Republic of the Philippines

Aurora State College of Technology

Engineering Department
Zabali Campus Baler, Aurora

Air Conditioning System, Psychrometric

Process & Application

AIRCONDITIONING & VENTILATION SYSTEM

Course Code: ME 512

Course Units: 3 Units (Lec.- 2 hours, Lab.- 3 hour)
Prerequisite: ME 424 (Refrigeration System Engineering)

ENGR. ALKING B. GOROSPE, PhD

Instructor/Professor
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING
Air conditioning
 simultaneous control of temperature, humidity, air movement, and the
quantity of air in a space.

 HVAC & R: Heating, Ventilating, Air conditioning & Refrigeration

 composed of different components and equipment arranged in

sequence to treat and condition air, to transport to the conditioned
space and to control the indoor environment parameter of a specific
space within required limits.
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING
Functions of Air conditioning
 Provide the cooling and heating energy required.

 Condition the supply air

 Distribute the conditioned air

 Control and maintain the indoor environment parameters

Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING
Brief Historical Background
 Willis Haviland Carrier: systematically developed air
conditioning.

1902 - discovered the relationship between

temperature and humidity and how to control
them
1904 - developed the air washer

1937 - developed the conduit induction system for

en.wikipedia.org multi-room buildings
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING
Brief Historical Background
 Larkin Administration Building: first air-
conditioned office

en.wikipedia.org

 Frank Loyd Wright : designed

the Larking Building en.wikipedia.org
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING
Brief Historical Background
 Milan Building (San Antonio, Texas):
first fully air conditioned office building

 George Rodney Willis: designed the

Milan Building in 1928.

en.wikipedia.org
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING
Brief Historical Background
 Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems: reduce the volume flow rate of
supply air at reduced loads instead of varying the supply air
temperature as in constant-volume systems.

 1960’s - air conditioning systems for clean rooms were developed

into sophisticated arrangements with extremely effective air filters.
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING
Two Major Classification of Air Conditioning
 COMFORT AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS: provides occupants
with a comfortable and healthy indoor environment in which to carry
out their activities

Various Sectors:
1. Commercial sectors
2. Institutional sectors
3. Residential and lodging
4. Health care sector
5. Transportation sector
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING
Two Major Classification of Air Conditioning
 PROCESS AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS: provide needed indoor
environmental control for manufacturing, product storage, or other
research and development processes

Various Sectors:
1. Textile mills
2. Electronic Industry
3. Precision manufacturer
4. Pharmaceutical products
5. Modern refrigerated warehouses
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING
Other Classification of Air Conditioning
 BASED ON CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATING
CHARACTERISTICS

1. Individual room - characterized by the use of coil for single room

2. Evaporative cooling room - use the cooling effect of the evaporation
of liquid water to cool an airstream
directly or indirectly
3. Desiccant-based - a hybrid system of dehumidification, evaporative
cooling, refrigeration, and regeneration of desiccant
4. Thermal storage - central air conditioning system using chilled water as
the cooling medium.
5. Clean room - quality of indoor environment control directly affects the
quality of the products produced in the clean space.
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING
Other Classification of Air Conditioning
 BASED ON CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATING
CHARACTERISTICS

6. Space conditioning - have cooling, dehumidification, heating, and

filtration performed predominately by fan coils,
water source heat pumps.
7. Unitary packaged - used to serve either a single room or multiple ones.
8. Central hydronic - air is cooled or heated by coils filled with chilled or
hot water distributed from a central cooling or
heating plant.
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING
Dalton’s Law for Moist Air
Moist air: binary mixture of dry air which includes various contaminants
and water vapor.

Dry air: non-condensing component of the mixture, mainly the nitrogen and
the oxygen.

Elements Amount percentage

(%)
Nitrogen 78.08
Oxygen 20.95
Argon 0.93
Carbon dioxide 0.03
Other gases (neon, sulfur dioxide, etc.) 0.01
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING
Dalton’s Law of Moist Air
Vapor: the condensable component of the mixture, the water vapor or
steam which may exist in a saturated or superheated state.
: lighter than air.

Dalton’s law : based on experimental results. It is more accurate for

gases at low pressures.

