widening the entrance, Marcel Ravidat was

the first one to slide all the way to the bottom.

PRE-HISTORIC ART - Open to public 1948 but of the
Periods of Stone Age (14000-2000 BCE) numbers of visitors the authorities are
 Paleolithic (old Stone Age) worried to the deterioration of the of
 Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age)
the cave its officially close to public in
 Neolithic (New Stone Age)
1963
Characteristics
- Today you can still visit the cave but
 Cave painting
you can only see the replica few
 Fertility Goddess
 Megalithic structures blocks of the cave
Influential Works

Sulawesi Cave Painting (39,900 years old) Venus of Willendorf

 39, 900 years old
 Composed of hands stencil and pig deer
 pig tear is the oldest figurative art
 The given age is just merely the minimum age
of minerals surrounding the image, meaning
this artwork can be thousands years older.
- Also called women of Willendorf or
Nude Women
- The Venus of Willendorf is an 11.1-
centimetre-tall Venus figurine
estimated to have been made around
29,500 years ago.
- It was recovered on August 7, 1908
from an archaeological dig conducted
by Josef Szombathy, Hugo
Obermaier, and Josef Bayer at a
Paleolithic site near Willendorf, a
village in Lower Austria.

Lascaux Cave Paintings

 600 color paintings and 1500 word engravings

 Subject is merely animals outline of hands
and geometric symbols l
 The art, dated to c. 17,000 to c. 15,000 BCE,
falls within the Upper Paleolithic period and
was created by the clearly skilled hands of
humans living in the area at that time.
Stonehenge
- They discovered 50,000 bones
 On 12 September 1940 CE four boys
- The stones utilized in the construction
examined the foxhole down which their dog
were located 200 miles away
had fallen on the hill of Lascaux. After
 - It was aligned on the Sun and possibly Two Sides
used for observing the Sun and Moon
and working out the farming calendar

Leading Contributions
-Prehistoric cultures that existed before the advent of
a written language

Significant Historical Events

 Ice Age ends (910,000 BCE- 8,000 BCE)
 New Stone Age and first permanent Peace Panel
settlements (8000 BCE-2500 BCE) - Preparation for royal peace

ANCIENT ART
Characteristics
 Religious and symbolic imagery
 Decorations for utilitarian objects
 Mythological stories
1. Mesopotamian
-Warrior art and narration in stone

War Panel
- According to historical records, the
depiction in the upper row signifies the
conclusive phase of the battle,
representing the moment when the King of
Ur accepted the surrender of the enemy
forces.
- In the middle row Sumerian soldier are
marching.
- Bottom row post battle procession
Code of Hammurabi
- 282 laws, not oldest law but the most
strict law
- Some laws quite harsh
- Eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth

Standard of Ur
- Depicts the life of Sumerian people
- Other people say it is a musical instrument
or box that used to keep their civic funds.
Gate of Ishtar
- King Nebuchadnezzar II named the Gate
of Ishtar after the Goddess Isthar,
Goddess of fertility, love, war, and sex
depicting both masculine and famine race.
2. Egyptian
-Afterlife focus: pyramids and tomb paintings;
massive, monumental structures
 3. Greek and Hellenistic
-Greek Idealism; perfect proportions; architectural
orders (Doric, Ionic, Corinthians)

Great Pyramids
- It was built for the three pharaohs namely;
Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure. Parthenon
- Align with the constellation of orarion. - 2460 years old
- 147 meters tall - First it was a temple for Goddess Athena
- Took 20 years to build - Initially, the building was converted into a
- Composed of 2.5 million stone blocks Christian church, but later, under Turkish
- It was the highest man made structure for dominion, it underwent a transformation
3,800 years and became a mosque.
- Due to its elevated position, the
location was utilized as a strategic
military point during the war between
the Venetians and the Turks.
- The location where the art is
positioned is commonly referred to as
an acropolis.

Temple of Ramses
- Crafted because of the celebration of 4. Roman
victory ancient Egyptian king Ramses II
-Roman realism: practical and down to earth;
- Composed of two main temples, the grand
the arch
temple and the small temple.

