CLL 331

FLUID PARTICLE MECHANICS

Lecture 21: Packed Bed

19-09-23
 Content
• Intro to Suspensions (Colloidal Suspension and Particulate
Suspensions)

• Stokes Flow (recap)

- Reversibility
- Instantaneity
- Linearity

• The three sphere problems

- Sphere in rotational flow
- Sphere in uniform flow
- Sphere in extensional flow

• Non spherical particles in uniform flow

• Behavior at high Reynolds number (drag coefficient)

 Content
• Separation of particles based on Size/Density in dilute
suspensions
• Batch and continuous settling

• Thickener
- Critically loaded Thickener
- Underloaded Thickener
- Overloaded Thickener

• Droplets/Bubbles in fluid

• Particles in microfluidic channels

• Packed Beds
Packed Bed
Examples of Packed Beds
Packed Bed
 Examples of Packed Beds

Packed bed of sedimentary rocks

• Adsorption
• Reaction
• Distillation unit
• Filtration
Advantages- High surface area, plug flow behavior
 p2

p1 - p2 ?? Q

p1
Darcy Flow

Darcy’s Law

- Dp −Δ𝑝
= KU 𝑈 =𝜅
𝜇𝐿
L
(Ohm law - V=RXI) Permeability
 Darcy Flow

−Δ𝑝
For the case of a packed bed, what is
𝑈 =𝜅
𝜇𝐿
the dependence of permeability on
the physical parameters of the
packed bed?
- Dp
= KU K=??
L
Pipe Flow Analogy
 Pipe Flow Analogy

- Dp 32 µU
= d
L d2 p1 p2
U is the average velocity in the tube
 Pipe Flow Analogy

- Dp 32 µU
= d
L d2 p1 p2
U is the average velocity in the tube

Assume packed bed to be equivalent to

tubes of an equivalent dia, equivalent
length, and an equivalent velocity

- Dp K1µU e
=
Le d e2
 Pipe Flow Analogy

- Dp 32 µU
= d
L d2 p1 p2
U is the average velocity in the tube

Assume packed bed to be equivalent to

tubes of an equivalent dia, equivalent
length, and an equivalent velocity

- Dp K1µU e
= Unknowns
Le d e2
 Model of the Packed Bed
Consider the packed bed to be equivalent to many parallel tubes of same
diameter and length
 Model of the Packed Bed
Consider the packed bed to be equivalent to many parallel tubes of same
diameter and length

• Assumptions: - Channels are regular in

shape
- Uniform cross section
and orientation
 Model of the Packed Bed
Consider the packed bed to be equivalent to many parallel tubes of same
diameter and length

• Assumptions: - Channels are regular in

shape
- Uniform cross section
and orientation

Total void volume= Volume of cylinders

Total surface area of the particles=sum of surface area of all the
particles=Internal surface area of the channels
 Pipe Flow Analogy
Length of the tube is proportional to the length (or depth)
of the packed bed

Le = K 2 L
Here the constant K2 is a result of the tortuosity of the channel
 Pipe Flow Analogy
Length of the tube is proportional to the length (or depth)
of the packed bed

Le = K 2 L
Here the constant K2 is a result of the tortuosity of the channel

Q U Superficial velocity
Ue = =
Ae e (Void fraction)
Equivalent Diameter Calculation
np d eq Leq 4
2
Volume of the cylinders:

Internal surface area :npd L

eq eq
 Equivalent Diameter Calculation
np d eq Leq 4
2
Volume of the cylinders:

Internal surface area :npd L

eq eq

Volume conservation-

LA0e = np d eq Leq 4
2
…………………. (1)

Volume of the cylinders

Volume of the voids in
in the model
the packed bed
 Equivalent Diameter Calculation
np d eq Leq 4
2
Volume of the cylinders:

Internal surface area :npd L

eq eq

LA0e = np d eq Leq 4
2
…………………. (1)

Area Conservation-

npd eq Leq = L A0 (1 - e )(S / V ) particle …………………. (2)

