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8 Non-linear

relationships
Syllabus topic — A3.2 Non-linear relationships
This topic will develop your understanding of non-linear functions and how they can be used to
model and solve a range of practical problems.

Outcomes
• Graph and recognise an exponential function in the form y = ax and y = a−x.
• Construct and analyse an exponential model to solve a practical problem.
• Graph and recognise a quadratic function in the form y = a + bx + c.
• Recognise the shape of a parabola and its key features.
• Construct and analyse a quadratic model to solve a practical problem.
k
• Graph and recognise an reciprocal function in the form y = .
x
• Recognise the shape of a hyperbola and its key features.
• Construct and analyse a reciprocal model to solve a practical problem.

Digital Resources for this chapter


In the Interactive Textbook:
• Videos • Literacy worksheet • Quick Quiz • Solutions (enabled by teacher)
• Desmos widgets • Spreadsheets • Study guide
In the Online Teaching Suite:
• Teaching Program • Tests • Review Quiz • Teaching Notes

Knowledge check
The Interactive Textbook provides a test of prior knowledge for this chapter, and
may direct you to revision from the previous years’ work.

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302 Chapter 8 Non-linear relationships 8A

8A Exponential functions
x
x y are defined by the general
−x
y=a x
y=a a>

GRAPHS OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

y y
a> y = ax(a > 1) y = a–x(a > 1)

1 1
x x

a y y
y = a–x(a > 1) y= ax(a > 1)

1 1
x x

a= the graph is fl y=

Key features of exponential graphs


• x ax x
y
• x= y=a =
a
• x

• y = a−x is the reflection of the graph y = ax y


• a y= x y= x

y x
• y=a x
a
x y
• y = a−x a
x y

1
2
3
4

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8A Exponential functions 303

Example 1: Graphing an exponential function 8A

y= x

S O LUT I O N:
1 x y
x − − −
2 x= − − −
Find y using the exponential function y = x y

3 x y
y
4 − − 10

− 8
6
5
4

the axes to plot the points as some points are 2

− x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3

Example 2: Graphing an exponential function 8A


−x
y=
S OL UT I O N:
1 x y
x − − −
2 x=− − − y
−x y
xponential function y =
3 x y
y
10
4 − −
8

5 6
4
−x
y= 2
the reflection of y = x
y
x
Both curv −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
the x

Desmos widget 8A Graphing exponential functions with technology

8A

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304 Chapter 8 Non-linear relationships 8A

Exercise 8A LEVEL 1

Example 1 1
−x
a y= x
b y=
x − − x − −
y y

2 y= x
1a
a y
b x
c y x=
d x y=
e y x=
f y x=

Example 2 3 y

−x
a y= x
b y=
x − − − x − − −
y y

4 y= x
3a
a y
b x
c y x=
d x y=
e y x=
f y x=

5
a y= x
b y= x
c y= x

6
−x −x −x
a y= b y= c y=

7 a y = ax
5 6

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8A Exponential functions 305

LEVEL 2

8
−x
a y= x
b y=
x − − x − −
y y

9 1 8
a y= x
x=
−x
b y= x=−
−x
c y= x=
d y= x
x=−
−x
e y= x
y=
−x
f y= y= x

10
a y= x
b y= x
+ c y= x
+
d y= x
− e y= x

11 10
a y x= y= x+
b y x= y= x+
c y x= y= x−
d y x= y= x−
e y = ax

LEVEL 3

12
a y=− x

b y=− x

c y=− x

d y = ax −

13 y
a y= x

b y= × x

c y= × x

d y = ax

14 y= x

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306 Chapter 8 Non-linear relationships 8B

8B Exponential models

EXPONENTIAL MODEL

y = ax a> y = a−x a>

Example 3: Using an exponential model 8B

The fish population is predicted using the formula, N = × t


N is the number of fish
t
a t N
t
number of fish to the nearest whole number
b N= × t

c y fish were present after


d xtra fish will be present after
years compared to
e Estimate the number of fish after

S O LUT I O N:
1 t N a
t
2 t= N
N= × t N
the v N
3 t b N
axis and N 4000
4 3500
3000
5
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
t
1 2 3 4 5
6 t = in the table and find N c fish
7 Subtract the number of fish for d = − =
8 N e fish
t=

