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CH 8 Non Linear Relationships
CH 8 Non Linear Relationships
relationships
Syllabus topic — A3.2 Non-linear relationships
This topic will develop your understanding of non-linear functions and how they can be used to
model and solve a range of practical problems.
Outcomes
• Graph and recognise an exponential function in the form y = ax and y = a−x.
• Construct and analyse an exponential model to solve a practical problem.
• Graph and recognise a quadratic function in the form y = a + bx + c.
• Recognise the shape of a parabola and its key features.
• Construct and analyse a quadratic model to solve a practical problem.
k
• Graph and recognise an reciprocal function in the form y = .
x
• Recognise the shape of a hyperbola and its key features.
• Construct and analyse a reciprocal model to solve a practical problem.
Knowledge check
The Interactive Textbook provides a test of prior knowledge for this chapter, and
may direct you to revision from the previous years’ work.
8A Exponential functions
x
x y are defined by the general
−x
y=a x
y=a a>
y y
a> y = ax(a > 1) y = a–x(a > 1)
1 1
x x
a y y
y = a–x(a > 1) y= ax(a > 1)
1 1
x x
a= the graph is fl y=
y x
• y=a x
a
x y
• y = a−x a
x y
1
2
3
4
y= x
S O LUT I O N:
1 x y
x − − −
2 x= − − −
Find y using the exponential function y = x y
3 x y
y
4 − − 10
− 8
6
5
4
− x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
8A
Exercise 8A LEVEL 1
Example 1 1
−x
a y= x
b y=
x − − x − −
y y
2 y= x
1a
a y
b x
c y x=
d x y=
e y x=
f y x=
Example 2 3 y
−x
a y= x
b y=
x − − − x − − −
y y
4 y= x
3a
a y
b x
c y x=
d x y=
e y x=
f y x=
5
a y= x
b y= x
c y= x
6
−x −x −x
a y= b y= c y=
7 a y = ax
5 6
LEVEL 2
8
−x
a y= x
b y=
x − − x − −
y y
9 1 8
a y= x
x=
−x
b y= x=−
−x
c y= x=
d y= x
x=−
−x
e y= x
y=
−x
f y= y= x
10
a y= x
b y= x
+ c y= x
+
d y= x
− e y= x
−
11 10
a y x= y= x+
b y x= y= x+
c y x= y= x−
d y x= y= x−
e y = ax
LEVEL 3
12
a y=− x
b y=− x
c y=− x
d y = ax −
13 y
a y= x
b y= × x
c y= × x
d y = ax
14 y= x
8B Exponential models
EXPONENTIAL MODEL
S O LUT I O N:
1 t N a
t
2 t= N
N= × t N
the v N
3 t b N
axis and N 4000
4 3500
3000
5
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
t
1 2 3 4 5
6 t = in the table and find N c fish
7 Subtract the number of fish for d = − =
8 N e fish
t=
Exercise 8B LEVEL 1
Example 3 1 N= t
N
after t
a t N
t
N
b N= t
N
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
t
1 2 3 4 5
c
d
e
f
2
−t
P= × P t
a t P
t
N
−t
b P= × a
c
d
e
f
g
LEVEL 2
a t F t F
b F= × t
4 b= × t
b
t
a t
b b= × t
a
c
d
e
LEVEL 3
5
A t
t
A
a t A
b
y= × ax
c x y t A
d a t=
e t A
f Use the model to find the v
g Use the model to find the v
h
8C Quadratic functions
x x ). It is defined by the general rule
y = ax + bx + c a b c
y
Key features of a parabola 10
