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    Sports IGCSE

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    Sports IGCSE

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    Sports IGCSE

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    of 19
    The skeleton and its =} functions Ihara cnt + Describe the functions often bones. P How does our skeleton work? What bones make it up © and what roles do they play in ensuring our bodies work evens and perform to their potential? skeleton: the internal framework of the body peer ai made up of 206 bones pha ay bone: a hard, whitish, living tissue that makes up The human skeleton is made up of 206 bones held together at the | : joints by ligaments. They vary in size from the longest (the femur) Pompeeermeapes are E in your leg to the smallest found in the ear. The diagram shows psa Oumeaeereng and the main bones in the human skeleton. beuibiimeny functions The | It i rau Corpais : Chapter 1: The skeletal and mueents, a) the kneecap 9) the collarbone b) the shoulder blade d) the anklebone? Exploring the skills The skeleton has four functions. * Itgives the human body shape and support. * It allows the body to create movement. * It produces blood. * It protects vital organs, such as the brain, heart and lungs. Each of these functions relies on different bones located in the skeleton. The table below summarises how they perform these functions. Tiree i Shape and support ont The skeleton provides shape and support for the body. It forms the frame to which our muscles can attach and in which our organs can sit. ane The backbone enables us to stay upright. Muscle attachment for movement Muscles are attached to the skeleton. Movement occurs when muscles contract and pull on bones making them move about a joint. The biceps muscle connects the shoulder and elbow and helps with lifting. Protection for vital organs Internal organs are soft, delicate and easily damaged. These vital organs are protected by the skeleton. The cranium protects the brain. The ribs help protect the heart and lungs. Blood production The centre of some large bones contains red bone marrow, which creates red blood cells. The pelvis and femur are both important in blood production. Add more notes to your skeleton diagram indicating the key functions of the bones mentioned in the table above. Topic 1: The skeleton and its functions ii VN ptr eee elle During different sports or activities the skeleton is put under | pressure to ensure that all of its various functions can operate. The different bones help our body during sport: for example, long bones act as levers to help you move fast, while provide | support and stability with little to no movement. Topic 1: The skeleton and its { one are jomutyPpes; -en a) + Describe two types of freely and formation Pe What are joints? How are they made up and why are they so important in movement? {joint is the point where two or more bones meet which allows a Key term. different range of movement or rotation for the body. Joint: point in the body Identify with your partner the different locations of es eeeaictswray tren joints in your body. Use sticky notes to label them. if you Beiovenent know the anatomical name of the joint, write that on ua the note. Peace crc There are three main types of joint and each has a different freedom of movement. To ensure they can be supported, joints have ligaments that provide the elastic fibres joining bone to bone. It is, ‘common to hear a sportsperson talking about a torn or ruptured ligament, a type of injury that can take a long time to heal f joint peed Ee Fixed o These bones cannot move at all and are | Fbrovsjoints immoveable joints | found in the skull (cranium). (ribpousoui) These joints are also known as ‘fibrous joints’ as the bones are joined via fibrous connective tissue. Slightly moveable _| The bones in these joints can move a joints (cartilaginous | small amount as they are linked together joints) by ligaments and cartilage (which Body of absorbs the movement). vertebra They are found in the vertebral column ane (spine) and the ribs. Intervertebral discs Topic 2: Joint types, structure and formation 13 rs eed pe ts have a greater amount jal joi Syrroverent ‘and include the elbow, Synovial Muscle pee ean ee Ball and socket joint: Shoulder, knee and hip. These joints have a number of parts, lustrated in the diagram and described in the table below. | \Woint capsule Tendon \ Cartage Sea part of the joint _| Descri ‘Synovial membrane _| Surrounds the j synovial fluid ‘Acts a lubricant that reduces friction in the joint; allows for smoother movement and reduces wear and tear int capsule with a synovial fluid Joint capsule The structure that surrounds and protects the joint, holding the bones Due to the wider § together; made up of an outer fibrous membrane and an inner synovial _| hinge joint. whit membrane | more prone to inj Ligament The strong, elastic fibres that hold the bones together and keep them in | Generally speakin place |_| mere mation = Cartilage ‘Astrong but flexible