful with built-in lights. The can often be very hot, and fires can occur.
Also, they are difficult to replace. LED can sometimes do the trick, but they can
get hot, too. Fibre optics are the best, and can have interesting pattern cycling as
well. One day I'm gonna build one into the edges of my driveway and have it
cycle like landing lights.
- Mood lights and intelligent lamps are still a very new technology, with a price
tag of €50/$100 per lamp. It's fancy and works well ... but I would wait 5-10
years before taking that plunge.
- In-floor bathtubs are fancy. But but when bathing toddlers, or for the
umpteenth time trying to hoist uncle Paddy up because "he didn't see that dern
hole". Also, the plumbing can be tricky, unless you can mount the thing
between floors and have the bottom (of the tub) in the basement.
- Two sinks can be practical, though. And two bathrooms.
- Any bathroom should have two light sources. One standard and one dim for
night visits. Nothing worse than moving through a dark house at night and then
flicking the switch at the bathroom.

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- In the kitchen, a large steel table with integrated sink is highly practical, but
looks rather industrial. Balance again.

And finally a warning: the hood above the cooker must point UP. Some design
solutions suck downwards, and it does not work (it sucks in an entirely different
sense). Other solutions have a coal filter and therefore recycle the air. It works
... for a few weeks. Cooker air must go outside, above the roof. Period.

What would the first space colonies be like

Spoiler Alert: We’re a while off from this.
The original Martian colonies (considering this seems where we will first
permanently settle) will be focused around the bare minimums of keeping the
colonists alive. This means
 An excellent method of radiation shielding. Existing radiation shielding
is not enough to prevent acute radiation sickness, increased chances of
cancer, genetic damage, and possible death. We could either greatly
improve upon our current designs or go deep underground (Space X +
The Boring Company = ? = Profit)
 Specialized thermal control systems. We obviously have this
technology from our time on the ISS and the Moon, but it will require
refitting in order to work efficiently in a non-vacuum.
 A great ice-extracting and heating system with more than enough
redundancy.
 Some huge electrolysis units, hooked up to our water supply. Again,
redundancy is key.
 A farm. The soil of Mars has the necessary nutrients for growing
plants, so it remains to be seen if the planet’s soil or hydroponics will
be our primary method for producing a vegan diet.
 Solar panels. We can’t do anything I’m talking about without an
electricity source. SpaceX + Tesla = ? = Profit.
Artificial intelligence will be key. Every single system on the planet will run
without human interference, so the settlers can focus on researching

 How the human body is affected by Martian gravity and how this will
influence a growing population.
 How to improve the colony’s efficiency (i.e., a switch from farming
with Martian soil to hydroponics, a better renewable energy source,
etc.).
 If life does or has existed on Mars.
 Anything we’d like to further explore on a planet not called Earth.
Their lives will be challenging, boring, and every day will be a sacrifice.
Settlers will constantly research, workout (in order to maintain muscle mass in

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the low gravity), and will communicate with their loved ones solely through
text.

This is selfless because one day, they’ll be a few words or a statistic in a

textbook read by some ungrateful Martian-born teenager with no understanding
of what they did. They know this.

tl;dr: The settlement will be a cramped, AI-run gauntlet of work, sadness, and
passion for improving the future.

Asteroid mining
Quite a long way.

Asteroids have very nearly zero gravity - so humans can’t survive there. Right
now - because we have no spin-gravity systems for spacecraft, people can’t
even survive the 12 month voyage out there without lasting health damage.
So if this ever happens, it has to happen robotically. But this can’t be a robot
which slavishly does what a human operator back on Earth tells it because the
speed-of-light to the asteroid belt is over an hour each way.
Hence, we will need more or less completely autonomous robots to do this
work.

Then, we have no efficient means to get materials back to Earth once they ARE
mined. No present spacecraft can do the job. Even SpaceX’s
Starship/SuperHeavy would need to be refuelled at the belt to do that.
On Mars, SpaceX could make rocket fuel for the return trip - but without an
atmosphere full of CO2 - that’s not going to work at the asteroid belt.
At this point, someone usually says “Oh but we can use such-and-such
resources on such-and-such kind of asteroid to make fuel” - but what nearly
everyone forgets is that the average distance between decent sized asteroids in
the belt is two and a half time the distance from Earth to the Moon! So unless
you can find stuff to make rocket fuel on the SAME asteroid as those vast
amounts of valuable metals - then this is of little to no help.