y=x
• 8
Axis of
•
symmetry
• x= y 6
• y x
4 y = x2
• y = −x is the reflection of the graph
y=x x
2
• ficient of the equation such
y= x y= x x
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
Vertex or turning point
• y=x + y=x −
QUADRATIC FUNCTION
y = ax + bx + c a b c
y=x y = −x
y
10 x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
9 −1
8 −2
7 −3
6 −4
5 −5
4 −6
3 −7
2 −8
1 −9
x −10
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
y
1 2
3 4
y=x +
S O LUT I O N:
1 x y
x − − −
x=− − − y
y=x + y
2 x y
y 10
3 − − − 8
6
4
4
2
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
2 x 5
4
y y-intercept
3
3
2
− 1 x-intercepts
4 x
−1 1 2 3 4 5
−1
−2 Vertex or turning point
5 a
6 b x=
7 y c y
8 x d x
9 y e
8C
Exercise 8C LEVEL 1
1 y
a 4
b y
3
c x
d 2
e
1
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2
−1
2 y
a 2
b y
c x 1
d x
e −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1
−2
−3
−4
a y=x b y= x
x − − − x − − −
y y
c y= x d y= x
x − − − x − − −
y y
e
f
g ficient of x y=x
a y = −x b y=− x
x − − − x − − −
y y
c y=− x d y=− x
x − − − x − − −
y y
e
f
g ficient of x y = −x
Example 4 5
a y=x + b y=x −
x − − − x − − −
y y
c y=x + d y=x −
x − − − x − − −
y y
e
f
g y=x
Example 5 6
a y=x + x+ b y=x + x+
x − − − x − − −
y y
c y=x − x+ d y=x − x+
x − − − x − − −
y y
LEVEL 2
a y=x − x+ b y = −x + x−
x − x −
y y
c y= x − x+ d y=− x + x−
x − x −
y y
8
a b
x − − − x − − −
y y −
c d
x − − − x − − −
y − − − − − − y
e f
x − − − x − − −
y y
LEVEL 3
9 − ≤x≤
a y= x+ y= x+ y= x+
b y= x− y= x− y= x−
c k y= x+ k y=x
10 − ≤x≤
a y= x+ − y= x+ − y= x+ −
b y= x− + y= x− + y= x− +
c h y= x+ k + h y= x+ k
8D Quadratic models
QUADRATIC MODEL
y = ax + bx + c
a b c
A x A= x−x
x
A
a A= x−x
b
c
d
S OL UT I O N:
1 x= and find A a
x
A= x−x A
2 x A
A
3 10
8
4 6
5 x= 4
2
x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
6 b
A= x−x
= × −
=
7 A c
8 x A d x=
Stopping distance
STOPPING DISTANCE
vt v
d= +
d
v
t
vt v
d= +
S OL UT I O N:
vt v
1 d= +
2 v= t= × ×
= +
3 = …
4 ≈
5 ∴
Exercise 8D LEVEL 1
Example 6 1 A x A
A=x −x
12
a x 8
b x
c 4
d x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 v t
v= t− t v
12
a
10
b
8
c 6
4
d 2
than t
1 2 3
3 P d
P= d
a
d
P P
1800
b P= d 1600
1400
c 1200
1000
d 800
600
400
e
200
d
4 8 12 16 20 24
4 d t
d= t
a
d
t
d 250
200
b d= t
150
c
second? 100
d
seconds? 50
e
t
1 2 3 4 5
f
metres? Estimate from the graph.
g
5 d= ss− d
s
a
s d
d 50
Distance (m)
40
30
b d= ss− 20
10
c s
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Speed (km/h)
d
e
f
g
LEVEL 2
Example 7 6 v
d
vt v v× v v v
d= + d= + d= +
a
v
v d
v v d
b d= +
d
80
c
70
d
60
e
f 50
40
g 30
20
7 seconds. Calculate 10
vt v
d= + v
20 40 60 80 100
a b
c d
e f
vt v
a d= +
b
10
h
t (in seconds), for it to f h= − t
a
t h
t
b
h= − t
c
seconds?
f
metres?