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8B Exponential models 307

Exercise 8B LEVEL 1

Example 3 1 N= t
N
after t
a t N
t
N

b N= t

N
1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

t
1 2 3 4 5
c
d
e
f

2
−t
P= × P t
a t P

t
N

−t
b P= × a
c
d
e
f
g

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308 Chapter 8 Non-linear relationships 8B

LEVEL 2

3 The size of a flock of birds, F t


F= × t

a t F t F

b F= × t

c as the initial flock of birds?


d
e
f

4 b= × t
b
t
a t

b b= × t
a
c
d
e

LEVEL 3

5
A t

t
A

a t A
b
y= × ax
c x y t A
d a t=
e t A
f Use the model to find the v
g Use the model to find the v
h

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8C Quadratic functions 309

8C Quadratic functions
x x ). It is defined by the general rule
y = ax + bx + c a b c

y
Key features of a parabola 10
y=x
• 8
Axis of

symmetry
• x= y 6

• y x
4 y = x2
• y = −x is the reflection of the graph
y=x x
2
• ficient of the equation such
y= x y= x x
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
Vertex or turning point
• y=x + y=x −

QUADRATIC FUNCTION

y = ax + bx + c a b c
y=x y = −x
y

10 x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
9 −1
8 −2
7 −3
6 −4
5 −5
4 −6
3 −7
2 −8
1 −9
x −10
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
y

1 2
3 4

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310 Chapter 8 Non-linear relationships 8C

Example 4: Graphing a quadratic function 8C

y=x +
S O LUT I O N:
1 x y
x − − −
x=− − − y
y=x + y
2 x y
y 10
3 − − − 8
6
4
4
2
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6

Example 5: Determining the features of a parabola 8C

y=x − x+ x= ) and find the follo


a b c y
d x e
S OL UT I O N:
x −
1 x y
y −
x= y
y=x − x+ y Axis of symmetry

2 x 5
4
y y-intercept
3
3
2
− 1 x-intercepts
4 x
−1 1 2 3 4 5
−1
−2 Vertex or turning point

5 a
6 b x=
7 y c y
8 x d x
9 y e

Desmos widget 8C Graphing a quadratic function with technology

8C

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8C Quadratic functions 311

Exercise 8C LEVEL 1

1 y
a 4
b y
3
c x
d 2
e
1

x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2
−1

2 y
a 2
b y
c x 1
d x
e −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1

−2

−3

−4

a y=x b y= x
x − − − x − − −
y y

c y= x d y= x
x − − − x − − −
y y
e
f
g ficient of x y=x

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312 Chapter 8 Non-linear relationships 8C

a y = −x b y=− x
x − − − x − − −
y y

c y=− x d y=− x

x − − − x − − −
y y

e
f
g ficient of x y = −x
Example 4 5

a y=x + b y=x −
x − − − x − − −
y y

c y=x + d y=x −
x − − − x − − −
y y

e
f
g y=x
Example 5 6

a y=x + x+ b y=x + x+
x − − − x − − −
y y
c y=x − x+ d y=x − x+
x − − − x − − −
y y

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8C Quadratic functions 313

LEVEL 2

a y=x − x+ b y = −x + x−
x − x −
y y

c y= x − x+ d y=− x + x−
x − x −
y y

8
a b
x − − − x − − −
y y −

c d
x − − − x − − −
y − − − − − − y

e f
x − − − x − − −
y y

LEVEL 3

9 − ≤x≤
a y= x+ y= x+ y= x+
b y= x− y= x− y= x−
c k y= x+ k y=x

10 − ≤x≤
a y= x+ − y= x+ − y= x+ −
b y= x− + y= x− + y= x− +
c h y= x+ k + h y= x+ k

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314 Chapter 8 Non-linear relationships 8D

8D Quadratic models

QUADRATIC MODEL

y = ax + bx + c
a b c

Example 6: Using a quadratic model 8D

A x A= x−x
x
A
a A= x−x
b
c
d

S OL UT I O N:
1 x= and find A a
x
A= x−x A
2 x A
A
3 10
8
4 6
5 x= 4
2
x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

6 b

A= x−x
= × −
=
7 A c
8 x A d x=

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8D Quadratic models 315

Stopping distance

er first commences braking.


second for a fit and alert dri

STOPPING DISTANCE

vt v
d= +

d
v
t

Example 7: Using a quadratic model 8D

vt v
d= +

S OL UT I O N:
vt v
1 d= +

2 v= t= × ×
= +

3 = …
4 ≈

5 ∴

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316 Chapter 8 Non-linear relationships 8D