The Great Sphinx

- The biggest debate surrounding this topic
is the belief that the sphinx has the body
of a lion, the head of a woman, and the
wings of a bird.
- It called androsphinx. (a sphinx with the
head of a man)
- The early name was Hor-em-akhet,
meaning “Horus in the horizon.” Horus is
the Egyptian god of the sky.
 Augustus of Primaporta
- The Augustus of Primaporta may seem
like a simple portrait of Augustus, but it
actually reveals the emperor's ideology
and his immense power.
- It signifies that Augustus was not only a
great military conqueror but also a staunch
advocate of Roman religions.
Colosseum
- It was first called the Fabian ampe theater
and was considered the largest ampe
theater ever constructed.
Example:
Trojan’s Column
- Erected by the Roman Emperor Trajan
- 125 feet high including the pedestal or the
base.
Leading Contributions
 Civilization from Mesopotamia, Egypt,
Greece, and the Romans
Significant Historical Events
 Mesopotamia-Sumerians writing
(3400 BC); Abraham founds
monotheism
 Greek and Hellenistic- Athens defeat
Persia at Marathon (490 BCE);
Peloponnesian
 Roman-Julius Caesar was
assassinated (44BCE); Augustus
proclaimed emperor (27 CE);
Diocletian Splits Empire (CE 292);
Rome falls (CE 476)
Western Period Arts
1. Renaissance (1400-1525)
- Renaissance is a French word
meaning “rebirth”
- Focused on nature and individualism;
artist used linear perspective and
created depth through intense lighting
and shading
- It produced several artists, scientists,
and thinkers who are still household
names today: Michelangelo, Leonardo
da Vinci, Donatello, Botticelli, and
others.
 Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci

2. Mannerism (1527-1580) The Calling of St Matthew by Caravaggio

- Mannerism is derived from the Italian
word "maniera," which means style,
stylishness, or manner.
- Style and technique outweighed the
meaning of the subject matter; figures
had graceful, elongated limbs, small
heads, stylized features, and
exaggerated details.
- Also known as late Renaissance
Example:
Example:
4. Rococo (1699-1780)
- Offered a softer style of decorative art
compared to baroque’s
- Compared to the baroque style that
preceded it, Rococo had a much
lighter color palette.
- Easily translate to silver, porcelain,
and French furniture.
- Also known as Late Baroque

5. Neo-classicism (1750-1850)
- Focused on idealism

Madonna with the Long Neck by Parmigianino

- also known as Madonna and Long Child

with Angels and St. Jerome
Example:
- Girolamo Francesco Maria Mazzola (11
January 1503 – 24 August 1540), also
known as Francesco Mazzola or, more
commonly, as Parmigianino
Jacques-Louis David, Napoleon Crossing the Alps, 1801