g
11
V r V= rh h=
a r V r V
b V= r
c
LEVEL 3
12 P s
P= s − s+
a P= s − s+ s
b
c
13
a
b A x
c
d
8E Reciprocal function
k x
defined by the general rule y = k
x
y= 4
x
3
• y x=
2 Branch
• Asymptotes
1
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
• x y −1
x y Branch −2
−3
• −4
RECIPROCAL FUNCTION
k
y= k
x
y= y=−
x x
y y
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
x x
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
−1 −1
−2 −2
−3 −3
−4 −4
1
2
3
4
y=
x
S O LUT I O N:
1 x and y x − − − −
2 x=− − − − y − − − −
y
3 x y
y 4
3
4 − − − − 2
− − − − 1
x
5 y x= −4 −3 −2 −1
−1 1 2 3 4
−2
−3
6 −4
a y=− b
x
S O LUT I O N:
1 x and y a
2 x=− − − − x − − − −
y y − − − −
3 x y
y 4
4 − − 3
− − − − 2
− 1
5 y x= x
−4 −3 −2 −1
−1 1 2 3 4
−2
6 −3
−4
7 x b x= y=
y
Exercise 8E LEVEL 1
Example 8 y
1 y=
x
4
a 3
x − − − − 2
1
y x
−4 −3 −2 −1
−1 1 2 3 4
b −2
−3
−4
Example 9
2 y=− y
x
a 4
3
x − − − − 2
1
y x
−4 −3 −2 −1
−1 1 2 3 4
b −2
−3
−4
3
number plane.
a y= b y=−
x x
x − − − − x − − − −
y y
c y= d y=−
x x
x − − − − x − − − −
y y
LEVEL 2
4
a y= b y= c y=− d y=−
x x x x
5 y=
x
a x= b x= c x=− d x=−
6 y=−
x
a x= b x= c x=− d x=−
7
a y b y
10 12
8 9
6 6
(1, 5) (−1, 5)
4 3
2 x
−12 −9 −6 −3 3 6 9 12
x −3
−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10 (1, −5)
−2 −6
−4 −9
(−1, −5)
−6 −12
−8
−10
LEVEL 3
8 y=
x
a b − − c d
9 y=−
x
a b − − c − − d −
10
a y= + b y=− + c y= − d y= −
x x x x
x+ x−
e xy = f xy = − g y= h y=
x x
8F Reciprocal models
RECIPROCAL MODELS
k
y= k
x
is a number
t s
t=
s
a s t
b t=
s
c
d
S O LUT I O N:
1 s t a
2 s
s t
s=
3 t b t
t= t 200
s
4 s 150
t
5 100
50
6
s
20 40 60 80 100
7 t c
s=
8 s d
9
S O LUT I O N:
1 The variable n represents the number of a n is a positive whole number and likely to
people sharing a pizza. be less than 10.
2 Construct a table of values for n and C. b
3 Choose appropriate values for n. n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Let n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8. C 24 12 8 6 4.8 4 3.4 3
24
4 Find C using C = .
n
5 Draw a number plane with n as the c C
horizontal axis and C as the vertical axis.
32
6 Plot the points (1, 24), (2, 12), (3, 8),
28
(4, 6), (5, 4.8), (6, 4), (7, 3.4) and (8, 3).
24
7 Join the points to make a branch of a 20
hyperbola. 16
12
8
4
n
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 Read the value of C from the table or graph d Cost per person is $4.
when n = 6.
24
9 Substitute 2.4 for C into the reciprocal e 2.4 =
n
equation.
10 Solve the equation for n by rearranging the 24
n= = 10
formula and evaluate. 2.4
11 Check that the answer is reasonable.
12 Write the answer in words. ∴ number of people sharing the pizza was 10
Exercise 8F LEVEL 1
Example 10 1 t t
s 250
t=
s 200
a
b 150
c
100
d
50
e
s
hours? 20 40 60 80 100
Example 11 2 C c
n 400
C= 350
n
300
a
people share the total cost? 250
b 200
people share the total cost?
150
c
100
d
50
e n
2 4 6 8 10
3 t t
s
50
t=
s
40
a
30
s 20
t
10
b t=
s s
10 20 30 40 50
4 t n
t=
n
a
t
10
n
t 8
b t=
n 6
c 4
d 2
e n
1 2 3 4 5 6
g
h
5 n
A n =
A
a
A
b n = n
A
12
c
10
d
8
e
6
4
f
2
g A
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
LEVEL 2
6 s s= t
t
a t
b s=
t
c
d
7 n d
n =
d
a d
b n =
d
c
d
LEVEL 3
8 l=
b
l b
a b l b
b l=
b
c
d
e
f
8G Inverse variation
1 k y
k
x y=
x
2 k x y
3 k
x y
c
n
a
b
S O LUT I O N:
1
k k
2 y= y c a c=
x n
x n
k
3 c n =
4 k=
5 c=
n
k=
6 n =
7 =
8
9
b c=
k= n
10 c
=
n
11 n=
12
S O LUT I O N:
1 Number of people is inversely proportional to the
time.