Also, the Asteroid belt is two to three times further from the Sun than Earth - so
solar panels are 3 to 9 times less efficient than here…since solar power is the
only kind of power you have that far out - it’s going to be really hard to produce
enough energy for heavy mining work.

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Because we’re only slowly edging towards sufficiently intelligent robots - and
even more slowly developing better rocket engines/fuels - I feel that we’re at
least 50 to 100 years away from being able to do this.

But capability isn’t everything - do we actually need anything from the asteroid
belt so badly as to cover the ungodly cost of actually doing it?

Usually, someone will say “But there’s a quadrillion tonnes of (some material)
that’s worth a quintillion dollars!!! How could this not be insanely profitable?”
- and the problem with THAT is that is ignores the laws of supply and demand.
If you increase the supply of some material…even slightly…then its price
drops. So if you could find a million ton, solid gold asteroid and haul it down to
earth - the value of gold would drop to less than aluminium and you couldn’t
make money from it.

In case you think that’s unlikely - remember what happened with Aluminium.
When the metal was first isolated, it was INCREDIBLY rare. The King of
France had a dinner service made from Aluminum - and at dinner parties, the
most honored guests got to eat from plates made of the most expensive material
on Earth…the rest of the guests were disappointed to find that they had to eat
from solid gold plates instead.
Then, some smart guy figures out an insanely cheap way to extract aluminum -
and pretty much overnight it goes from the most expensive metal on Earth to
pretty much the cheapest one.

I don’t think asteroid mining is impossible - and I do think we’ll eventually

need to do it - but don’t expect it to happen in our lifetimes - it’s much further
off than that.

Asteroid collision avoidance

Take, say, a medium-sized lake, maybe twenty miles or so across. Have
someone toss a small floating ball in it.

Now you swim across the lake. What do you think the odds are that you’ll bump
into that ball? Heck, have him throw a hundred balls into the lake, from all
around it. Your odds of running into any of them are still teeny-tiny.
Well, if instead of twenty miles across, that was Lake Superior with those
hundred balls, that’s about your odds of running into anything in space.

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Even in the heart of the asteroid belt, the average distance between them is six-
hundred thousand miles. You could fly the Earth and Moon through that gap
and have a good one-hundred and seventy-five miles thousand of free space on
either side even if you go in sideways.

And again, this is the asteroid belt. Outside of it, average distances between
objects start getting measured in millions or tens of millions of miles.
So, tiny spacecraft, literally tons of empty space to fly it through. You’d
honestly have to deliberately aim for something to hit it.

(note: this doesn’t include actual dust-sized particles - they hit the Voyagers all
the time, about four or five pieces of dust an hour. But they also
don’t damage things)

Thrusters and boosting

To travel near light speed requires access to and control of energy sources
vastly in excess of anything we have today. Interstellar travel near light speed
also involves applying that vast energy reliably over decades and even centuries
and that is vastly in excess of any machine system we have today.
So solving the problem of insterstellar travel solve problems we have with
energy and reliable technlogy.

Despite the difficulty of the problems, we have solutions.

Photonic thrusters and laser light sails achieve near light speeds.

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 LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM

Food

• Food is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for an

organism. Food is usually of plant, animal, or fungal origin, and contains
essential nutrients, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, or
minerals. The substance is ingested by an organism and assimilated by

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 the organism's cells to provide energy, maintain life, or stimulate growth.
Different species of animals have different feeding behaviors that satisfy
the needs of their unique metabolisms, often evolved to fill a specific
ecological niche within specific geographical contexts.

• Without food it is impossible to live . So we can create artificial

food from fungus .We can continue vegetation in space settlement.
The food would adapt to the environment soon or later.

Water management

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Water is very important in our day to day life.it is important in our space
settlement also. It is possible to make water in space ? YES…. For that we need
to combine two moles of hydrogen and one mole of oxygen gas to turn them
into water. After making water we have to use every last drop of water
carefully. We need to recycle water after use.
Another source of water is to mine the water from the comet.

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 HUMAN LIFE DESIGN

Education Life

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In today’s life nothing is more important than education. So, we are going to
provide a good quality education to children. Each and every topic will be
shown/done practically. We will also make sure that all concepts are clear or
not. We will provide 3D education through application. We will need to make
apps for it. Schools will provide online and offline education both. And school
will provide some advanced facilities and sports. Like we will use a wall
format display glass which is touch sensitive to teach, work surface display
glass which is multi touch enabling and many more different glasses to make
study interesting and fun. We also provide some interesting activities in which
children will like to do study.