3. Baroque (1600-1750) - As its name suggests, the Neoclassical

- Ornate, over- the-top visual arts and
architecture
- Painters used an intense contrast
between light and dark and had
energetic compositions matched by
rich color palettes
- Baroque emphasizes dramatic,
exaggerated motion and clear, easily
interpreted, detail.
Example:
period drew upon elements from classical
antiquity. Archaeological ruins of ancient
civilizations in Athens and Naples that
were discovered at the time reignited a
passion for all things past, and artists
strove to recreate the great works of
ancient art. This translated to a renewed
interest in classical ideals of harmony,
simplicity, and proportion.
 6. Romanticism (1780-1850)
- Emphasized the individual and
imagination
- Also focused on passion, emotion, and
sensation over intellect and reason.
Example:
William Blake, The Descent of Man into the Vale of Death.
7. Realism (1848- 1900)
- A result of multiple events: the anti-
Romantic movement in Germany, the
rise of journalism, and the advent of
photography
Example:
Jean-François Millet, The Gleaners, 1857.
- Inspired new interest in accurately
capturing everyday life. This attention to
accuracy is evident in art produced during
the movement, which featured detailed,
life-like depictions of subject matter.
8. Art Nouveau (1890-1910)
- Heavily influenced applied arts,
graphics, and illustration
- Focused on the natural world
- Characterized by long, sinuous lines
and curves
Example:
Alphonse Mucha, Princess Hyazinthe, 1911.
9. Impressionism (1865-1885)
- Captured the immediate impression of
a particular moment
- Characterized by short, quick
brushstrokes and an unfinished,
sketch-like feel
Example:
Claude Monet, Impression, Sunrise, 1872.
10. Symbolism (1880 – 1910)
- Symbolism was a late 19th-century art
movement of French and Belgian
origin in poetry and other arts seeking
to represent absolute truths
symbolically through language and
metaphorical images, mainly as a
reaction against naturalism and
realism.
Example:
The Death of the Grave Digger by Carlos Schwabe
- It symbolizes the start of a new life
while another is ending.
11. Fauvism (1900-1935)
 - Characterized by expressive use of
intense color, line, and brushstroke, a bold
sense of surface design, and flat
composition
Example:
Henri Matisse, Woman With a Hat, 1905
12. Expressionism (1905-1920)
- Used a distortion of form and strong
colors to display anxieties and raw
emotions
Example:
Edvard Munch, The Dance of Life, 1899.
13. Cubism (1907-1914)
- Moved away from traditional
techniques and perspectives
- Created radically fragmented objects
through abstraction
Example:
Violin and Palette, Georges Braque, 1909.
14. Abstract Expressionism (1940s- 1950s)
- Emerged in New York after WWII
- Often referred to as the New York
School or action painting
- These painters and abstract sculptors
broke away from what was considered
conventional, and instead used
spontaneity and improvisation to
create abstract works of art. This
included colossally-scaled works
whose size could no longer be
accommodated by an easel. Instead,
canvases would be placed directly
upon the floor.
15. Photo-realism
- Photorealism is a genre of art that
involves painting, drawing, sculptor or
any other graphic media, where the
artist gets inspired by a photograph
and the tries to recreate the image in
another medium, to best of his ability
and as realistic as possible.
- Most of the artists choose themes like
machinery and automobiles such as
trucks, motorcycles, cars, and even
gumball machines, whereas Audrey
Flack, one of the first female
practitioner, infuses her works with
greater emotionality and the
transience of life.
Example:
John's Diner with John's Chevelle, 2007
16. Futurism
- Futurism is an artistic movement that
originated in Italy in the early 20th
century.
- It emphasized the dynamism, speed,
energy, and power of the machine and
the vitality, change, and restlessness
of modern life.
Example:
Velocity Of An Automobile by Giacomo Balla (1913)
- One object in particular was of great
fascination for the Futurists, that is a
roaring car. They considered it the
ultimate symbol of technological progress
and modern innovation:
Contemporary Art Movements (1970–present)
- The 1970s marked the beginning of
contemporary art, which extends through
present day. This period is dominated by
various schools and smaller movements
that emerged.
1. Postmodernism
- In reaction against modernism, artists
created works that reflected skepticism,
irony, and philosophical critiques.
2. Feminist art:
- This movement arose in an attempt to
transform stereotypes and break the
model of a male-dominated art history.
3. Neo Expressionism:
- Artists sought to revive original aspects of
Expressionism and create highly textural,
expressive, large works.
4. Street art
- Artists such as Keith Haring, Jean-
Michel Basquiat, Barry McGee,
Banksy, and more created graffiti-like
art on surfaces in public places like
sidewalks, buildings, and overpasses.
5. The Pictures Generation
- Artists Cindy Sherman, Louise Lawler,
Gary Simmons, and others who were
influenced by Conceptual and Pop art
experimented with recognizable
imagery to explore images shaped our
perceptions of the world.
6. Appropriation art
- This movement focused on the use of
images in art with little transformation
from their original form.
7. Young British Artists (YBA)
- This group of London artists were
notorious for their willingness to shock