k k
2 Use the formula y = by replacing the y with n and a n=
x t
the x with t.
k
3 Substitute 64 for n and 3.5 for t into the formula. 64 =
3.5
4 Evaluate. k = 224
224
5 Substitute 224 for k in the inverse variation equation. b n=
t
224
6 Write the inverse variation equation. c n=
t
7 Substitute 4 for t into the formula. 224
=
4
8 Evaluate. = 56
9 Write the answer in words. 56 people are waiting.
224
10 Write the inverse variation equation. d n=
t
224
11 Substitute 28 for n into the formula. 28 =
t
12 Evaluate. = 8
13 Write the answer in words. Ferry will arrive in 8 minutes.
Exercise 8G LEVEL 1
1 y x y= x=
a y x
b
c y x
d x y
2 y x y= x=
a y x
b
c y x
d x y
3 m n m= n=
k
a m=
n
b m n
c n m
4 c d c= d=
k
a c=
d
b c d
c d c
Example 12 5 t p
a
b
c
d
Example 13 6 es fiv
a
b
c
d
LEVEL 2
7 T N
a
b
c
8 c
9 c
a
b
a
b
LEVEL 3
11
12
8H Miscellaneous problems
ALGEBRAIC MODEL
•
•
M x
x
M
a
b M= x
M= x
c
d x
S OL UT I O N:
1 x a, b
M M
2
5
4
3
3 M= x
2
1
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
4 x c M=
5 =
6 x d M=
x
x
7 =
8
Exercise 8H LEVEL 1
Example 14 1
v t
t
v
d
a
b 160
140
−x
c y= ×a 120
100
i x y t
80
v
60
ii a
t= 40
iii t v 20
d t
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
e
f
g
2 d t
t
d
a d
b y = ax 200
i x y t d 150
ii a t=
iii t d
100
c Use the model to find the distance f
3 N t
t
N
a t N
b
c
y = ax
i x
y t
N
ii
a
t=
iii
t N
d Use the model to find the
4 s t
t
s
a t s
b
a
c y=
x
i x y t s
ii a t=
iii t s
d Use the model to find the speed of the car after
e
f
LEVEL 2
5
A t
t
A
a t A
b
c y= × a x
i x y t A
ii a t=
iii t A
d Use the model to find the v
e Use the model to find the v
f
LEVEL 3
c n
−x
a y= b ×a
i x y c n
ii a
using c =
iii b
of
iv C
nto describe this situation.
b c
n
c
d
Summary
y y
1 1
x x
Exponential y = ax
model y = a−x
Quadratic
function y = ax + bx + c a b c y
8
Axis of
symmetry
• y=x 6
4 y=x
2
• y = −x 2
x
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
Vertex or turning point
Quadratic
model y = ax + bx + c a b c
Reciprocal y
function k
y=
4
k
x 3
2 Branch
Asymptotes
• y= 1
x x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
• y=−
x Branch
−2
−3
−4
Reciprocal
k
model y= k
x
Inverse 1 k
k
variation y x y=
x
2 k x y
3 k
x y
Multiple-choice
Review
−x
1 y y=
A − B C D
2 y= x −x+
A − B − C D
3 y = −x + x−
A − B C D
4 d= s + s d
s
A B C D
5 y=
x
A − B − C D
6 s s= t
t
A B C D
7 t c t
c k k
k c
A t= B t= C t = kc D t = kc
c k
8 N
N
t
30
t
N 20
10
A t
B 1 2 3 4
C
D
Short-answer
Review
1 y
a y= x
b y= x
x − − − x − − −
y y
2 h x
x
h
a
b h= x
×
c
3 w= t
×
w t
a t
b w= t
× a
c
d
e
4
a y= x b y=− x
x − − − x − − −
y y
c y=x + d y=x − x−
x − − − x
y y
5
Review
h = −t + t h t
a
t
h
b h = −t + t
c
d
a y= b y=−
x x
x − − − x − − −
y
y
7 c d
a
b
8 c
n
Extended-response
9 x −x
Patio 4−x
x
a A x
b
x
A
c
d