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Concrete Beam Design

Concrete beam section capacity designed in accordance with ACI 318-14.

Assumptions
[ASSUME] ACI 318-14 controls member design per sections referenced below
[ASSUME] Beam is subject to flexural and/or shear load demands only
[ASSUME] Beam is non-prestressed
[ASSUME] Beam does not qualify as a deep beam or a one-way joist system
[ASSUME] Torsional effects can be neglected according to ACI 318-14 9.5.4.1
[ASSUME] Shear reinforcement is required according to ACI 318-14 9.6.3
[ASSUME] Normal weight concrete is used

Inputs
Specified compressive strength of concrete; � �′ = 4000 psi
Yield strength of reinforcement steel; � � = 60 ksi
Modulus of elasticity of reinforcement steel; � � = 29000 ksi
Beam section width; � = 24 in
Beam height; ℎ = 24 in

Beam Longitudinal Reinforcement Properties

Reinforcement

Bar # � � (in 2 ) � � (in) �(in) �(in)

Bar #0 0.31 0.625 2.8125 21.1875

Bar #1 0.31 0.625 12 21.1875

Bar #2 0.31 0.625 21.1875 21.1875

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Bar # � � (in 2 ) � � (in) �(in) �(in)

Bar #3 0.31 0.625 2.8125 2.8125

Bar #4 0.31 0.625 12 2.8125

Bar #5 0.31 0.625 21.1875 2.8125

Number of transverse shear reinforcement bars at ��� � = 0

spacing s;
Spacing of transverse reinforcement; � = 8 in
Size of transverse reinforcement; Size v = #3

Beam Section

1. Flexural Capacity
Crushing strain of concrete:
� � = 0.003 [ACI 318-14 22.2.2.1]

Yield strain of reinforcement steel:

�� 60 ksi
�� = =
�� 29000 ksi

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∴ � � = 0.002069

Concrete stress assumed to be uniformly distributed in the compression block:

′ ′
[ACI 318-14 22.2.2.1]
� �−���� = 0.85 ⋅ � � = 0.85 ⋅ 4000 psi
′
∴ � �−���� = 3400 psi

Equivalent rectangular compressive stress block depth ratio:

[ACI
� �′ − 4000 318-14
� 1 = max (0.65, min (0.85, 0.85 − 0.05 ⋅ ( )))
1000 Table
4000 psi − 4000 22.2.2.4.3]
= max (0.65 , min (0.85 , 0.85 − 0.05 ⋅ ( )))
1000
∴ � 1 = 0.85

Calculated neutral axis depth at section equilibrium:

� = 1.609 in

1.1. Individual Reinforcement Analysis

With the equilibrium-producing neutral axis depth (c), the stress and strain at capacity can
be calculated for each reinforcement bar.

1.1.1. Example Calculation

For example, the first bar (Bar #0) has the following properties:

Cross sectional steel area:

� �1 = 0.31 in 2

Depth from the top of the beam:

� 1 = 21.19 in

Which yield the following results assuming that strain is proportional to the distance from
the neutral axis (c):

Average strain in the reinforcing bar:

�� ⋅ �1 − � 0.003 ⋅ 21.19 in − 1.609 in

� �1 = =
� 1.609 in

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∴ � �1 = 0.0365

Average calculated stress in the reinforcing bar assuming a linear stress-strain relationship:

� �1−����′ � = � � ⋅ � �1 = 29000 ksi ⋅ 0.0365

∴ � �1−����′ � = 1059 ksi

The design stress in the reinforcing bar limited by yield strength of the steel:

� �1 = max ((−� � ) , min (� � , � �1−����′ � )) = max ((−60 ksi) , min (60 ksi, 1059 ksi))
∴ � �1 = 60 ksi

1.1.2. Summary of All Reinforcement

The above calculations can be applied to all of the reinforcing bars to produce the following
results:

Stress and strain in each of the longitudinal reinforcement bars

Reinforcement Results

Bar # � � (in 2 ) �� � � (ksi) �(in)

Bar #0 0.31 0.0365 60 21.19

Bar #1 0.31 0.0365 60 21.19

Bar #2 0.31 0.0365 60 21.19

Bar #3 0.31 0.00224 60 2.81

Bar #4 0.31 0.00224 60 2.81

Bar #5 0.31 0.00224 60 2.81

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Maximimum tensile strain in reinforcement steel:

� �,��� = 0.0365

Estimated distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of longitudinal

reinforcement. Taken as the maximum y position:
� ��� = 21.19 in

The total area of tensile longitudinal steel counting towards minimum steel area. This is
conservatively calculated as the sum of all steel area which is in the lower half of the beam
section AND in tension at the section capacity strain profile:
� �−������� = 0.93 in 2

1.2. Minimum Longitudinal Steel

[ACI 318-14 9.6.1.2(a)]
3 ⋅ √� �′
� �−���1 = ⋅ � ⋅ � ���
� � ⋅ 1000 lbs/kip
3 ⋅ √4000 psi
= ⋅ 24 in ⋅ 21.19 in
60 ksi ⋅ 1000 lbs/kip
∴ � �−���1 = 1.608 in 2

[ACI 318-14 9.6.1.2(b)]

200
� �−���2 = ⋅ � ⋅ � ���
� � ⋅ 1000 lbs/kip
200
= ⋅ 24 in ⋅ 21.19 in
60 ksi ⋅ 1000 lbs/kip
∴ � �−���2 = 1.695 in 2

Minimum flexural reinforcement:

� �−��� = max (� �−���1 , � �−���2 ) = max (1.608 in 2 , 1.695 in 2 )

