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Download ebook pdf of 大清新法令 1901 1911 点校本 第7卷 2010Th Edition 上海商务印书馆编译所编纂 full chapter
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Fig. 112.—Apsilidae: A, Apsilus lentiformis, ♀ , dorsal view (after
Metschnikoff); the square brain is seen with nerves to the lateral
antennae; B, larva of A. lentiformis (?), showing the paired eyes
and ciliated cupped foot; C, adult of Atrochus appendiculatus, ♂
(after Wierzejski). al, Lateral antennae; am, median antenna (just
in front is seen the renal commissure); an, anus; br, brain, below
which the paired eyes are seen; c, cloaca; em, embryo; em', em',
em''', three successive stages of embryos in the uterus of C; k,
kidney. The coarser muscles are striated.
The male organs consist of a testis (Fig. 113, A, te) with accessory
glands, a large seminal vesicle, and a protrusible or projecting penis
(p). In Notommata and Diglena true intromission at the cloaca (B)
has been seen by many observers; but it appears equally certain
that in many cases the male bores into the body-wall of the female at
any point, and deposits the spermatozoa in the body-cavity, so that
they must pass through the wall of the oviduct to effect fertilisation.
Maupas finds that the process of fertilisation is ineffective except
upon such newly-hatched females as would otherwise be the
parents of small male eggs; that fertilisation is inoperative even for
these at a later age when their eggs have begun to mature; and that
it is wholly useless for those that lay ordinary summer eggs. The
parent of male or winter eggs would thus be comparable to the
queen bee, which if not fertilised produces drones. These sexual
relations find a close parallel in the Ostracod and Phyllopod
Crustacea, as well as in many plant-lice (Homoptera).
Owing to the elongation of the body within the narrow space of the
egg the hinder part is bent up on the ventral surface (D, E); and this
part, narrower than the rest, forms the foot, the centre of which is at
first occupied by a column of hypoblast. The cloaca is now formed by
a dorsal ingrowth of epiblast (the "proctodaeum") at the junction of
the foot and the body (an). The hypoblast in the body anterior to the
cloacal ingrowth forms the digestive apparatus; the part immediately
behind forms the reproductive organs (o); and the hindmost part
apparently disappears. An ingrowth of epiblast at the extreme tip of
the foot gives rise to the cement glands (fg). The muscles arise from
the epiblast cells. The disc arises from the modification of epiblast
cells lateral to and behind the mouth, enclosing a so-called "polar
area"; it is completed by the transformation of cells on the ventral
side of the mouth. The brain (br) is formed by the multiplication of
epiblast cells; and in Bdelloida a ventral ingrowth below the mouth
forms the sub-oesophageal ganglion. The ciliated cup in Melicerta is
formed as a ventral hollow, only later on united with the ciliated
furrow of the wreath by the lateral grooves.[268] In Melicerta the two
eyes are formed in the polar area. The young as hatched differs from
the adult in the greater simplicity of its ciliary wreath; and in the
tubicolous forms the cupped end of the foot-gland is ciliated, and two
eyes are present on the polar area, which later sink in, and often
disappear more or less completely. It is stated that the young
hatched from winter eggs do not pass through this larval state.
Classification.[269]
Fam. 20. Coluridae: Colurus E., Metopidia E., Monura E., Mytilia
G., Cochleare G., Dispinthera G.
The above account of the habits gives the key to the collection of the
various forms. The weed-loving species are collected with the
weeds, and will keep with these in vessels if screened from direct
sunlight and protected against dust. The free-swimming forms may
be collected by sweeping with a net of fine gauze, with a bottle fixed
in the bottom.
Except for their power of resisting desiccation, Rotifera are not very
long-lived, and the males are especially short-lived; the most exact
observations are those of Maupas on Hydatina. He found that the
greatest age of the unfertilised female was thirteen days, during
which it could produce some fifty eggs; the fertilised female lives for
seven or eight days, producing about sixteen eggs; while the male
dies in two or three days.
The sides are produced on either side into lappets, which we do not take into
account. A cup-shaped depression at the apical pole is lined by sense-cells,
bearing long cilia which are probably sensory. A ring of nerve-cells passes within
the ciliated rim of the hemisphere, and the stomach is a blind sac. If we compare
this organism with a Rotifer, we find that the wreath corresponds in both, the
funnel of the disc in such forms as Flosculariidae and Microcodon leading to the
mouth of Pilidium, while the gut is blind in Asplanchnidae and in some of the highly
developed Seisonidae. The circular nerve-ring of Pilidium is in many Rotifers only
represented by its anterior part, the brain; though in Bdelloids a sub-oesophageal
ganglion completes the ring. This leaves a difficulty with regard to the apical sense
organ; but it is easy to understand that an organ of sensation should become an
organ of fixation. In this case the foot with its glands would correspond to the
sense organ of the Trochophore larva; and it retains its primitive ciliated character
in the larvae and males of many Rotifera, and the adult female of Pterodina and
Callidina tetraodon. Embryology tells us that the anus of Rotifers cannot be
homologous with that of Annelids, etc., for it is formed outside the area of the
blastopore: it is an independent formation, probably due to the coalescence of the
originally blind intestine at its extremity with the earlier genito-urinary cloaca. On
this view we must change the orientation of the Rotifer, and place it, like a
Cuttlefish, mouth downwards: for "anterior and posterior" we must substitute oral
(or basal) and apical; for "dorsal" and "ventral" we must use anterior and posterior;
while "right" and "left" are unchanged. And this correctly expresses the actual
space-relations in those Ploima like Rattulus that swim with their disc in contact
with the organic débris on which they feed, with the foot turned outwards and
backwards. As these views are now published for the first time, I have thought it
wiser to keep to the accepted relations in the general description, a course which
has the advantage of avoiding difficulties in the study of the literature of the Class.
Thus the Rotifers may be regarded as a group apart, but probably representing an
early offshoot from a free-swimming Platyhelminth, probably a Rhabdocoele; the
modifications being the loss of the general ciliation of the surface, the arching of
the back into an elongated vault, the conversion of the inner half of the pharynx
into a gizzard, the change of position of the genital and urinary apertures to the
antero-dorsal surface, and the opening of the intestine into the genito-urinary
cloaca.
Gastrotricha.
The Gastrotricha dwell among filamentous Algae and organic débris, and are of
frequent occurrence with Protozoa and Rotifera of similar habit. The largest known
measures only 400 µ (1⁄60 in.) in length, and the smallest run as low as 74 µ
(1⁄300 in.).