𝒑𝒎 = 𝒑𝟏 + 𝒑𝟐 + ∙ ∙ ∙ Eq. 1

pm = the total pressure of mixture

p1, p2, ∙ ∙ ∙ = the partial pressures of constituent 1, 2, ∙ ∙
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING
Dalton’s Law of Moist Air
 Mass and pressure of dry air, water vapor, and moist air
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING
Dalton’s Law of Moist Air
 principle of conservation of mass for non-nuclear processes

𝒎𝒎 = 𝒎𝒕 = 𝒎𝒂 + 𝒎𝒗 Eq. 2

mt = mass of moist air

ma = mass of dry air
mv = mass of water vapor
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING
Dalton’s Law of Moist Air

𝒑𝒕 = 𝒑𝒂 + 𝒑𝒗 Eq. 3

pt = total mixture pressure

pa = partial pressure exerted by the dry air
pv = the partial pressure exerted by the vapor
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING
Humidity
Humidity ratio, W
𝒌𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒓 𝒎𝒗
𝑾=
𝒌𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒓𝒚 𝒂𝒊𝒓
=
𝒎𝒂
Eq. 4
𝒑𝒗 𝑽
𝒎𝒗 𝑹𝒗 𝑻 𝒑𝒗 𝑽𝑹𝒂 𝑻 𝑹𝒂 𝒑𝒗 𝑹𝒂 𝒑𝒗
𝑾= = = = =
𝒎𝒂 𝒑𝒂 𝑽 𝒑𝒂 𝑽𝑹𝒗 𝑻 𝑹𝒗 𝒑𝒂 𝑹𝒗 𝒑𝒕 − 𝒑𝒗
𝑹𝒂 𝑻
𝒇𝒕 ∙ 𝒍𝒃𝒇
𝟓𝟑. 𝟑𝟓𝟐 𝒑𝒗 𝒑𝒗
𝒍𝒃𝒎 ∙ 𝑹
𝑾=
𝒇𝒕 ∙ 𝒍𝒃𝒇 𝒑𝒕 − 𝒑𝒗
= 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟏𝟗𝟖
𝒑𝒕 − 𝒑𝒗
Eq. 5
𝟖𝟓. 𝟕𝟕𝟖
𝒍𝒃𝒎 ∙ 𝑹
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING
Humidity
Humidity ratio, W for moist air

𝒑𝒅
𝑾𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟏𝟗𝟖
𝒑𝒕 − 𝒑𝒅
Eq. 6

Relative humidity, Ø for moist air

𝒙𝒗
Ø=
𝒙𝒅 Eq. 7

𝒏𝒗 𝒏𝒅
𝒙𝒗 =
𝒏𝒂 + 𝒏𝒗
𝒙𝒅 =
𝒏𝒂 + 𝒏 𝒅
Eq. 8
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING
Humidity
Moist air: binary mixture of dry air and water vapor.

𝒙𝒂 + 𝒙𝒗 = 𝟏 Eq. 9
Applying the ideal gas equations pvV = nvRT and paV = naRT to Eq. 8

𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒓 𝒑𝒗

Ø=
𝒔𝒂𝒕. 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 @ 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒆 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆
=
𝒑𝒅
Eq. 10
𝒕
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING
Humidity
Degree of saturation, 𝝁

𝑾
𝝁= Eq. 11
𝑾𝒔 𝑻,𝒑

𝑷
𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟏𝟗𝟖 𝑷 −𝒗 𝑷 𝑷𝒗 𝑷𝒕 − 𝑷𝒅 𝑷𝒕 − 𝑷𝒅
𝝁= 𝒕
𝑷𝒅
𝒗
= = Ø Eq. 12
𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟒𝟗𝟖 𝑷 − 𝑷 𝑷𝒅 𝑷𝒕 − 𝑷𝒗 𝑷𝒕 − 𝑷𝒗
𝒕 𝒅
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING
Properties of Moist Air
Enthalpy of a mixture of dry air and water vapor is the sum of the enthalpy
of the dry air and the enthalpy of the water vapor.