material found at the end of the bones that acts as 2 cushion to stop bones knocking together © Trink of se each of the Tendon [A tough band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone and enables | a brief desc joints to withstand tension punching i © create are Look at the table above. In pairs, take turns to quiz each these two s other about the parts of a joint. One person closes their ‘on them to book and listens while the other person reads a definition Remember that are as aloud. The person with their book closed must try to remember what part of a joint the definition relates to, and italoud. \ say it alou \}I ay Copy this diagram of the side view of a synovial joint (the } knee) and label it. Practise until you can draw the joint and label it confidently from memory. Peco ei There are several types of synovial joints (freely moveable joints) located in the body that provide a variety of movement within sports and activities. Two of the most important are ball and socket joints and hinge joints. Movements can | joint. For examp! shoulder to lift t fingers to let the Less stable joint: like muscles and these joints are injuries. Joints ¢ sport. This is be 14 Chapter 1: The skeletal and muscular system te ne een Emo These are found at the shoulders and hips. They provide a large range Gf movementin every direction. One | bone has a bulge or ball that fits into | Ball and socket joints | of hip bone a socket in the other bone. Ball and socket joints allow actions | such as an overhead clear in oo ak badminton or bowling in cricket ee Hinge joints. These are located in the elbow and the knee and are like the hinges on | ‘a door, allowing movement in one | direction, Your elbows and knees allow you to bend or straighten your arms and Jegs when performing a jump shot in basketball | Due to the wider range of movement and complexity, a ball and socket joint is less stable than a | hinge joint, which moves in just one direction. A ball and socket joint is therefore less stable and more prone to injury than a hinge joint. | Generally speaking the following can be said to be true: | to injury more motion = less stability = more wear and tear = more susceptibi © Think of six more sporting movements you perform using each of these different joints. Draw an image and write ‘a brief description of the movement: for example, punching in boxing needs extension at the elbow. © ceeate a powerPoint ora verbal presentation to explain these two synovial joints, showing how the body relies fon them to perform particular sporting movements Remember to link in your understanding of the bones that are associated with the joint. et crt Movements can be more complex than just moving one joint. For example, throwing a ball involves several joints: the shoulder to lift the ball, the elbow to bend the arm, and the fingers to let the ball go. Less stable joints depend more on surrounding structures like muscles and ligaments to protect and stabilise them, and these joints are particularly susceptible to ligament and muscle injuries. Joints can be especially prone to injury when playing sport. This is because a lot of stress is placed on them during Topic 2: Joint types, structure and formation 15 hysical exercise. It is important, therefore, to identify how easily juries can occur and what you can do to Prevent ligament damage. One of the most common types of injury is a sprain. This happens when one or more of the ligaments are stretched, twisted or torn. e Working with a partner, carry out some research (for example, on the internet) on how to prevent sprains. Write a short leaflet giving advice to fellow students on steps they can take to prevent sprains. Thinking of a sport that you regularly play, identify another example of a movement that involves using several joints. What are the joints and how do they work together to help you perform the movement? Checklist for su v Learn the three main types of joint in your body and practise v Learn two types of freely moving (synovial) joints in your body. Vv With a partner, quiz each other by joint and its type. naming them y pointing to a joint and asking your partner to v Practise drawing and labelling internal diagrams of joints, such as the knee, elbov Si * Ican identify and describe the differe: ound progress * I know the different parts of a synovial joint and examples of it. Chapter 1 . Topic ave LEARNING OBJECTIVES Movement at joints ep eonaie fone asf + Understand tht each movement cango nat least two direction and Know the names ofeach ofthese Grecions + Provide sporting examples foreach these types of movement What different kinds of movements are created at joints when we move or perform? Reretstotg Movement is made possible by the various joints we have in our = bodies. The joints in the upper part of the body are focused on movements that help us function (for example, using our arms to feed ourselves), while joints in the lower part are more focused on stability to ensure we stay balanced. @ Fe

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