ENGINEERING GEOLOGY

WEEK 4
Classroom Rules:
1. Respect Everyone
2. No bullying
3. Listen Carefully
4. Raise your Hand to Talk
5. Be Punctual
6. No gadgets during Discussion
7. Phones must be in silent mode
Schedule for Third and Final Exam:
Last time we learned:
• Gold
• Diamond
• Minerals
• Specific type of rocks
• Tensile Strength and Strain of Materials
• Elements at Periodic Table
• Iron Ore
• Steel Rebar
• Galvanization
• Stainless Steel
• Technical Data Sheet and Material Safety Data Sheet
Rain:
Sunny:
Effects of Rain Season in Construction
Effects of Rain Season in Construction
When it comes to construction, time is money. Rainfall can cause significant
1. Delays caused by Rain delays in project timelines. Construction sites often become inaccessible due
to muddy terrain, making it difficult for workers and heavy machinery to
operate safely.

2. Structural Damage Rainwater can erode soil and weaken the foundation of structures. Prolonged
exposure to rain can lead to structural damage, requiring costly repairs and potentially
compromising the safety of the building.

3. Material Deterioration Moisture can be detrimental to construction materials. Wood can warp, steel can rust,
and concrete can become weaker when exposed to excessive moisture. This can lead to
the need for material replacement and additional expenses.

Rain increases the risk of accidents on construction sites. Slippery surfaces and reduced visibility can
4. Safety Concerns lead to injuries, making it crucial for workers to take extra precautions during wet weather.
WHY WE HAVE DIFFERENT WEATHER?
WEATHER
• is the state of the atmosphere, including temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind,
humidity, precipitation, and cloud cover

CLIMATE

• is the long-term pattern of weather in a particular area. Weather can change from
hour-to-hour, day-to-day, month-to-month or even year-to-year. A region’s weather
patterns, usually tracked for at least 30 years, are considered its climate.

TEMPERATURE
• How we measure how hot or cold it is. We usually measure temperature in
degrees Celsius.
WEATHER and TEMPERATURE
The Climate of the Philippines is tropical and maritime. It is
characterized by relatively high temperature, high humidity and
abundant rainfall. It is similar in many respects to the climate of the
countries of Central America. Temperature, humidity, and rainfall,
which are discussed hereunder, are the most important elements of
the country's weather and climate.
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
OR WATER CYCLE

Is the continuous movement of water in the air, on

the surface of and below the Earth. This cycle is the
exchange of energy which influences climate. When
water condenses, it releases energy and warms the
environment. When water evaporates it takes
energy from the surrounding environment,
dropping temperatures.
Precipitation
is any liquid or frozen water that forms in the
atmosphere and falls back to the earth

Transpiration
is the evaporation of water from a plant's leaves, stem,
or flowers

Sublimation
is a loss of water from the snowpack to the atmosphere due
to the direct phase transition of snow to water vapor

Condensation
is the process by which water vapor in the air is changed into liquid
water; it's the opposite of evaporation. Condensation is crucial to the
water cycle because it is responsible for the formation of clouds.

Infiltration
Precipitation = Transpiration +Evaporation + Sublimation
is the process of water being absorbed into the ground
Precipitation = Runoff + Infiltration + Deposition
Percolation
is the movement of water through the soil itself. Finally, as the water
percolates into the deeper layers of the soil, it reaches ground water, which
Transpiration +Evaporation + Sublimation
is water below the surface. The upper surface of this underground water is = Runoff + Infiltration + Deposition
called the "water table"
Ground Water -is the water present below the earth’s surface and is a vast resource of water.
-is the word used to describe precipitation that has infiltrated the soil beyond
the surface and collected in empty spaces underground.
Aquifer - is a body of rock and/or sediment that holds groundwater
- a good aquifer must be both porous enough to hold water and permeable
enough to allow the continuous recharge of water to a well.
Permeability

is a physical property of a porous material that permits the flow or passage of water under
saturated or nearly saturated conditions through interconnected voids in soil in which flow may be
in the form of laminar flow or turbulent flow, practically flow problems of water in soil mechanics
through its interconnecting voids ,in most of case flow is laminar, the quality or state of being
permeable characteristics is permeability that is associated with porosity features, soil types, soil
texture and its impact property.

