Chapter 8: Manufactured Substances in Industry

Alloy is a mixture of two or more elements where the main element is

metal

Properties of Alloy

Shiny Resistant to Corrosion Hard

WHY ARE ALLOYS HARDER THAN PURE METAL?

Pure metal is made from metal Alloy consists of foreign metal

atoms of the same size. atoms with different size.

Atoms of pure metal are Orderly arrangement of pure

arranged in an orderly
arrangement.
When force is applied, layers of
metal atoms easily slide over
each other.
metal is disrupted.
When force is applied, it’s
difficult for layers of metal
atom to slide over each other.

Bronze Copper, Tin Medals

Brass Copper, Zinc Keys

Steel Iron, Carbon Railway tracks

Pewter Tin, Copper, Antimony Decorative ornaments

Chapter 8: Manufactured Substances in Industry

Properties of Glass

Hard but Brittle Chemically Inert Electrical Insulator

Waterproof Heat Insulator Transparent

TYPES OF GLASS

Fused Silica High melting point

Doesn’t expand nor contract
Glass
much when temperature
SiO2 (Silica)
change

Soda-lime Low melting point

Glass Easily crack when
temperature changes
SiO2
Na2CO3
CaCO3

Borosilicate Resistance to heat

Glass Do not crack easily when
Al203 subjected to thermal stress
SiO2
Na2CO3 B2O2
CaCO3

Lead Crystal Softer and denser

Glass High refractive index

SiO2
Na2CO3
PbO2
Chapter 8: Manufactured Substances in Industry

Ceramic is a solid made up of inorganic and non-metallic substances

Properties of Ceramic

Hard and Strong Chemically Inert Electrical Insulator

High Thermal
Heat Insulator Break Easily
Resistant

TYPES OF CERAMICS
Traditional Ceramics
Made from clay such as Kaolin, Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O
Clay mixed with
water produces soft
mixture
Heated & harden at
high temperature

Pottery Bowl Brick

Advanced Ceramics
Made from Inorganic compounds such as Oxides, Carbides & Nitrides
Energy
Medicine Transportation
Production

Knee Bone Brake Disc Insulator at

(Alumina Ceramic) (Silicon Carbide) Power Plant

Hard and Strong High resistance to Electrical Insulator

Resistant to heat
abrasion
Chapter 8: Manufactured Substances in Industry

Composite Material is a material made by combining two or more non-

homogeneous substances, matrix substance & strengthening substance

Reinforced Concrete High compression strength

Steel bars High stretching strength
(Strengthening) Resistant to corrosion
Concrete
(Matrix)
Buildings, Bridges

Fibre Glass High stretching strength

Glass fibres Heat & electrical insulator
(Strengthening) Resistant to corrosion
Plastic
(Matrix)
Helmets, Printed circuit boards

Optical Fibre Can transmit information

Glass fibres Flexible
(Strengthening)
Plastic cladding &
jacket
(Matrix) Replace copper wires in Video cameras

Photochromic Glass Transparent

AgCl & CuCl Absorbs UV rays depending on light
(Strengthening) intensity
Glass
(Matrix)
Car windows, Camera lenses

Superconductor No electrical resistance at very low

Yttrium temperature
Barium
Copper
Oxygen
MRI machines, NMR machines