Exercise 8D LEVEL 1

Example 6 1 A x A
A=x −x
12

a x 8
b x
c 4

d x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

2 v t
v= t− t v

12
a
10
b
8
c 6
4
d 2
than t
1 2 3

3 P d
P= d
a

d
P P
1800
b P= d 1600
1400
c 1200
1000
d 800
600
400
e
200
d
4 8 12 16 20 24

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8D Quadratic models 317

4 d t
d= t
a
d
t
d 250

200
b d= t
150
c
second? 100
d
seconds? 50
e
t
1 2 3 4 5
f
metres? Estimate from the graph.
g

5 d= ss− d
s
a

s d

d 50
Distance (m)

40
30
b d= ss− 20
10
c s
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Speed (km/h)
d

e
f
g

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318 Chapter 8 Non-linear relationships 8D

LEVEL 2

Example 7 6 v
d

vt v v× v v v
d= + d= + d= +

a
v
v d
v v d
b d= +
d
80
c
70
d
60
e
f 50
40
g 30
20
7 seconds. Calculate 10
vt v
d= + v
20 40 60 80 100

a b
c d
e f

vt v
a d= +
b

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8D Quadratic models 319

10
h
t (in seconds), for it to f h= − t
a
t h
t
b
h= − t
c

seconds?
f

metres?
g

11
V r V= rh h=
a r V r V

b V= r
c

LEVEL 3

12 P s
P= s − s+
a P= s − s+ s
b
c

13
a
b A x
c
d

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320 Chapter 8 Non-linear relationships 8E

8E Reciprocal function

k x
defined by the general rule y = k
x

Key features of a hyperbola y

y= 4
x
3
• y x=
2 Branch
• Asymptotes
1
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
• x y −1
x y Branch −2
−3
• −4

RECIPROCAL FUNCTION

k
y= k
x
y= y=−
x x
y y

4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
x x
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
−1 −1
−2 −2
−3 −3
−4 −4

1
2
3
4

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8E Reciprocal function 321

Example 8: Graphing a reciprocal function 8E

y=
x
S O LUT I O N:
1 x and y x − − − −
2 x=− − − − y − − − −
y

3 x y
y 4
3
4 − − − − 2
− − − − 1
x
5 y x= −4 −3 −2 −1
−1 1 2 3 4
−2
−3
6 −4

Example 9: Graphing a reciprocal function 8E

a y=− b
x
S O LUT I O N:
1 x and y a
2 x=− − − − x − − − −
y y − − − −
3 x y
y 4
4 − − 3
− − − − 2
− 1
5 y x= x
−4 −3 −2 −1
−1 1 2 3 4
−2
6 −3
−4

7 x b x= y=
y

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322 Chapter 8 Non-linear relationships 8E

Exercise 8E LEVEL 1

Example 8 y
1 y=
x
4
a 3
x − − − − 2
1
y x
−4 −3 −2 −1
−1 1 2 3 4
b −2
−3
−4

Example 9
2 y=− y
x
a 4
3
x − − − − 2
1
y x
−4 −3 −2 −1
−1 1 2 3 4
b −2
−3
−4

3
number plane.
a y= b y=−
x x

x − − − − x − − − −

y y

c y= d y=−
x x
x − − − − x − − − −

y y

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8E Reciprocal function 323

LEVEL 2

4
a y= b y= c y=− d y=−
x x x x

5 y=
x
a x= b x= c x=− d x=−

6 y=−
x
a x= b x= c x=− d x=−

7
a y b y

10 12
8 9
6 6
(1, 5) (−1, 5)
4 3
2 x
−12 −9 −6 −3 3 6 9 12
x −3
−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10 (1, −5)
−2 −6
−4 −9
(−1, −5)
−6 −12
−8
−10

LEVEL 3

8 y=
x
a b − − c d

9 y=−
x
a b − − c − − d −

10
a y= + b y=− + c y= − d y= −
x x x x
x+ x−
e xy = f xy = − g y= h y=
x x

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324 Chapter 8 Non-linear relationships 8F