Security
For security there will be knightscope security robot Knightscope
machines are fully autonomous using self-driving technology and are
designed to alert police and security of incidents through sensors that
detect weapons, read license plates and detect other suspicious activities
and we can use some advanced CCTV cameras.

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Recreation and entertainment
TVs and radios

Amusement parks

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sports clubs

Smart phones and VR headset

In our Secundo Tierra there is a lot for entertainment. This incluudes movie
theaters and concerts which will be brought in most amount for many actors and
singers respectively. We will provide 3D movies without 3D glasses. Table
tennis, basket ball and many other games will be possible to with one man and
other will be robot. In our colony we will provide many new and fun games which
will be single player as well as multi players. And much more..

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Waste Management

Waste management is very important as it reduces waste in our

environment. And it is very important to follow 3Rs. We will use automatic
dustbins. We will recycle material like plastic, glass, paper etc.
Biodegradable waste can be used for making compost. We use automatic
waste collection system. Transports waste at high speed through
underground pneumatic tubes to a collection station where it is compacted
and sealed in containers. We will send these containers to respective
processes like recycling, decomposing, etc.
3Rs

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Communication
We will provide different means of communication. People will communicate
with computer operated bracelets or rings and smart watches which provide all
features provided by smart phone, Handed display glass, etc.

For outer space communication we will use satellite.

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Accessing into space colony
Anyone cannot enter this space colony. Only people who have ST CARD with
them can access into our space colony. In this car ST no. is there this number will
be scanned by the machine

ACCESSING INTO
SECUNDO TIERRA photo
Name
Age
ST no. - 1437

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Transportation
Transportation is a very important need. It carries goods, raw materials, as well
as people to different places. So, in our Secondo Tierra there are different
means of transport as follows:
Hyperloop
An Hyperloop is a proposed high-speed transportation system for both
passenger and goods. It has a speed over 1000 km/h. That is 3x faster than high-
speed rail and more than 10x faster than traditional rail. Hyperloop delivers
airline speeds, the same G-forces as rail, and the ease of riding a metro. A
central command &control ensures safe and reliable passage throughout the
network.

Mercedes-Benz F 015 Luxury in Motion

The vehicle drives itself, transforming the cabin into a personal haven where
time and space are the ultimate luxury. It's a digital arena that allows passengers
to interact with the vehicle through gestures, eye tracking and high-res touch-
screens.

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Transit Elevated Bus

It is huge elevated public bus. It straddles on two road lines and can carry 1200
passengers. It allows smaller vehicles to pass under it. It takes no road space and
and reduces traffic jam. It can be powered by electricity (or) solar power and
can reach upto 60 km/h.

All curiers, parcels, etc. will be transported through airways through drones, and
other aircrafts.

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 COST AND SCHEDULE
SECUNDO TEIRRA two very large, rotating in opposite directions, cylinders,
each 5 miles (8 kilometres) in diameter and 20 miles (32 kilometres) in length,
connected to each other by rods through the system bearings. By rotating, they
create artificial gravity on their inner surface due to centrifugal force.
After all, the thickness of the cylinder will probably be about 7 meters.
More like four, but the correct solution is to not use 1970s materials and
engineering to build your space habitat. Modern plastics and composites and
alloys are pretty good, and remember that the original work was done fifty years
ago. Moreover, the design is perhaps a little inefficient. There's plenty of
alternatives that need less air, less massively overbuilt shells and may avoid
other inconvenient issues like Coriolis winds forming in the habitat.
wouAt least in the near future, it would be extremely expensive. O'Neill
Cylinders were billion+ ton habitats, while it costs about $10,000 per kilogram
to put a kilogram of payload into Low Earth Orbit (there are some estimates of
lower costs from SpaceX as well as launches from India and Russia). But even
if we somehow got launch costs down to $1/kg to launch into space (so low that
it would be vastly cheaper than the cost per kilogram of the fuel, meaning it's
impossible), a billion-ton space habitat would still cost at least $1 trillion just in
terms of launch costs alone. The costs of assembling it, creating the parts,
putting it all together, and operating would add additional expenses on top of
that. ld. be extremely expensive. O'Neill Cylinders were billion+ ton

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 Bibliography
https://whatifshow.com
https://space.nss.org
https://www.reddit.com
https://nasa.gov.com

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