Surface area of the

Internal area of the
particles in the bed
cylinders in the bed
Equivalent Diameter Calculation
np d eq Leq 4
2
Volume of the cylinders:

Internal surface area :npd L

eq eq

LA0e = np d eq Leq 4
2
…………………. (1)

npd eq Leq = LA0 (1 - e )(S / V ) particle …………………. (2)

𝑑! =? ?
Equivalent Diameter Calculation
np d eq Leq 4
2
Volume of the cylinders:

Internal surface area :npd L

eq eq

LA0e = np d eq Leq 4
2
…………………. (1)

npd eq Leq = LA0 (1 - e )(S / V ) particle …………………. (2)

6
Substituting (2) in (1),
=
d
e = (1 - e )(S / V ) particle d eq 4
4e
de =
(6 / d )(1 - e )
 Pipe Flow Analogy
- Dp K1µU e
= (From Poiseuille Flow)
Le d e2
 Pipe Flow Analogy
- Dp K1µU e
= (From Poiseuille Flow)
Le d e2

- Dp K1µU 4e
= de =
K2L ed e2 (6 / d )(1 - e )
 Pipe Flow Analogy
- Dp K1µU e
= (From Poiseuille Flow)
Le d e2

- Dp K1µU 4e
= de =
K2L ed e2 (6 / d )(1 - e )

- Dp µU (1 - e ) 2 Carmen- Kozney
= 180
L d e
2 3 Equation
- Dp Darcy Equation
= KU
L
 Turbulent Flow
- Dp r f U 2
(1 - e )
= 1.75 For high Reynolds number
L d e3 (Burke Plummer Equation)
 Ergun Equation
- Dp µU (1 - e ) r
2
f U 2
(1 - e )
= 150 + 1.75
L d e
2 3 d e 3

Laminar flow
Turbulent flow

Linear combination of laminar and turbulent flow with a different constant

for laminar flow term
 Ergun Equation
- Dp µU (1 - e ) 2
r f U 2
(1 - e )
= 150 + 1.75
L d e
2 3 d e 3

- Dp d e 3
Friction factor, f =
*

L r f U 2 (1 - e )
 Ergun Equation
- Dp µU (1 - e ) r 2
f U 2
(1 - e )
= 150 + 1.75
L d e
2 3 d e 3

- Dp d e 3
Friction factor, f * =
L r f U 2 (1 - e )

Substituting friction factor in Ergun equation,

150
f = * + 1.75
*

Re
 Ergun Equation
- Dp µU (1 - e ) r 2
f U 2
(1 - e )
= 150 + 1.75
L d e
2 3 d e 3

- Dp d e 3
Friction factor, f * =
L r f U 2 (1 - e )

Substituting friction factor in Ergun equation,

150
f = * + 1.75
*

Re
Where,
r f dU 𝑑𝜀
Re =
* (𝑑! ~
(1 − 𝜀)
)
µ (1 - e )
 Ergun Equation

Dp d e 3
r f U 2 L (1 - e )

f*

µ (1 - e )
150 r f Ud
f = * + 1.75
*

Re
 Ergun Equation

Dp d e 3 150
r f U 2 L (1 - e ) f = * + 1.75
*

Re

(Rhodes)
Pressure drop for non-spherical particles

Just replace the diameter with the equivalent diameter

of a spherical particle with the same surface to volume
ratio as that of the particle,

- Dp µU (1 - e )
2
r f U 2 (1 - e )
= 150 + 1.75
L d sv e
2 3
d sv e 3
 Blaine Experiment

Measurement of surface area of particles

 Measurement of surface area of particles

Powder Holder

Vacuum

Manometer

Blaine Apparatus
 Measurement of surface area of particles

Powder Holder Size, d ??

Vacuum

Manometer

Blaine Apparatus
 Measurement of surface area of particles

Powder Holder Size, d ??

