Fiber Reinforced Composites

FIBER REINFORCED
COMPOSITES
Lecture # 1
Introduction to Fiber reinforced Concrete
Engr.Faisal Amin
B.Sc (Civil), M.Sc (Structures), *Ph.D. (Structures)
RE,MPEC,MIEP,MPSCE, MASCE,MICE(U.K)
Course Contents
• Introduction to Fiber Reinforced Concrete, High

Performance Fiber Reinforced Cementitious
Composites (HPFRCC)
• Creep and Shrinkage in Concrete
• Durability Related Properties of Concrete
• Corrosion of Steel Reinforcing Bars in Concrete.
Fiber Reinforced Concrete
Relevant ACI reports
ACI 544
Cementitious matrices such as concrete have low tensile
strength and fail in a brittle manner. Adding short needle-like
fibers to such matrices enhances their mechanical properties,
particularly their toughness, ductility and energy absorbing
capacity.
Advantage of FRC
Disadvantage of FRC
Better Durability
Exacting of production technology
Limitations contraction cracks Higher price
Improvement of ductility Higher specific gravity
Improvement of tensile strength Corrosion of steel fibers
Better fire resistance
Composite model of FRC
History of FRC
History of FRC
Evolution of Terminology of Strain hardening behavior
Classification of
Fiber reinforced
composites
Classification of
Fiber reinforced
composites
Classification of Fiber reinforced composites
Patent of FRC
Patent of FRC
Various Types of Fibers
1. Steel Fiber
Macro steel fiber Synthetic fibers
Micro steel fiber
1. Micro Synthetic fiber
Polyvinyl Alcoholic fibers
Polypropylene or Nylon fibers
Alkali Resistant Glass fibers
Cellulose fibers
Carbon fibers
1. Macro Synthetic fiber Steel fibers
Various Types of Fibers
1. Steel Fiber
Macro steel fiber
Micro steel fiber
Normally Length/Diameter is termed as
Aspect Ratio
l/d is ranged between 50 – 100
Typical aspect ratio ranges from 30 to 150
Steel fiber increases
Ductility
Energy Absorption
Shear resistance
Stiffness
Effect of fiber on Tensile and Compressive Load
Optimization grading curve (Quantity and Length of fibers)
a) Short fibers
b) Low dosage of fiber
c) Optimal design
d) Segregation of fibers
e) Segregation of aggregate
f) Homogenous mixture
Effect of shape of fiber
a) Effect of straight and hook ended fiber
Synthetic Fibers
a) Macro Synthetic Fibers
b) Micro Synthetic Fibers
Classification according to volume fraction
a) Low volume fraction < 1% (reduce shrinkage cracking)
b) Moderate volume fraction between 1-2% (increase the modulus of
rupture, fracture toughness, Impact resistance)
c) High volume fraction > 2% ( strain-hardening of concrete composite)

Performance and safety of structure
Performance and safety of structure
Crack Control and durability
Effect of fibers on cracks distribution
Effect of fibers on cracks distribution
Effectiveness of fiber reinforcement
Embedment length of fiber in concrete
Above critical length fiber will fracture

Rather than pullout when a crack intersects the fiber at
its midpoint
Embedment length of fiber in concrete
Fiber effect in tension
Behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete under uniaxial tension
Behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete under compression
0.35 to 0.5
Composition and production
Mixing of fibers in concrete
Failure of Fibers at different scales
SEMINAR ON FIBER
REINFORCED
COMPOSITES
Measurement of Properties of Fiber
Reinforced Concrete
Engr.Faisal Amin
B.Sc (Civil), M.Sc (Structures)
RE,MPEC,MIEP,MPSCE, MASCE,MICE(U.K)
Course Contents
• Introduction
• Workability
• Air content, yield, and unit weight
• Specimen preparation
• Compressive strength
• Flexural strength
ACI 544
❑ Introduction
• Glass fibre Reinforced Cement Association, and ASTM have prepared
recommendations for test methods for these spray-up materials. The use of fiber
reinforced concrete (FRC) has passed from experimental small-scale applications
to routine factory and field applications involving the placement of many hundreds
of thousands of cubic yards annually throughout the world.
• This has created a need to review existing test methods and develop new methods,
where necessary, for determining the properties of FRC.
• Although most of the test methods described in this report were developed initially for
steel fiber reinforced concrete, they are applicable to concretes reinforced with glass,
polymeric, and natural fibers, except when otherwise noted.
• The test methods described in this report may in some cases lead to difficulties or
problems in obtaining meaningful results. In these instances, Committee 544 welcomes
information on the problems and any modification of equipment or procedures that
provides more meaningful results.
• This is of particular interest where tests developed initially for steel FRC are used to
measure properties of concretes containing other fibers, such as glass, polymeric, or
natural fibers.
❑ WORKABILITY
• The workability of freshly mixed concrete is a measure of its ability to be mixed,