𝜟𝒉 = 𝒄𝒑 𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏 Eq. 13
enthalpy of the moist air

𝒉 = 𝒉𝒂 − 𝑯 𝒗 Eq. 14
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING
Properties of Moist Air
Assumptions made for the enthalpy calculations of moist air

 The ideal gas equation and the Gibbs-Dalton law are valid.
 The enthalpy of dry air is equal to zero at 0°F (-17.8°C).
 All water vapor contained in the moist air is vaporized at 0°F (- 17.8°C).
 The enthalpy of saturated water vapor at 0°F (- 17.8°C) is 1, 061 Btu/lb
or 2, 468 kJ/ kg.
 For convenience in calculation, the enthalpy of moist air is taken to be
equal to the enthalpy of a mixture of dry air and water vapor in which the
amount of dry air is exactly equal to 1 lb or 0.454 kg.
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING
Properties of Moist Air
specific enthalpy h of moist air

𝒉 = 𝒉𝒂 + 𝒘𝒉𝒗 Eq. 15

𝒉𝒂 = 𝒄𝒑𝒂 𝑻 Eq. 16

𝒉𝒗 = 𝒉𝒈𝒗 + 𝒄𝒑𝒗 𝑻 Eq. 17

Substituting the values of ha in Eq. 14 and hv in Eq. 15 to Eq. 13

𝒉 = 𝒄𝒑𝒂 𝑻 + 𝒘(𝒉𝒈𝒗 + 𝒄𝒑𝒗 𝑻) Eq. 18

Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING
Properties of Moist Air
specific enthalpy h of moist air

𝒉 = 𝒄𝒑𝒂 𝑻 + 𝒘𝒉𝒈𝒗 Eq. 19

Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING

To be continued…
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING
Example:
 Compute the humidity ratio of air at 65% relative humidity and 34oC
when the barometric pressure is 101.3 KPa.
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING
Example:
 What is the enthalpy of the air-vapor mixture if the relative humidity is
65%, temperature of 34oC, barometric pressure is 101.325 KPa, and
W = 0.022 kg vapor/ kg dry air.
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING
Specific Volume
the volume of the mixture of the dry air and water vapor when the mass of
the dry air is exactly equal to 1 lb or 1 kg

𝑽
𝒗=
𝒎𝒂
Eq. 20

𝑽 𝑹𝒂 𝑻 𝑹𝒂 𝑻
𝒗=
𝒎𝒂
=
𝒑𝒕 − 𝒑𝒗
=
𝑷𝒂
Eq. 21

𝑾𝒑𝒕
𝒑𝒗 = Eq. 22
𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟏𝟗𝟖 + 𝑾
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING
Specific Volume

𝒗=
𝑹𝒂 𝑻 𝟏 + 𝟏. 𝟔𝟎𝟕𝟖 𝑾 Eq. 23
𝒑𝒕
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING
Example:
 What is the specific volume of an air-vapor mixture at 30oC and
relative humidity of 40% at 101.3 kPa pressure?
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING
Air density
as the ratio of the mass of dry air to the total volume of the mixture, i.e.,
the reciprocal of moist volume.

𝒎𝒂 𝟏
𝝆𝒂 = = Eq. 24
𝑽 𝒗
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING
Temperatures
Dew-point Temperature, Tdp: temperature of saturated moist air of the
same moist air sample, having the same humidity ratio, and at the same
atmospheric pressure of the mixture.
saturation temperature corresponding to the actual partial pressure of the
steam in air or the temperature at which condensation of moisture begins
when the air is cooled at constant pressure.
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING
Temperatures
Psychrometer: an instrument that permits one to determine the relative
humidity of a moist air sample by measuring its dry-bulb and wet-bulb
temperatures.
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING
Temperatures
Dry bulb temperature, td: temperature of air as registered by an ordinary
thermometer.

Wet bulb temperature, tw: temperature of air as registered by a

thermometer whose bulb is covered by a wetted wick and exposed to a
current of rapidly moving air.

Wet bulb depression: difference between the readings of the wet and dry
bulb thermometers.
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING
Psychrometry:
study of the properties of mixtures of air and water vapor
Psychrometric properties: Properties of moist air
Psychrometric chart: graphical representation of the thermodynamic
properties of moist air
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING

Wet bulb temperature

Dew point temperature

Specific humidity
Dew point Moisture content

Dry-bulb temperature
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING
Example
 A certain air has a dry bulb temperature of 34oC and a wet bulb
temperature of 25oC Determine a) the relative humidity, b) the dew
point temperature, c) the humidity ratio, d) the specific volume, and e)
the enthalpy.

Answer:
a) Ø = 48%
b) tdp = 21.5 oC

c) W = 0.0163 kg/kg dry air

d) v = 0.89 m3/kg dry air
e) h = 76 kJ/kg dry air
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

AIR CONDITIONING

To be continued…