Confining Bed

Confining beds are clay or bedrock layers that slow or prevent the vertical movement of water between
aquifers.

confining bed is made of low permeability silt or clay. Water pressure in confined aquifers is usually
higher than pressure in unconfined aquifers. Thus, when a well is drilled into a confined aquifer, the
water level in the well will rise to above the top of the aquifer, and may even rise above the ground
surface, which creates artesian flow

Antarctica is the coldest place on earth and can
get as cold as -89°C. It is so cold in Antarctica
because it is very far away from the Equator.
Death Valley in the United States is one of the hottest places
on Earth with temperatures as high as 54°C. The The main
reason Death Valley is so hot is its altitude. Parts of it are
actually below sea level (up to 86 metres below sea level) so
the air is thicker. It can hold more heat and the temperature
stays high.
EQUATOR
• An imaginary circle that divides the Earth into two parts. Places above the
Equator are in the Northern Hemisphere. Places below the Equator are in
the Southern Hemisphere

LATITUDE

• How we measure the distance between a place and the equator.

SEA LEVEL

• What the height of the ocean usually is. The higher you go above sea
level, the thinner the air gets and the colder it becomes.
WHY IT IS COLD ON THE MOUNTAIN AREA
The higher you go above sea level, the thinner the air gets and the colder it becomes.

WHY THERE IS FOG IN THE MOUNTAIN

is a low-lying cloud that often touches the Earth, varying
in thickness. It appears when water vapor condenses,
and the water molecules form water droplets that are
suspended mid-air. Fog really only happens when it's
extremely humid, because there is already quite a bit of
water vapor present in the air. Dust, pollution, or salt
causes it to condense around said particles.

WHY THERE IS STORM IN THE PHILIPPINES

The Philippines is located in a region of the world

where the warmest waters in the world are found.
This warm water provides the energy that
typhoons need to form and grow
WEATHER AND ITS IMPACT ON CONSTRUCTION PROJECT

Weather has a significant impact on construction projects, influencing various

aspects of the construction process, including scheduling, safety, and the quality of
the final product. Here are some of the key effects of weather on construction

PAG-ASA (Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration)

one of the attached agencies of the Department of Science and
Technology (DOST) under its Scientific and Technical Services
Institutes, is mandated to “provide protection against natural
calamities and utilize scientific knowledge as an effective instrument
to insure the safety, well being and economic security of all the
people, and for the promotion of national progress.” (Section 2,
Statement of Policy, Presidential Decree No. 78; December 1972 as
amended by Presidential Decree No. 1149; August 1977)
Characteristics of Clay Soil

One of the defining features of clay soil is its exceptional ability to retain water.
The tiny particles create a high surface area, allowing the soil to hold onto
moisture for extended periods. While this can benefit certain plants, it also poses
challenges related to drainage and aeration.
(NAWASA) - National Waterworks and Sewerage Authority
(DWD) - Digos Water District
The original water supply system of Digos was constructed in 1965
by the now defunct NAWASA, which operated and managed the
system until 1980. On July 10, 1980, the Sangguniang Bayan of
Digos passed Res. No. 76 creating DWD. With its formation, DWD
took over the ownership and management of the water supply
system in accordance with PD 198 as amended.
Pitcher Pump / Hand Pump
are manually operated pumps; they use human power and mechanical
advantage to move fluids or air from one place to another. They are
widely used in every country in the world for a variety of industrial,
marine, irrigation and leisure activities. There are many different types of
hand pump available, mainly operating on a piston, diaphragm or rotary
vane principle with a check valve on the entry and exit ports to the
chamber operating in opposing directions. Most hand pumps are
either piston pumps or plunger pumps, and are positive displacement.[1]