handled, transported, and, most importantly, placed and consolidated with a loss of
homogeneity and minimal entrapped air.
• Several tests are available to assess one or more of these characteristics.
❑ Slump test (ASTM C 143)
• The slump test is a common, convenient, and
inexpensive test, but it may not be a good indicator
of workability for FRC. However, once it has been
established that a particular FRC mixture has
satisfactory handling and placing characteristics at
a given slump.
• The slump test may be used as a quality control test
to monitor the FRC consistency from batch to
batch.
❑ Time of flow through inverted slump cone test(ASTM C 995)
• This test has been developed specifically to measure the workability of FRC. It
effectively measures the mobility or fluidity of the concrete under internal vibration. The
test is not suitable for flowable mixtures of FRC, such as produced using high-range
water-reducing admixtures, because the concrete tends to run through the cone without
vibration. The slump test is used for monitoring the consistency of these concretes.
• Fig. 1 shows typical results of this test for conventional and FRC mixtures in relation to
slump. Even atvery low slump, FRC mixtures respond well to vibration. The flattening
of the FRC curve above 2 or 3 in.(50 or 75 mm) slump indicates that for these mixtures
there is no improvement in workability as slumps increase beyond about 2 in. (50 mm).
• Fig. 2 shows a similar curvilinear relationship between the slump obtained under static
test conditions and the time of flow obtained with vibration. It also shows a linear
relationship illustrating direct proportionality between inverted cone time and Vebe time.
• The inverted cone test can be used to compare FRC to conventional mixtures with
similar slump values. For example, at a 2 in. (50 mm) slump, a 3/8 in. (10 mm)
aggregate FRC mixture has substantially less flow time than a 3/4 in. (19 mm) aggegate
mixture at the same slump (Fig. 1).
• This demonstrates that although the slumps of these two mixtures are similar, the
workability of the FRC mixture was much better. The advantage of the inverted
slump cone test over the slump test is that it takes into account the mobility of
concrete, which comes about because of vibration.
❑ Vebe test
• The Vebe consistometer described in the British Standards Institution standard BS
1881, “Methods of Testing Concrete, Part 2,” measures the behavior of concrete
subjected to external vibration and is acceptable for determining the workability of
concrete placed using vibration, including FRC.
• It effectively evaluates the mobility of FRC, that is, its ability to flow under
vibration, and helps to assess the ease with which entrapped air can be expelled.
• The Vebe test is not as convenient for field use as either the slump or inverted cone
test because of the size and weight of the equipment
❑ AIR CONTENT, YIELD, AND UNIT WEIGHT
• Standard ASTM air content test equipment and procedures for conventional concrete
can be used for determining the air content, yield, and unit weight of FRC (ASTM C
138, C 173, and C 231).
• The concrete samples should be consolidated using external or internal vibration as
permitted by ASTM C 31 and C 192, and not by rodding. Rodding may be used when a
high flow consistency has been produced by the use of high range water-reducing
admixtures.
❑ SPECIMEN PREPARATION
• In general, procedures outlined in ASTM C 31, C 42, C 192, and C 1018 should be followed
for specimen preparation. Additional guidance for preparing fiber reinforced shotcrete
specimens is available in ACI 506.2-77 (Revised 1983).
• Test specimens should be prepared using external vibration whenever possible. Internal
vibration is not desirable and rodding is not acceptable, as these methods of consolidation
may produce preferential fiber alignment and non uniform distribution of fibers. Although
external vibration may produce some alignment of fibers, the amount of alignment produced
in the short duration vibration required for consolidation of test specimens is of negligible
influence.
• The method, frequency, amplitude, and time of vibration should be recorded. Test
specimens having a depth of 3 in. (75 mm) or less should be cast in a single layer to
avoid fiber orientation and fiber-free planes.
• Two layers should be used for specimens of depth greater than 3 in. (75 mm) with
each layer being vibrated.
❑ COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
• ASTM compressive strength equipment and procedures (ASTM C 31, C 39, and C 192)
used for conventional concrete can be used for FRC. The cylinders should be 6 x 12 in.
(150 x 300 mm) in size and should be made using external vibration or a 1 in. (25 mm)
nominal width internal vibrator.
• External vibration is preferred since an internal vibrator may adversely influence random
fiber distribution and alignment.
• The presence of fibers alters the mode of failure of cylinders by making the concrete less
brittle.
• Significant post-peak strength is retained with increasing deformation beyond the
maximum load. Fibers usually have only a minor effect on compressive strength,
slightly increasing or decreasing the test result.
• Since smaller cylinders give higher strengths for conventional concrete and promote
preferential fiber alignment in FRC, small cylinders with long fibers may give
unrealistically high strengths.
• Cubes may also be used for compressive strength tests, but few reference data are
available for such specimens and the relationship between cube strength and
cylinder strength has not been determined for FRC.
❑ FLEXURAL STRENGTH
❑ FLEXURAL STRENGTH
• The flexural strength of FRC may be determined under third-point loading using
ASTM C 78 or C 1018, or by center-point loading using ASTM C 293. Third point
loading is the preferred technique. If only maximum flexural strength is of interest,
ASTM C 78 or C 293 can be used.
• Maximum flexural strength is calculated at the section of maximum moment
corresponding to the peak fiber stress in tension based on the assumption of elastic
behavior, as shown in Fig. 3.
• If toughness or load-deflection behavior is also of interest, ASTM C 1018 can be used.
• At least three specimens should be made for each test according to the “Specimen
Preparation” section of this report and ASTM C 1018.
• For thick sections, specimen width and depth should equal or exceed three times
both the fiber length and the nominal dimension of the maximum size aggregate.
• When the application for the FRC involves a thickness less than this, e.g., overlays,
specimens with a depth equal to the actual section thickness should be prepared.