8F Reciprocal models

RECIPROCAL MODELS
k
y= k
x
is a number

Example 10: Using a reciprocal model 8F

t s
t=
s
a s t
b t=
s
c
d

S O LUT I O N:
1 s t a
2 s
s t
s=
3 t b t
t= t 200
s

4 s 150
t
5 100

50
6
s
20 40 60 80 100
7 t c
s=
8 s d
9

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8F Reciprocal models 325

Example 11: Using a reciprocal model 8F

The cost per person of sharing a pizza ($C) is


dependent on the number of people (n) eating the pizza.
24
The reciprocal equation C = is used to model
n
this situation.
a Describe the possible values for n.
b Construct a table of values for n and C.
24
c Draw the graph of C = .
n
d What is the cost per person if six people are sharing a pizza?
e How many people shared a pizza if the cost was $2.40 per person?

S O LUT I O N:
1 The variable n represents the number of a n is a positive whole number and likely to
people sharing a pizza. be less than 10.
2 Construct a table of values for n and C. b
3 Choose appropriate values for n. n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Let n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8. C 24 12 8 6 4.8 4 3.4 3
24
4 Find C using C = .
n
5 Draw a number plane with n as the c C
horizontal axis and C as the vertical axis.
32
6 Plot the points (1, 24), (2, 12), (3, 8),
28
(4, 6), (5, 4.8), (6, 4), (7, 3.4) and (8, 3).
24
7 Join the points to make a branch of a 20
hyperbola. 16
12
8
4
n
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 Read the value of C from the table or graph d Cost per person is $4.
when n = 6.
24
9 Substitute 2.4 for C into the reciprocal e 2.4 =
n
equation.
10 Solve the equation for n by rearranging the 24
n= = 10
formula and evaluate. 2.4
11 Check that the answer is reasonable.
12 Write the answer in words. ∴ number of people sharing the pizza was 10

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326 Chapter 8 Non-linear relationships 8F

Exercise 8F LEVEL 1

Example 10 1 t t
s 250
t=
s 200
a
b 150
c
100
d
50
e
s
hours? 20 40 60 80 100
Example 11 2 C c
n 400
C= 350
n
300
a
people share the total cost? 250

b 200
people share the total cost?
150
c
100
d
50

e n
2 4 6 8 10
3 t t
s
50
t=
s
40
a
30

s 20
t
10

b t=
s s
10 20 30 40 50

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8F Reciprocal models 327

4 t n
t=
n
a
t

10
n
t 8

b t=
n 6

c 4

d 2

e n
1 2 3 4 5 6

g
h

5 n
A n =
A

a
A

b n = n
A
12
c
10
d
8
e
6

4
f
2

g A
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

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328 Chapter 8 Non-linear relationships 8F

LEVEL 2

6 s s= t
t
a t
b s=
t
c
d

7 n d
n =
d
a d
b n =
d
c
d

LEVEL 3

8 l=
b
l b

a b l b
b l=
b
c
d
e
f

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8G Inverse variation 329

8G Inverse variation

SOLVING AN INVERSE VARIATION PROBLEM

1 k y
k
x y=
x
2 k x y
3 k
x y

Example 12: Solving an inverse variation problem 8G

c
n
a
b

S O LUT I O N:
1
k k
2 y= y c a c=
x n
x n
k
3 c n =

4 k=
5 c=
n
k=
6 n =

7 =
8
9
b c=
k= n
10 c
=
n
11 n=
12

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330 Chapter 8 Non-linear relationships 8G

Example 13: Solving an inverse variation problem 8G

The number of people (n)


waiting at Circular Quay for a
ferry is inversely proportional to
the time (t, in minutes) until the
next ferry arrives. If there are
64 people waiting, the ferry will
arrive in 3 12 minutes.
a Find the constant of variation.
b Write the inverse variation
equation.
c How many people are waiting
at Circular Quay 4 minutes
before the ferry arrives?
d How long before the ferry
arrives if there are 28 people
waiting?

S O LUT I O N:
1 Number of people is inversely proportional to the
time.
k k
2 Use the formula y = by replacing the y with n and a n=
x t
the x with t.
k
3 Substitute 64 for n and 3.5 for t into the formula. 64 =
3.5
4 Evaluate. k = 224
224
5 Substitute 224 for k in the inverse variation equation. b n=
t
224
6 Write the inverse variation equation. c n=
t
7 Substitute 4 for t into the formula. 224
=
4
8 Evaluate. = 56
9 Write the answer in words. 56 people are waiting.
224
10 Write the inverse variation equation. d n=
t
224
11 Substitute 28 for n into the formula. 28 =
t
12 Evaluate. = 8
13 Write the answer in words. Ferry will arrive in 8 minutes.

