CHAPTER 3

LESSON 1

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN DEVELOPMENT

Adolescent girls are described as “interdependent,” with a preference for emotional and social
stimuli, whereas adolescent boys are more action-oriented and self suficient.

Socialization Differences – Males an females socialize differently. Males are more likely to display
physical aggresion, whereas females display relational aggresion. When provoked, girls tend to feel
anxious, while boys are motivated to exact revenge.

Cognitive Differences – Studies show that generally, males are superior in tasks that assess the ability
to manipulate visual images in working memory, while females excel more in visual/motor speed and
language. Females have superior verbal ability; speak earlier, and have better pronounciation, while
males have superior visual/spatial ability and are generally better at math.

Personality Differences – Research shows that boys spend more time talking than girls do, in contrast
to the common notion that girls are talkative. During adolescence, the formation of self-esteem and self-
concept develops differently for males; self-confidence rises in males, while it is lowered in females.

CONTEMPORARY VIEWS ON GENDER DIFFERENCE AND DELINQUENCY

Contemporary Biosocial Views – These theories relate gender differences in delinquency to physical and
emotional traits.

Contemporary Psychological Views – Because girls are socialized to be less aggressive than boys, young
women who engage in antisocial and violent behavior may be suffering because of mental anguish or
abnormality.

Contemporary Socialization Views – These study the impact of abuse on behavior. Child abuse appears
to have a greater impact of abuse on boys, and the link between abuse and female delinquency appears
to be stronger than it is for male delinquency.

GENDER SCHEMA THEORY

It was first proposed in 1981 by psychologist Sandra Bem, who claimed that toddlers learn about
male and female roles through their environment. According to the theory, children alter their
behavior from the earliest stages of social development to confrom to their culture’s gender norms.
 LESSON 2

INTRODUCTION

Family, as an agent of socialization, plays a vital role in shaping or breaking delinquent

behavior. A child's interaction with his or her parents and/or siblings provides an opportunity for him or
her to acquire or inhibit antisocial behavior The emergence of emotional difficulties that lead to long-
term social problems believed to have sprung from family dysfunction, experts believe.

The Family's Influence on Delinquency

The family, as the basic unit of society, is primarily responsible for the influence of the
behavior of children born and nurtured within it. It is believed that the intactness of a family coupled
with effective parenting nurtures good behavior, and also neutralizes the effects of emotional problems
and the influence of delinquens peers, which can lead to delinquent behaviors. Consequently, family
disruption and dysfunction can harm children's behavior and encourage delinquency

FOUR CATEGORIES OF FAMILY DYSFUNCTION PROMOTING DELINQUENT BEHAVIOR

Family Breakup – According to studies, the belief that a broken home is one of the most important
causes of delinquency is widely accepted. Because a child is first socialized at home, the connection
appears self-evident. Any disruption in an otherwise orderly family structure is likely to harm the child.

Family Conflict - Research finds that children who grow up in dysfunctional homes and witness discord or
violence later exhibit emotional disturbance and behavioral problems. Some research efforts show that
children who witness a parent, say a mother, being abused are a more significant factor in delinquency
than being the target of child abuse.

Family Ineffectiveness- Parenting skills are an essential factor in influencing children's behavior.
Ineffective parenting exposes children to delinquent behavior. Parental efficacy is a phenomenon that
occurs when parents provide the type of structure that integrates children into families while also
allowing them to assert their individuality and regulate their behavior.

Family Deviance - Given that the family is a nurturing ground for children's behavior, parental deviance
must have been a powerful influence on delinquent behavior. Studies found that these effects can be
both devastating and long- term, assuming that children who are the product of deviant parents also
produce delinquent children.
 Common Types of Family

There are various types of families. The following are the most common types:

1. Nuclear Family - A father, a mother, and their child make up this family In today's world, children
can be biological, step-parental, or adopted.

2. Extended Family - Grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins live together in a compound or under
the same roof under this family structure.

3. Reconstituted Family (Step Family) - Parents with children from past relationships live with them in
this form of family.

4. Single Parent Family – A family with only one parent. Mother and child or father and child are two
options.

5. Grandparent Family - The grandparents act as the child's father and mother in this form of family.

Parenting Styles

1. Authoritative Parents - Parents have high expectations for their children, but they are also loving
and receptive to their needs.

2. Authoritarian Parents - To maintain behavioral control, these parents adopt strict discipline and
often use harsh punishment, such as physical punishment. Authoritarian parents are not nurturing and
are inattentive to their children's needs. They frequently rationalize their harsh treatment as a way
to toughen up their children.

3. Permissive Parents (Indulgent) - These parents have few norms and boundaries in place, and they
are hesitant to enforce them.

4. Neglectful Parents (Uninvolved Parents) - Neglectful parents do not establish clear limits or high
expectations. They are unconcerned about their children's needs and are absent from their lives.
Some of these parents experience mental health issues themselves.
 Marriage in the Philippines

Marriage is a special contract of permanent union between a man and a woman entered into in
accordance with the law for the establishmen ofconjugal and family life. It is the foundation of the
family and an inviolable social institution whose nature, consequences, and incidents are governed by
law and not subject to stipulation, except that marriage settlements may fix property relations during
the marriage within the limits provided by the Family Code of the Philippines.

Marriage License - This is a document issued by the local civil registrar of the city or municipality
authorizing a couple to marry. This license is valid for a period of one hundred twenty days from the
date of issue. (Art. 9 and Art. 20, EO No. 209)

Difference between Annulment of Marriage and Legal Separation

Annulment - The events or grounds that lead to the annulment must occur before or during the
marriage. If approved, your marriage will be declared null and void, as if you were never married.

Legal Separation - The court acknowledges that the couple is no longer together. However, even if they
are separated, they are unable to remarry.

LESSON 3

Introduction

While parents are indeed the primary source of influence and attention in children's early
years, children between the ages of 8 and 14 seek a stable peer. group, and as children progress
through adolescence, the number and variety of friendships grow. Friends started to have more power
over decision-making than parents.

Adolescent Peer Relations

Adolescence is a stage in a child's life when they seek influence from sources other than their
parents and immediate family. During this stage, children look for stable peer groups, form cliques, or
associate themselves with small groups with whom they share the same interests and hobbies. As
children interact with their peers, they adapt to the group's norms and behaviors.
FORMAL REQUISITES OF MARRIAGE

1. Authority of the solemnizing officer

2. A valid marriage liscence
3. A marriage ceremony

WHO IS AUTHORIZED TO SOLEMNIZE A MARRIAGE?

1. Incumbent member of the judiciary within the court’s jurisdiction

2. Priest, rabbi, imam or minister of any church
3. Ship captain
4. Military commander
5. Consul-greneral

Void Marriages

1. Those contracted by any party below eighteen years of age

2. Those solemnized by any person not legally authorized to perform marriages

3. Those solemnized without license

4. Those bigamous or polygamous marriages not falling under Article 41

5. Those contracted through mistake of one contracting party as to the identity of the other

6. Those subsequent marriages that are void under Article 53