These should be tested as cast, rather than turned 90 deg as is required for standard-
size beams, to evaluate the effects of preferential fiber alignment to be representative
of the FRC in practice.
❑ SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH
• Results from the split cylinder tensile strength test (ASTM C 496) for FRC specimens
are difficult to interpret after the first matrix cracking and should not be used beyond
first crack because of unknown stress distributions after first crack.
• The precise identification of the first crack in the split cylinder test can be difficult
without strain gages or other sophisticated means of crack detection. The relationship
between splitting tensile strength and direct tensile strength or modulus of rupture has
not been determined.
• The split cylinder tensile test has been used in production applications as a quality
control test, after relationships have been developed with other properties when using
a constant mixture
❑ IMPACT RESISTANCE
Improved impact resistance (dynamic energy absorption as well as strength) is one of the
important attributes of FRC. Several types of tests have been used to measure the impact
resistance of FRC.
These can be classified broadly, depending upon the impacting mechanism and parameters
monitored during impact, into the following types of tests:
(a) weighted pendulum Charpy-type impact test; (b) drop-weight test (single or repeated
impact); (c) constant strain-rate test; (d) projectile impact test; (e) split-Hopkinson bar test;
(f) explosive test; and (g) instrumented pendulum impact test
❑ Drop-weight test
• The simplest of the impact tests is the “repeated impact,” drop-weight test. This test
yields the number of blows necessary to cause prescribed levels of distress in the test
specimen. This number serves as a qualitative estimate of the energy absorbed by the
specimen at the levels of distress specified.
• The test can be used to compare the relative merits of different fiber-concrete mixtures
and to demonstrate the improved performance of FRC compared to conventional
concrete.
• It can also be adapted to show the relative impact resistance of different material
thicknesses.
❑FREEZE-THAW RESISTANCE
• ASTM C 666 is applicable to FRC. Weight loss is not a recommended method for
determining the freeze thaw resistance of FRC because material that becomes dislodged
from the specimen mass remains loosely bonded by the fibers. The relative dynamic
modulus of elasticity method is appropriate for FRC.
• Inclusion of fibers should not be considered as a substitute for proper air entrainment to
obtain freeze thaw resistance.
❑ LENGTH CHANGE (SHRINKAGE)
Unrestrained shrinkage
• For length change of concrete, ASTM C 157 and C 341 are applicable to FRC. ASTM
C 341 is the preferred test method since the test specimens are cut from larger cast
concrete samples; thus, the influence on fiber orientation from casting specimens in
smaller molds is minimized. However, these tests do not reflect the performance of
FRC in early age shrinkage and crack control.
Restrained shrinkage
• ASTM C 827 for early volume change of cementations
mixtures is also applicable to FRC.
• The degree of restraint to which the specimen is subjected
varies with the viscosity and degree of hardening of the
mixture so that measurements are useful primarily for
comparative purposes rather than as absolute values.
❑ CREEP
• ASTM C 512 test for creep in concrete is applicable to FRC.
FIBER REINFORCED
COMPOSITES
Lecture # 03
Report on the Physical Properties and
Durability of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
Engr.Faisal Amin
B.Sc (Civil), M.Sc (Structures), *Ph.D. (Structures)
RE, MPEC, MIEP, MPSCE, MASCE, MICE(U.K)
Course Contents
• Chapter 1—Introduction and scope
• Chapter 2—Notation, definitions, and acronyms
• Chapter 3—Physical properties of fiber-reinforced
• concrete (FRC)
• 3.1—Creep
• 3.2—Shrinkage
• 3.3—Permeability and diffusion
• 3.4—Rheology
• 3.5—Electrical properties
• 3.6—Thermal conductivity
ACI 544
❑ Introduction
• The use of fibers in concrete to improve pre- and post cracking behavior has gained
popularity. Since 1967, several different fiber types and materials have been
successfully used in concrete to improve its physical properties and durability.
• This is supported by an extensive number of independent research results showing
the ability of fibers to improve durability and physical properties of concrete.
• Regardless of origin, cracking, when induced by chemical, mechanical, or
environmental processes, results in deteriorated and less-durable concrete
• In addition, the increased permeability caused by cracking can accelerate other
deterioration processes such as freezing-and-thawing damage, again resulting in less-
durable concrete.
• This report addresses the physical properties and durability of FRC that includes fibers
in concrete. In this report, many structural systems are evaluated for various physical,
short term, and long-term benefits.
• These effects of using fibers have been determined using various testing methods. This
report presents a limited collection of the published research results in relevant area.
With the exception of a few characteristic responses such as creep, plastic shrinkage
cracking, and long-term aging, this report does not address the mechanical properties in
detail.
There are several fiber types on the market intended to address various design
requirements and constraints. Table 1.1
❑1.2—Scope
The report is divided into three sections:
1. The physical properties of FRC;
2. The areas where concrete durability is affected by the addition of fibers; and
3. A series of applications where FRC use resulted in beneficial durability.
The objective of this report is to provide a historical basis about current knowledge for
concrete professionals to use in , sustainable, and durable concrete mixtures.
2.1—Notation
A = aspect ratio
C = capacitance, farads
Ct= creep coefficient at time t
Cu= ultimate creep coefficient
d = fiber diameter, in. (mm)
Ef= modulus of elasticity of fibers, psi (MPa)
f = frequency of the AC, Hz
HR= relative humidity
Ks = thermal conductivity, BTU h
–k = reaction rate of the corrosion responsible for strength loss
k= frequency factor of collisions between the reactants
l = fiber length, in. (mm)
R = resistance, ohms
Ru = universal gas constant, lb ft/(°R·lb mol) (J/(mol.K))
s = normalized strength
T= temperature, °F (K)
t = time, days
Vf= volume fraction of fibers, in.
X = X-capacity reactance, ohm thermal conductivity
Z = impedance, ohms