∴ � �−��� = 1.695 in 2

�ℎ��� � �−������� > � �−���

0.93 in 2 > 1.695 in 2
∴ ��� � ������

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1.3. Section Flexural Capacity

Net moment contribution from reinforcement steel:
Σ� �� � �� � �� = 1339 k − in

Depth of equivalent rectangular stress block:

[ACI 318-14 22.2.2.4.1]
�1 ⋅ � 0.85 ⋅ 1.609 in
�= =
2 2
∴ � = 0.6838 in

Net moment contribution from concrete compression:

� �′
� �� = 0.85 ⋅ ⋅ � ⋅ �1 ⋅ � ⋅ �
1000 lbs/kip
4000 psi
= 0.85 ⋅ ⋅ 24 in ⋅ 0.85 ⋅ 1.609 in ⋅ 0.6838 in
1000 lbs/kip
∴ � �� = 76.31 k − in

Nominal moment capacity of beam section:

� � = Σ� �� � �� � �� − � �� = 1339 k − in − 76.31 k − in
∴ � � = 1263 k − in

Strength reduction factor for moment capacity:

[ACI
� �,��� − � �
� � = max (0.65, min (0.9, 0.65 + 0.25 ⋅ ( ))) 318-14
0.005 − � � Table
0.0365 − 0.002069 21.2.2]
= max (0.65 , min (0.9 , 0.65 + 0.25 ⋅ ( )))
0.005 − 0.002069
∴ � � = 0.9

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Design moment capacity of the beam section:

�� ⋅ �� 0.9 ⋅ 1263 k − in
�� � = =
12 in/ft 12 in/ft
∴ �� � = 94.72 k − ft

2. Shear Capacity
Effective area of each transverse reinforcing leg:
� �� = 0.11 in 2

Effective area of all transverse reinforcing bars within spacing s:

� � = ��� � ⋅ � �� = 0 ⋅ 0.11 in 2
∴ � � = 0 in 2

2.1. Section Shear Capacity

Maximum allowed concrete shear strength:
′ [ACI 318-14 22.5.3.2]
� ��−��� = 100 psi

Concrete shear strength:

′ ′
� �� = min (√� �′ , � ��−��� ) = min (√4000 psi, 100 psi)
′
∴ � �� = 63.25 psi

Shear capacity contribution of concrete:

′
2 ⋅ � �� ⋅ � ⋅ � ���
�� =
1000 lbs/kip
2 ⋅ 63.25 psi ⋅ 24 in ⋅ 21.19 in
=
1000 lbs/kip
∴ � � = 64.32 kips

Calculated shear capacity contribution of reinforcement steel:

[ACI 318-14 22.5.10.5.3]
� � ⋅ � � ⋅ � ��� 0 in 2 ⋅ 60 ksi ⋅ 21.19 in
� � = =

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� �−���� = =
� 8 in
∴ � �−���� = 0 kips

Maximum allowed shear capacity contribution of reinforcement steel:

′
[ACI 318-14 22.5.1.2]
8 ⋅ � �� ⋅ � ⋅ � ���
� �−��� =
1000 lbs/kip
8 ⋅ 63.25 psi ⋅ 24 in ⋅ 21.19 in
=
1000 lbs/kip
∴ � �−��� = 257.3 kips

Shear capacity contribution of reinforcement steel:

� � = min (� �−���� , � �−��� ) = min (0 kips, 257.3 kips)

∴ � � = 0 kips

Nominal shear capacity of the beam section:

� � = � � + � � = 64.32 kips + 0 kips

∴ � � = 64.32 kips

Strength reduction factor for shear capacity:

� � = 0.75 [ACI 318-14 Table 21.2.1]

Design shear capacity of the beam section:

�� � = � � ⋅ � � = 0.75 ⋅ 64.32 kips

∴ �� � = 48.24 kips

2.2. Shear Reinforcement Limits

2.2.1. Minimum Shear Reinforcement Area

[ACI 318-14 9.6.3.3(a)]
0.75 ⋅ √� �′
� �−���1 = ⋅�⋅�
� � ⋅ 1000 lbs/kip
0.75 ⋅ √4000 psi
24 in 8 in

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= ⋅ 24 in ⋅ 8 in
60 ksi ⋅ 1000 lbs/kip
∴ � �−���1 = 0.1518 in 2

[ACI 318-14 9.6.3.3(b)]

50 ⋅ � ⋅ � 50 ⋅ 24 in ⋅ 8 in
� �−���2 = =
� � ⋅ 1000 lbs/kip 60 ksi ⋅ 1000 lbs/kip
∴ � �−���2 = 0.16 in 2

Minimum shear reinforcing at spacing s:

� �−��� = max (� �−���1 , � �−���2 ) = max (0.1518 in 2 , 0.16 in 2 )

∴ � �−��� = 0.16 in 2

�ℎ��� � � > � �−���

0 in 2 > 0.16 in 2
∴ ��� � ������

2.2.2. Maximum Spacing of Shear Reinforcement

Limiting shear reinforcement steel capacity:
[ACI 318-14 Table 9.7.6.2.2]
4⋅ √� �′
⋅ � ⋅ � ���
� �−��� =
1000 lbs/kip
4 ⋅ √4000 psi ⋅ 24 in ⋅ 21.19 in
=
1000 lbs/kip
∴ � �−��� = 128.6 kips

→ � � ≤ � �−���

Maximum allowed spacing of shear reinforcement:

[ACI 318-14 9.7.6.2.2]
� ��� 21.19 in
� ��� = min ( , 24) = min ( , 24 )
2 2
∴ � ��� = 10.59 in

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�ℎ��� � < � ���

8 in < 10.59 in
∴ ��

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