audiences through their imagery, and
a willingness to push beyond limits of
decency. They’re also known for their
zestful, entrepreneurial spirit.
8. Digital art
- The advent of the camera lent way to
this artistic practice that allowed artists
to use the infusion of art and
technology to create with mediums like
computers, audio and visual software,
sound, and pixels.
ASIAN ART
Philippine Art
 During the 19th century, the use of
watercolor paintings increased and the
subject matter of paintings began to
include landscapes, Filipino
inhabitants, Philippine fashion, and
government officials.
 Portrait paintings featured the painters
themselves, Filipino jewelry, and
native furniture.
 The subject of landscape paintings
featured artists' names painted
ornately as well as day-to-day scenes
of average Filipinos partaking in their
daily tasks.
 These paintings were done on canvas,
wood, and a variety of metals.
Japanese Art
 Consists of a wide range of art styles
and media that includes ancient
pottery, sculpture, ink painting and
calligraphy on silk and paper, ukiyo-e
paintings and woodblock prints,
ceramics, origami, bonsai, and more
recently manga and anime.
 It has a long history, ranging from the
beginnings of human habitation in
Japan, sometime in the 10th
millennium BCE, to the present day.
 Japanese artists retain traditional
themes and techniques. In the later
half of the 19th century, Japanese art,
which is valued for its simplicity and
colorful style, had an impact on other
western forms of art.
CHINESE ART
 Chinese art history can be traced back
to the Neolithic Period (10,000-2000
BC), also known as the New Stone
Age when pottery was created for
practical uses and to please the Gods.
Agricultural societies produced more
sedentary living, and artisans had the
time and energy to sculpt, paint, and
produce artworks.
TWO CHARACTERISTICS OF CHINESE ART:
1. A love of, and reverence for, Nature.
2. A strong connection with calligraphy done
with brushes ; quite often, the 2 elements are
combined.
SOULMAKING
 An alternate place to know oneself and to
look at the depths and meaning of what
we do in our daily lives.
 Is a step towards a deeper
comprehension of how the world is
perceived and how his or her own
personality is seen.
MAJOR ROLE OF SOULMAKING IN ART-
PRODUCTION
- Form of crafting stories
- Transforming brief moments into images
- Symbols that connect with people
- Understanding culture
- Embodying tolerance, peace, and
imagination
ARTS EXAMPLES
- Spoliarium
- David Mueller’s
- Variety Culture
- Tree of Life
SOUL MAKING IS AN ACTIVITY OF:
 Knowing oneself better
- “Who are you”
- Topic that throughout the process serves
as a guidepost.
- Knowing oneself begins with
CONSCIOUSNESS
- It is necessary to realize and embrace
one’s truth, history and understanding of
existence.
 Understanding Life’s Depth and Essence
- Religious perspective
- Art is a human expression that is highly
valued and symbolic, a person typically
uses different art forms to fulfil the need to
communicate and express him or herself.
 Evaluating what oneself does
- A sense of purpose of what an individual
is doing.
- Any artwork is an expression of one’
perception, feelings, motions, and
realities, the key to personal cultural
growth is the process of creating such
expression.
- Soul making utilizes every human
experience to build the influence that can
make the artist himself and others
improve.
 Learning in Everyday Life
- A method that can be gone through by
anyone.
- As all are creative in their own right, it is
not limited to the “obviously artistic”.
CATEGORIES OF SOULMAKING
 - Anything can be crafted by using different
 Crafting Images evocative descriptions of experience and
- Imaging or representing in any form, explorations, like photograph studies,
which may be through painting, sculpting, puppets, and masks, constructions and
drawing, storytelling, poetry, dancing, notepad studies.
composing or taking notes.
- It is rooted in our own personal 5 PHASES OF SOUL MAKING
experiences, our personal encounters,
and events that triggered or reflections,  Seeking
recall and judgment. - point of self-recognition and knowing that
each of us is a seeker
 Crafting Stories
 Settling
- The moment we write, engrave and
- communicating with the soul, with other
inscribe our own thoughts, ideas,
human and nonhuman beings (and this
commentaries, criticisms, and positive
means that future of humans and
and negative emotions, we are crafting
nonhuman) and with the world
stories.
- It becomes our own history that can be
 Surrender
handed down to our children and family
- takes us up and throws us down; calls for
for the succeeding generations.
the wounds we bear to be accepted;
forces us to spend time living in the
 Crafting Instruments darkness
- An instruments maker is a bridge toward
the unknown because the instrument  Soul Making
produces sounds that transcend our - where we start growing up with some
feelings, emotions, and sensation in wisdom looking for the welfare of others
another realm.
- The soul is accompanied by a vessel so
 Soaring
that the sol will not vanish.
- conquering our worldly experiences of the
- Transforming any found or used object
material realities to travel, which does not
into a musical instrument allow one to
happen if we only want to fly
discover harmony
and balance to produce a sound that is
SOUL MAKING: MAKING AND DERIVING
entertaining, enhancing, and magical.
MEANING FROM ART