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8G Inverse variation 331

Exercise 8G LEVEL 1

1 y x y= x=
a y x
b
c y x
d x y

2 y x y= x=
a y x
b
c y x
d x y

3 m n m= n=
k
a m=
n
b m n
c n m

4 c d c= d=
k
a c=
d
b c d
c d c

Example 12 5 t p

a
b
c
d

Example 13 6 es fiv

a
b
c
d

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332 Chapter 8 Non-linear relationships 8G

LEVEL 2

7 T N

a
b
c

8 c

9 c

a
b

10 N ersely with the amount of floor space


A

a
b

LEVEL 3

11

12

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8H Miscellaneous problems 333

8H Miscellaneous problems

ALGEBRAIC MODEL


Example 14: Modelling physical phenomena 8H

M x
x
M

a
b M= x
M= x

c
d x

S OL UT I O N:
1 x a, b
M M
2
5
4
3
3 M= x
2
1
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
4 x c M=
5 =
6 x d M=
x
x
7 =
8

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334 Chapter 8 Non-linear relationships 8H

Exercise 8H LEVEL 1

Example 14 1
v t

t
v
d
a
b 160
140
−x
c y= ×a 120
100
i x y t
80
v
60
ii a
t= 40
iii t v 20
d t
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
e
f
g

2 d t

t
d

a d

b y = ax 200

i x y t d 150
ii a t=
iii t d
100
c Use the model to find the distance f

d the model to find the distance f 50


e
f t
1 2 3 4 5 6

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8H Miscellaneous problems 335

3 N t

t
N

a t N
b
c
y = ax

i x
y t
N
ii
a
t=
iii
t N
d Use the model to find the

e Use the model to find the time tak


f

4 s t

t
s

a t s
b
a
c y=
x
i x y t s
ii a t=
iii t s
d Use the model to find the speed of the car after
e
f

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336 Chapter 8 Non-linear relationships 8H

LEVEL 2

5
A t

t
A

a t A
b
c y= × a x

i x y t A
ii a t=
iii t A
d Use the model to find the v
e Use the model to find the v
f
LEVEL 3

c n
−x
a y= b ×a
i x y c n
ii a
using c =
iii b

of
iv C
nto describe this situation.
b c
n

c
d

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Chapter 8 Summary 337

Key ideas and chapter summary

Exponential y = ax a > y = a−x a >


function

Summary
y y

1 1
x x

Exponential y = ax
model y = a−x

Quadratic
function y = ax + bx + c a b c y

8
Axis of
symmetry
• y=x 6

4 y=x
2

• y = −x 2

x
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
Vertex or turning point

Quadratic
model y = ax + bx + c a b c
Reciprocal y

function k
y=
4
k
x 3
2 Branch
Asymptotes
• y= 1
x x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
• y=−
x Branch
−2
−3
−4

Reciprocal
k
model y= k
x
Inverse 1 k
k
variation y x y=
x
2 k x y
3 k
x y

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338 Chapter 8 Non-linear relationships

Multiple-choice
Review

−x
1 y y=
A − B C D

2 y= x −x+
A − B − C D

3 y = −x + x−
A − B C D

4 d= s + s d
s

A B C D

5 y=
x
A − B − C D

6 s s= t
t

A B C D

7 t c t
c k k
k c
A t= B t= C t = kc D t = kc
c k
8 N
N
t
30
t
N 20

10

A t
B 1 2 3 4
C
D

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Chapter 8 Review 339

Short-answer

Review
1 y

a y= x
b y= x

x − − − x − − −
y y

2 h x
x
h

a
b h= x
×
c

3 w= t
×
w t
a t

b w= t
× a
c
d
e

4
a y= x b y=− x

x − − − x − − −
y y

c y=x + d y=x − x−

x − − − x
y y

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340 Chapter 8 Non-linear relationships

5
Review

h = −t + t h t

a
t
h
b h = −t + t
c
d

a y= b y=−
x x

x − − − x − − −

y
y

7 c d

a
b

8 c
n

Extended-response

9 x −x

Patio 4−x

x
a A x
b
x
A
c
d

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