ΔGI= activation energy required for the reaction to takeplace, ft-lb/mol (KJ/mol)
ΔTs= temperature difference through the thickness of the
material with known thermal conductivity, °F (K)
ΔTu= temperature difference through the thickness ofthe material with the unknown
• 2.2—Definitions
• ACI provides a comprehensive list of definitions through an online resource, “ACI
Concrete Terminology,” http://terminology.concrete.org. Definitions provided here
complement that resource.
aspect ratio, fiber—the ratio of length to diameter of a fiber in which the diameter may be
an equivalent diameter (see fiber, equivalent diameter).
fiber, equivalent diameter—diameter of a circle having an area equal to the average cross
sectional area of a fiber.
tex—the mass in grams of 3280 ft (1 km) of strand or roving.
2.3—Acronyms
AASHTO—American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials
AC—alternating current
AC-IS—alternating current-impedance spectroscopy
AR—alkali-resistant
ARS—average residual strength
ASM International—The Materials Information Society
ASTM International—American Society for Testing andMaterials
OPC—ordinary portland cement
SFRC—steel fiber-reinforced concrete
CAC—calcium aluminate cement
DC—direct current
DW—drawing-wire
FRC—fiber-reinforced concrete
FRCB—fiber-reinforced cement board
GFRC—glass fiber-reinforced concrete
HAC—high-alumina cement
HSC—high-strength concrete
IPC—inorganic phosphate cement
IS—impedance spectroscopy
CHAPTER 3—PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FIBER-REINFORCED
CONCRETE (FRC)
3.1—Creep
• Creep is defined as a phenomenon in which strain in a solid increases with time while
the stress producing the strain is kept constant. In more practical terms, creep is the
increased strain or deformation of a structural element under a constant load.
• Depending on the construction material, structural design, and service conditions,
creep can result in significant displacements in a structure.
• For some other structural elements such as bridge decks, however, severe creep strains
can result in serviceability benefits.
3.1.1Creep behavior of concrete—Concrete is known to deform considerably under
constant loading and normal service conditions. Compressive creep strain in
conventional concrete can be 1.30 to 4.15 times the initial elastic strain under standard
conditions.
• The creep coefficient Ct is defined as the ratio of creep strain to initial elastic strain
and is dependent upon the time T after application of stress.
• The method suggested in ACI 209R is most commonly used for predicting the creep
behavior of concrete, using the following expression that is applicable for normal- to
low-density concrete:
Where,
Ct is the creep coefficient at time t(days) after application of stress;
Cu is the ultimate creep coefficient;
and Qcr is a correction factor to modify for nonstandard conditions.
3.1.2Creep behavior of fibers—Polymeric fibers are considered as viscoelastic materials
and are more susceptible to creep than metallic and glass fibers. They tend to respond to
short-time stresses in an elastic fashion.
• If a relatively high stress level is maintained for considerable time, however, polymeric
materials will behave viscously and will creep, even exhibiting creep rupture .
• The strain to failure is usually high enough for stress redistribution and relaxation to take
place, accommodating the deformation. Steel fibers do not exhibit creep behavior under
normal service conditions at temperatures below approximately 700°F (370°C). (ASM
International 1990).
3.2—Shrinkage
• Fibers can be added to concrete to reduce cracking potential due to shrinkage. Plastic
shrinkage occurs during the early age period when the strength of the paste is quite low,
and drying shrinkage occurs due to volume change after the concrete hardens.
• If the shrinkage deformation is sufficiently restrained, the tensile stresses generated may
be sufficiently high to cause cracking.
• The addition of synthetic or cellulose microfibers has been shown to increase the strength
and strain capacity sufficiently during the very early ages (up to 12 hours) so that the
potential for cracking under the tensile stresses generated by the shrinkage is minimized.
• Adding steel and macro-synthetic fibers has been
shown to provide strength- and strain-carrying capacity
after the concrete has hardened to the extent that the
FRC resists and controls drying-shrinkage cracking.
Restrained shrinkage cracking
• Bissonnette et. Al (2000) conducted uniaxial restrained shrinkage tests and tensile
tests on large-scale SFRC specimens with fiber contents ranging from 0 to 160
lb/yd3 (0 to 100 kg/m3).
• Multiple parallel microcracks altered the overall response of the SFRC beams in
the hardened state.
(a) effect of fracture energy of the FRC material representing an
increase in fiber content on the stress relaxation in steel
• Figure 3.1(a) represents the theoretical curve of strain in the steel as a parametric
study of the effect of fibers.
• The compressive stress builds up gradually in the steel, and as the concrete
cracks from a tensile failure mode, there is a gradual relaxation and recovery of
strain in steel.
• The strain in the steel does not decay as quickly as cracking takes place in the
specimen, if the fracture energy is sufficiently high, which indicates the load
transfer can take place.
3.3—Permeability and diffusion
• Concrete is susceptible to degradation through corrosion, alkali-silica reaction, sulfate
attack, freezing-and-thawing damage, and other mechanisms that result from the ingress of
water. Concrete durability is, therefore, intimately related to the rate at which water is able
to penetrate it (water permeability).
• Fiber-reinforced concrete has been used in applications where water-tightness is desired,
such as tunnel linings and liquid storage tanks (Bentur and Mindess 1990; Mindess et al.
2003).
• The permeability of dense concrete, such as that with a water-to-cement ratio less
than approximately 0.45, is nearly negligible in an uncracked condition.
Permeability, however, is vastly increased by the introduction of cracksand
increases with crack width (Ludirdja et al. 1989; Wanget al. 1997).
3.4—Rheology
The characteristics of FRC in a fresh state can be described using rheological
parameters that characterize flow, or deformation, under stress. These parameters
enable workability, flow, pumping ability, placement, compaction, and finishing
characteristics to be quantitatively monitored and used during the construction phase.
3.5—Electrical properties
Many research studies have concentrated on using electrical methods as a