 Crafting Movements In order for humans to make sense of

- Life is full of movements, filled with language and derive meanings from words,
various beats. semantics and grammatical rules are
- Life is full of flowing images accompanied important elements to be considered. Context
by flowing narratives. and symbolisms are also considered to
- Everything we do in life is a performance, interpret and analyze either verbal or written
we perform life. works. When it comes to art, in order to make
sense of the artwork, it would require
understanding the visual elements where art
 Crafting Techniques was grounded on, especially the principles of
design.

The audience of the artwork must have a
certain level of awareness to the style, form,
and content:
Style
- Refers to distinctive handling of elements
and media associated with the work of an
individual artist, a school, a movement, or
a specific culture or time period.
Form
- It is what the audience sees, a finished
product put harmoniously (or not)
according to different principles of design.
- The totality of the artwork, which includes
the textures, colors, and shapes utilized
by the artist.
Content
- Includes not only its form but also its
subject matter and underlying meanings
or themes.
IMPROVISATION
- It can be defined as doing something
without prior preparation in originative
way.
- It has become an integral part of the arts
in the present context.
- The unexpectedness off the changes
brought about improvisation makes the
artwork to have a distinctive quality that
creates its individuality and identity.
When an artist makes his work, he has
already an idea of the elements that will be
included in his work. As he begins to craft his
work, he may have deviated from his original
plan. So, in essence, improvisation is evident
in the process of making the painting.
APPROPRIATION
- Refers to borrowing to create a new
artwork
- To appropriate does not mean stealing or
plagiarizing
- It is different from Forgery
• Two Forms of Forgery
 Outright copies of existing
works and pastiches
 Making an artist
interpretation might do by
prediction in contemporary
times
7 DA VINCIAN PRINCIPLES
 Curiosita
- An insatiably curious approach to life and
unrelenting quest for continuous learning.
 Dimostrazione
- A commitment to test knowledge through
experience, persistence, and willingness
to learn from mistakes.
 Sensazione (Refinement of the Five Senses
and Mindfulness)
- The continual refinement of the senses,
especially sight, as the means to enliven
experience and to stay present in the
moment.
 Sfumato
- The technique of allowing tones and
colors to shade gradually into one
another, producing softened outlines or
hazy forms.
 Arte/Scienza
- Developing a balance between logic and
imagination. Other terms for this are
balancing between art and science as well
as whole brain thinking.
• Right Brained:
 I like details
 I am almost always on time
 I rely on logic
 I am skilled at math
  I am organized and
disciplined
 I like lists

• Left Brained:
 I am highly imaginative
 I am good at brainstorming
 I love to doodle
 I often say or do the
unexpected
 I rely on intuition
 I often lose track of time

 Corporalitá
- An insatiably curious approach to life and
an unrelenting quest for continuous
learning.

 Connessione
- A recognition of and appreciation for the
interconnectedness of all things and
phenomena. Systems thinking