BPO (Business Processing Outsourcing) Companies

United States. 851

Australia. More than half it are call center
New Zealand. Call center capital of the world
Europe

Increasing Market Integration

• Horizontal
• Vertical

IFIs (International Financial Institutions)

Four key Issues
1. Legitimacy
2. Effectiveness
3. Support conditionality
4. financial capacity sustainability

The Global Corporations

Referred as multinational corporations and Transnational corporations

What is the Difference Between Multinational and Transnational Corporations

Size: A Multinational corporation is typically larger because it has subsidiary firm in other countries.
However, A Transnational corporation does not have subsidiary firm.
Focus: A Multinational corporation typically has a broad focus, such as manufacturing or finance. A
Transnational Corporation may have a narrower focus, which is regarding a particular market in a
country or region.
Headquarters: The headquarters of a Multinational corporation are usually located in a major home
country, while The headquarters of a Transnational corporation may be located in multiple countries.
Internal structure: A Multinational corporation typically has a number of business divisions, each of
which is Responsible for an individual product line, service line or part of the overall business. A
Transnational corporation May have fewer divisions, but each division will be focused on a particular
market.
Research and Development: Multinational corporation does R&D at the home Country and then
distribute the product to the other countries they have their Subsidiary firms. However, in case of
Transnational corporation the R&D happens in The each firm of the country, which helps them be more
focused on a regional Market.

Product focus: Multinational corporations often produce goods and services that can Be used in several
different markets. A Transnational corporation may only produce Goods or services that can be sold in a
specific market, such as cotton products, Snacks, etc.

Decision Making: Multinational corporations have a centralized management at the Home country due
to which it takes time to make a decision. However, as the Transnational corporations does not have a
centralized management, then the Management of the firm in particular country can make the decisions
which is faster And more effective the multinational.
STATES, NATIONALITY, AND STATELESSNESS
States are entities that have rights and responsibilities under international law and which have the
capacity to maintain their rights by bringing international claims.

For an entity to be considered a state, it must have the following elements:

1 POPULATION. Permanent population: it does not have to be homogenous racially, ethnically, tribally,
religiously, linguistically, or otherwise. It must be a settled population, though the presence of certain
inhabitants who are traditionally nomadic does not matter.
2. TERRITORY. Defined territory: the size of the territory does not matter
3 GOVERNMENT. It refers to the central entity operating as a political body within the law of the land
and in effective control of the territory.
4 SOVEREIGNTY. Capacity to enter into relations with other states. The government must be sovereign
and independent so that within its territory, it is not subject to the authority of another state. In this
regard, the state will have full capacity to enter into relations with other states.

How Are States Created?

1. Discovery and Occupation: occurs when a territory belonging to any state is placed under the
sovereignty of the claiming state
2. Prescription: when a territory is acquired through continuous and uninterrupted possession over a
long period of time.
3. Cession: involves the peaceful transfer of territory from one sovereign to another with the intention
that sovereignty should pass to the new state
4. Accretion: is the increase in the land area of the state, either through natural means or artificially
through human labor.
5. Conquest: in conquest, the act of defeating an opponent and occupying all or parts of territory does
not of itself constitute a basis of title to the land. It gives the victor certain rights under the international
law as regards the territory, the rights of belligerent occupation, but the territory remains subject to the
legal title of the ousted sovereign.

State Recognition

This is an act by which a state acknowledges the existence of another state, government, or belligerent
community and indicates its willingness to deal with the entity as such under the rules of international
law.

State recognition is a political act and mainly a matter of policy on the part of each state. It is
discretionary on the part of the recognizing authority. It is exercised by the political department of the
state. The integration of a new state in the international community does not take place automatically,
but through co-optation, that is, by individual and collective recognition on the part of already existing
states.