means of characterizing concrete and developing potential applications for
new materials, nondestructive testing, or diagnostic equipment (McCarter
1996). Various test results support the concept that the electrical conductivity
of concrete is essentially electrolytic by ion transport through the
interconnected pore network. The electrical resistance of concrete ranges by
several orders of magnitude between a moist-cured condition and oven-dried.
3.6—Thermal conductivity
Both transient (unsteady heat flow) and steady-state heat flow are used for measuring the
thermal conductivity of materials. The transient heat flow or “probe” procedure is well
suited for homogeneous materials, while the steady state heat flow procedure is better suited
to nonhomogeneous materials such as mortar and concrete. In the steady-state procedure, a
linear heat flow is created and the thermal temperature gradient is measured.
28
Cracks and its Repair
Engr.Faisal Amin
B.Sc (Civil), M.Sc (Structures), *Ph.D.
(Structures)
RE, MPEC, MIEP, MPSCE, MASCE,
MICE(U.K)
2
Differential Settlement
Inadequate Design
a) Inadequate concrete thickness
b) Inadequate steel
c) Inadequate non uniform soil support
d) Incorrect geometry
e) Incorrect use of materials
3
Cracks Readings
Orientation, location, Length, Width, Depth, Shape,
Frequency, age
5
Example: Wall Supporting Slab