A reciprocating suction pump has a plunger or piston which moves up and

down in a two-valve closed cylinder. As the plunger moves upward it forces
water out through the outlet valve and at the same time draws water into the
cylinder through the inlet valve. Moving the plunger down brings it back to its
starting position. 1]
 also called pumphouses,[1] are public utility buildings containing pumps and
Pumping Station equipment for pumping fluids from one place to another. They are critical in a
variety of infrastructure systems, such as water supply, drainage of low-lying
land, canals and removal of sewage to processing sites. A pumping station is an
integral part of a pumped-storage hydroelectricity installation.]
DESALINATION
removal of dissolved salts from seawater and in some cases from the brackish (slightly salty) waters of inland
seas, highly mineralized groundwaters (e.g., geothermal brines), and municipal wastewaters. This process
renders such otherwise unusable waters fit for human consumption, irrigation, industrial applications, and
various other purposes. Existing desalination technology requires a substantial amount of energy, usually in
the form of fossil fuels, and so the process is expensive.
Saltwater (especially sea water) is desalinated to produce water suitable for human consumption or irrigation.
The by-product of the desalination process is brine.[2] Desalination is used on many
seagoing ships and submarines. Most of the modern interest in desalination is focused on cost-effective
provision of fresh water for human use.
Groundwater is the largest source of usable, fresh water in the world. In many parts of the world,
especially where surface water supplies are not available, domestic, agricultural, and industrial water
needs can only be met by using the water beneath the ground.
The U.S. Geological Survey compares the water stored in the ground to money kept in a bank account.
If the money is withdrawn at a faster rate than new money is deposited, there will eventually be
account-supply problems. Pumping water out of the ground at a faster rate than it is replenished over
the long-term causes similar problems.

Groundwater depletion is primarily caused by sustained groundwater pumping.

Some of the negative effects of groundwater depletion:

Excessive pumping can lower the groundwater table, and cause

1. Lowering of the Water Table wells to no longer be able to reach groundwater.

As the water table lowers, the water must be pumped farther to reach
2. Increased Costs. the surface, using more energy. In extreme cases, using such a well can
be cost prohibitive.
Groundwater depletion is primarily caused by sustained groundwater pumping. Some of the negative
effects of groundwater depletion:

As the water table lowers, the water must be pumped farther to

3. Reduced Surface Water Supplies. reach the surface, using more energy. In extreme cases, using such
a well can be cost prohibitive.

Land subsidence occurs when there is a loss of support below ground. This is
4. Land Subsidence. most often caused by human activities, mainly from the overuse of groundwater,
when the soil collapses, compacts, and drops.

Excessive pumping in coastal areas can cause saltwater to move inland and
5. Water Quality Concerns upward, resulting in saltwater contamination of the water supply.
How to Detect Water / Aquifer
1. The most reliable method of obtaining the depth to the water table at any
given time is to measure the water level in a shallow well with a tape.

2. a well driller to put down some test holes. At these holes a pumping or aquifer test
will be conducted
3. Using a ground water detector
- known as water detectors or water finding devices, are specialized tools used to
locate and determine the presence of underground water sources, such as aquifers,
wells, or underground streams.
Nowadays, there are two types of ground water detectors in the market

1. Nuclear magnetic resonance ground water detectors

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) ground water detectors technology is the world's cutting-edge technology
today, the use of nuclear magnetic resonance methods to directly explore groundwater is a new field of
application of the technology, pioneering the geophysical method of direct water search
Exploration for groundwater using NMR techniques takes advantage of the spin magnetic moment of protons, i.e.
the hydrogen atoms of water molecules. In a zero external magnetic field environment, the spin magnetic
moment vectors are randomly oriented. In the presence of an applied static magnetic field, the vectors precess
about the magnetic field and at thermal equilibrium between the water molecules, the distribution of spin
magnetic moment vectors has an alignment

2. Natural electric field ground water detectors

is the use of natural electric field as a working field source, based on the resistivity differences of
underground rocks and ores or groundwater, on the ground to measure the natural electric field N
different frequency electric field components, according to their change pattern to study the
different geological body generated by the abnormal changes in the situation It is an electrical
exploration method to solve geological problems. Because the method measures the electric
component of the earth's electromagnetic field, it is called the natural electric field method; and we
choose the frequency band of the corresponding depth for measurement, that is, the frequency
selection, so also called the frequency selection method, so the total is called the natural electric field
frequency selection method.