1.

Pasture has also developed the germ theory of diseases, which

states that a specific disease is caused by a specific type of
microorganism.
2.
• 2. Koch’s Postulates, which provided scientists with a method of
establishing the germ theory of disease, are as follows:
1. The specific causative agent must be found in every case of the
disease
2. The disease organism must be isolated in pure culture
3. Inoculation of a sample of the culture into a healthy, susceptible
animal must produce the same disease
The disease organism must be recovered from the inoculated animal
No. Type of Route of Sign/symptoms prevention
infection transmission
1. AIDS Sexual Mouth ulcers, Avoid
intercourse weight loss, unprotected
chronic sexual intercourse
diarrhea,
malaise, fever,
rash, swollen
lymph gland
2. Cholera Drinking Diarrhea, A combination of
contaminated Nausea, survelience, water
water vomiting, and hygine
dehydration
3. Malaria Vector Fever, Vector control
headache,, intervention
iarrhea, rapid
 fast breathing, Chemopreventive
rapid heart therapies and
rate, chills, chemoprophylaxis
fatigue
4. Hepatitis Blood to Yellowish
B blood contact discoloration
of the skin

4.Type of How the micro-organism causes disease Examples of

micro-organism diseases caused
1.Bacteria
Bacteria release toxins as they multiply. These toxins affect
Pneumonia, cells in the region of the infection, and sometimes in other
cholera, regions of the body as well. Some bacteria invade and grow in
the tissues of organs, causing physical damage.
2. Viruses
Viruses enter living cells and disrupt the metabolic systems
Influenza (‘flu), of the cell. The genetic material of the virus
becomes AIDS, measles, incorporated with that of the cell and
instructs the cell to common cold produce more viruses.
3. Fungi
When fungi grow in or on living organisms, their hyphae
Athlete’s foot, secrete enzymes. These digest substances in the
tissues, farmer’s lung and the substances produced are absorbed.
Growth of hyphae also physically damages the tissue. Some
fungi also secrete toxins. Others can cause an allergic reaction
(e.g. farmer’s lung).
1. gram-positive bacteria
Nothing blocks the primary stain from interacting with the cell
wall and appear purple under microscope.
Examples: streptococci, bacillus anthracis, diphtheria,
corynebacterium, mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacterium
leprea, staphylococci …
They produce exotoxins.
They are more susceptible to antibiotics and disinfectants.

 Special components of Gram positive organisms include:

 Teichoic acid
 teichuronic acid
Polysachride/peptidoglycan
2. Gram-negative bacteria
They have additional membrane outside their cell wall which
blocks the entry of crystal violet and iodine solution, so their
cell wall fails to interact with the stains.
They stain pink.
They are more resistant to antibiotics.
They produce dangerous endotoxins.
Generally, diseases caused by gram-negative bacteria are more
serious.
Gram-negative bacteria include; Acetobcter, enterbacter,
salmonella typhi, influenza, Neisseria, Recketsia…
Their cell wall is thinner, but more complex and is coated with
lipopolysaccharide.
 Special components of gram negative Bacteria.
 Phospholipids
 Lipopolysacharides
 Protiens(lipoprotiens)
 Peptidoglycan
This type of life cycle is called a lytic cycle because
it causes the rupture (lysis) of the host cell.
In the lysogenic cycle of virus reproduction: A the
viral DNA becomes incorporated into the host cell’s
DNA B when the host cell divides, copies of the
viral DNA are passed to the daughter cells C
eventually the viral DNA becomes activated and
causes the production of viral proteins.
How does HIV reproduce and cause AIDS?

After HIV has bound to the CD4 receptors on the surface

of the T-helper cell, the following events occur:
 1. It fuses with the plasma membrane and then releases
its RNA and reverse transcriptase enzyme into the cell.
2. The reverse transcriptase converts the RNA into DNA
using building blocks called nucleotides, which are
provided by the cell.
3. The viral DNA becomes incorporated into the cell’s
own DNA.
4. The viral DNA is transcribed to viral RNA, which
starts producing viral proteins, including the enzyme
reverse transcriptase.
5. The RNA, proteins and reverse transcriptase molecules
are assembled by the cell into new HIV particles that
escape by ‘budding’ from the cell membrane – this is an
example of chronic release.
6. The viruses then infect other T-helper cells. Some HIV
proteins remain on the surface of the infected CD4 cell
and are recognised by the immune system – these cells are
destroyed. The cycle of infection, reproduction and
destruction of infected cells repeats itself for as long as
the body can keep replacing the CD4 lymphocytes.