6
Cavitation
• Cavitation causes erosion of concrete due to collapse

of vapour bubbles formed by pressure changes in
high velocity water flow.
• Vapour bubbles form and flow downstream. When
they enter a zone of high pressure, they collapse with
great impact. The energy released called cavitation,
causes damage to concrete.
• Cavitation forms near curves and offsets.
• Can be reduced by producing smooth surfaces
and avoiding protruding obstructions to flow.
7
Abrasion
Abrasion is wearing away of the surface of concrete by

rubbing and friction. Factors affecting abrasion
resistance are:
• Compressive strength.
• Aggregate properties.
• Finishing methods.
• Use of toppings
• Curing
8
Crack Evaluation, Causes and Scope
User needs:
• Useful life
• Urgency
• Cost
• Performance requirements
• Aesthetics
9
Repair Analysis and Strategy

1) How much structure is effected by cracks so to decide what type of
repair is needed.
• Structural needs 2) Compatibiity of repair with structure
3) Effect of repair on environment.
• Effect of repair on & compatibility with existing

structure
• Constructability
• Environment
• Safety Repair Strategy
✓ What is expected of surface repair?
✓ Surface deterioration diverse in nature
✓ Goal: Protection, appearance, load carrying
✓ Function of repair determines properties of repair
material to be specified
10
Surface Preparation and Bond
• Clean sound substrate surface where an organism grows

• Rough profile - - - mechanical anchorage
• Open pore structure
• Repair material absorption into
substrate
• Intimate contact
11
Proper Surface Preparation: Bond Mechanism