The principle of state continuity is being followed wherein once the identity of a state as an
international person has been fixed and its position in the international community established, the
state continues to be the same corporate person whatever changes may take place in its integral
organization and government
Landmark Doctrines in State Recognition

• Wilson/Tobar Doctrine. This doctrine prevents the recognition of governments established by

revolution, civil war, coup d'etat, or other forms of internal violence until the freely elected
representatives of the people have organized a constitutional government.
• Betancourt Doctrine. This doctrine pertains to denial of diplomatic recognition to any regime,
right or left, which came to power by military force.
• Lauterpacht Doctrine. This doctrine prohibits the recognition of an entity which is not legally a
state as it constitutes an abuse of the power of recognition. It acknowledges a community which
is not, in law, independent and which does not therefore fulfil the essential conditions of
statehood as an independent state Stimson Doctrine. This doctrine forbids the recognition of
any government established as a result of external aggression.

Rights of States
1. Right to Independence. It means freedom from control by other states or groups of states and not
freedom from the restrictions that are binding on all states forming the family of nations and carries
with it by necessary implication the correlative duty of non-intervention. Intervention is an act by which
a state interferes with domestic or foreign affairs of another state through the employment of force or
threat of force which may be physical, political, or economic.

2. Right to Equality: It is underpin underpinned in the doctrine of equality of states which provides that
all states are equal in international law despite of their obvious factual inequalities as to size,
population, wealth, strength, and degree of civilization.

3. Right to Existence and Self-Defense: This provides that a state may take measures including the use
of force as may be necessary to counteract any danger to its existence. Aggression pertains to the use of
armed force by a state against the sovereignty, territorial integrity, or political independence of another
state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Charter of the United Nations.

For a proper exercise of self-defense, the following must exist:

1. an armed attack occurred against a member of the UN:
2. it must be confined to cases in which the necessity of self-defense is instant, overwhelming and
leaving no choice of means and no moment for deliberation;
3. measures taken must be limited by that necessity and kept clearly within it; and 4. must give way to
measures that may be taken by the UN Security Council to maintain international peace and security.

COLLECTIVE SELF-DEFENSE pertains to the rights of states to come to the defense of another state
whose situation meets the condition of legitimate individual self-defense.

ANTICIPATORY SELF-DEFENSE is when the use of force in anticipation of an attack is deemed legal if
made in good faith, depending on the circumstances of imminent danger.
4. Right to Territorial Integrity and Jurisdiction: It encompasses the right of the state to its terrestrial,
maritime and fluvial, aerial and space covered by its territory.

5. Right to Legation: it pertains to the right of the state to send and receive diplomatic missions, which
enable states to carry on friendly intercourse.

Nationality is a legal bond having as its basis a social fact of attachment, a genuine connection of
existence, interests and sentiments, together with the existence of reciprocal rights and duties. It is for
each state to determine under its own rules who are its nationals. This law shall be recognized by other
states insofar as it is consistent with international conventions, international customs, and the principles
of law generally recognized with regard to nationality
Under the UN Declaration of Human Rights, everyone has the right to a nationality and that no one is to
be arbitrarily deprived of their nationality or denied the right to change their nationality. Multiple
nationalities may exist when an individual possesses more than one nationality and was acquired as the
result of concurrent application to him or her, the conflicting national laws of two or more states
claiming him or her as their national.

In the Philippines, nationality can be acquired through birth, naturalization, repatriation, subjugation,
and cession. It can be lost through release, deprivation, renunciation, and substitution.

Statelessness

Statelessness pertains to the status of having no nationality as a consequence of being born without any
nationality or as a result of deprivation or loss of nationality. It adversely affects a person's right to
exercise rights and privileges usually enjoyed by citizens of a state, such as employment, right to work,
right to property, right to education, among others. Also, any wrong or injury suffered by a stateless
person through the act or omission of a state would be damnum absque injuria (loss or damage without
injury) for in theory, no state has been offended and no international delict committed.

International conventions provide that stateless individuals are to be treated more or less like the
subjects of a foreign state. The Philippines has neither signed nor ratified the 1961 Convention on the
Recognition of Statelessness

It is provided in this Convention that a contracting state shall grant its nationality to a person born in its
territory who would otherwise be stateless and a contracting state shall grant its nationality to a person,
not born in the territory of a