Atmospheric Pressure
Vacuum

Manometer Low Pressure

Blaine Apparatus
 Measurement of surface area of particles

Atmospheric Pressure
Powder Holder

Vacuum

Atmospheric
Pressure

Manometer
Low Pressure

Pressure drop can Blaine Apparatus

be measured in
the manometer
 Surface Area Calculation (Blaine Experiment)
Using Ergun Equation at low Re,

Dp µU (1 - e ) 2
= 150
L d sv2 e 3
 Surface Area Calculation (Blaine Experiment)
Using Ergun Equation at low Re,

Dp µU (1 - e ) 2
= 150
L d sv2 e 3

6
For the case of spherical particle, Sv = Sv = surface area per
d sv unit volume
 Surface Area Calculation (Blaine Experiment)
Using Ergun Equation at low Re,

Dp µU (1 - e ) 2
= 150
L d sv2 e 3

6
For the case of spherical particle, Sv =
d sv

Dp µUS v2 (1 - e ) 2 Sv = surface area per

= 4.17 unit volume
L e3
 Surface Area Calculation (Blaine Experiment)
Using Ergun Equation at low Re,

Dp µU (1 - e ) 2
= 150
L d sv2 e 3
Dp µUSv2 (1 - e ) 2 Sv = surface area per
= 4.17 unit volume
L e3
Dpe 3
=U
4.17 LµS v (1 - e )
2 2
 Measurement of surface area of particles

Powder Holder

Vacuum

dx
A1U = A2utube = - A2
dt
Manometer Atube = A2

Blaine Apparatus
 Surface Area Calculation (Blaine Experiment)
Using Ergun Equation at low Re,

Dp µU (1 - e ) 2
= 150
L d sv2 e 3
Dp µUS v2 (1 - e ) 2 Sv = surface area per
= 4.17 unit volume
L e3
Dpe 3
=U
4.17 LµS v (1 - e )
2 2

dx From experiments
A1U = Atubeutube = - Atube = A1U
dt
Surface Area Calculation (Blaine Experiment)

From the experiment, we can measure the superficial velocity and delP at
the same time,

dx - Atube dx
- Atube = A1U Þ U =
dt A1 dt
Surface Area Calculation (Blaine Experiment)

From the experiment, we can measure the superficial velocity and delP at
the same time,

dx - Atube dx
- Atube = A1U Þ U =
dt A1 dt

Dp = 2 xr f g

This is the manometer

fluid height (noted from
the equilibrium height)
Surface Area Calculation (Blaine Experiment)

From the experiment, we can measure the superficial velocity and delP at
the same time,

dx - Atube dx
- Atube = A1U Þ U =
dt A1 dt
This is manometer fluid
Dp = 2 xr f g

Substituting both delP and U in Ergun equation,

2 xr f ge 3 Atube dx
=-
4.17 LµS v (1 - e )
2 2
A1dt
 Surface Area Calculation (Blaine Experiment)

2 xr f ge 3 Atube dx
=-
4.17 LµS v (1 - e )
2 2
A1dt

Solving the above equation,

 Surface Area Calculation (Blaine Experiment)

2 xr f ge 3 Atube dx
=-
4.17 LµS v (1 - e )
2 2
A1dt

Solving the above equation,

x0 A1 2 r f g 1 e3
ln = t
x Atube 4.17 µ S v L (1 - e )
2 2

2 A1 2 r f g 1 e3
=
S vexperiment, t
In the
A
with time (t) tube
4 .17 µL ln 0 (1 - e )
we are notingx position of2 manometer fluid (x)

x
 Surface Area Calculation (Blaine Experiment)

2 xr f ge 3 Atube dx
=-
4.17 LµS v (1 - e )
2 2
A1dt

Solving the above equation,

x0 A1 2 r f g 1 e3
ln = t
x Atube 4.17 µ S v L (1 - e )
2 2

2 A1 2 r f g 1 e3
Sv = t
Atube 4.17 µL ln x0 (1 - e )2