12
Reinforcing Steel Preparation
• Abrasive blast
By using pressurized air or water to move abrasive media against a surface to
remove coating, corrosion, or contamination.
•
Water blast cleaning is a technique for cleaning internal and external surfaces,
Water blast which relies entirely on the sheer force of water from a pressurized source to
achieve the desired cleaning
• Combination blasting
• Degree of cleanliness required
• Bar coating
13
Bonding Agent Problems

14
Intimate Contact
Form & pump, vibration, hand pressure, apply spray

15
Quality Assurance: Achieving Bond
Testing Bond strength

• Laboratory testing (ASTM C-881, 1042)
• Slant shear
• Result depend upon: substrate strength, surface
preparation
• Direct shear (Shear bond)
16
Quality Assurance
• Uni-axial tensile strength

• Visual evaluation
17
Bond Failure Causes

18
Bond Failure
• Incomplete surface preparation

• Bruising
• Micro-fracture
Important Points:
19
Repair Materials
Considerations: Strength, durability, chemical

resistant, compatibility with substrate
Requirements:
20
Strength
21
Durability
22
Chemical Resistance
23
Repair Materials
• Latex modified concrete

• Polymer concrete
• Rapid setting concrete
• Shotcreting
Sealers:
• Prevent water from entering concrete surface
• Permit water vapour to escape
24
Sealer Problems/Concerns
• Lack of penetration
• Poor surface penetration
• Excessive moisture
• Rapid evaporation due to wind and temperature
condition
25
Should a Crack be Repaired
Considerations
• Structural versus non-structural
• Crack width and length
• Crack location within a member
• Environmental exposure conditions
• Type of member
• Appearance
26
When Should a Crack be Repaired?

At what point should the width of a crack be a
concern?
• If the only criteria is load transfer across the crack
(0.64 mm --- 0.025 in)
• Research has shown that load transfer due to
aggregate interlock is almost fully effective across
the cracks of 0.025 in. or less. Load transfer across
cracks of 0.035 in. is good, but not fully effective.
• However, durability of concrete is important as the
load transfer characteristics. Durability is enhanced
by preventing moisture reaching the embedded
rebars.
27
Crack Repair Using Epoxy Injection

Characteristics of Epoxies
• Excellent adhesive properties
• Versatile
• Chemical resistant
• Rapid curing
• Resistant moisture
• To restore tensile strength to a cracked concrete
members e.g. Beams, slab etc
28
Crack Repair using Epoxy Injection

Typical Installation Procedure
Prepare surface, seal crack and install injection ports,
inject resin, cure, grind off seal and ports
29
Common Installation Problems

• Improper resin
• Improper mixing
• Inadequate surface sealing
• Improper pressure
• Improper port spacing
• Improper sequence of
pumping
• Excessive crack width
30
Trial Repair Method: Gravity Feed

31
Trial Repair Method: Flood Coating

32
Trial Repair Method: Epoxy Injection

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FIBER REINFORCED

• Introduction to Fiber Reinforced Concrete, High

a) Low volume fraction < 1% (reduce shrinkage cracking)

b) Moderate volume fraction between 1-2% (increase the modulus of

rupture, fracture toughness, Impact resistance)

c) High volume fraction > 2% ( strain-hardening of concrete composite)

Above critical length fiber will fracture

• The workability of freshly mixed concrete is a measure of its ability to be mixed,

Many research studies have concentrated on using electrical methods as a

Example: Wall Supporting Slab

• Cavitation causes erosion of concrete due to collapse

Abrasion is wearing away of the surface of concrete by

Crack Evaluation, Causes and Scope

Repair Analysis and Strategy

• Effect of repair on & compatibility with existing

Surface Preparation and Bond

• Clean sound substrate surface where an organism grows

Proper Surface Preparation: Bond Mechanism

Reinforcing Steel Preparation

Bonding Agent Problems

Form & pump, vibration, hand pressure, apply spray

Quality Assurance: Achieving Bond

Testing Bond strength

• Uni-axial tensile strength

Bond Failure Causes

• Incomplete surface preparation

Considerations: Strength, durability, chemical

• Latex modified concrete

Should a Crack be Repaired

When Should a Crack be Repaired?

Crack Repair Using Epoxy Injection

Crack Repair using Epoxy Injection

Common Installation Problems

Trial Repair Method: Gravity Feed

Trial Repair Method: Flood Coating

Trial Repair Method: Epoxy Injection

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