125 ...

7.1 General
The primary function of all structural elements is to transfer the applied dead and
imposed loading from whichever source to the foundation and subsequently to the ground.
The type of foundation required in any particular circumstance is dependent on number of
factors such as:
1- The magnitude and type of applied loading,
2- The pressure which the ground can safely support,
3- The acceptable levels of settlement,
4- The location and proximity of adjacent structures, and
5- The soil properties and conditions.

7.2 Type of Foundations

The different types of footing used in our project are mentioned below:
1. Isolated footing for individual columns.
2. Combined footing for two adjacent columns.
3. Strip footing.
The choice is usually made from experience but comparative designs are often
necessary to determine the most economical type to be used.
Type of foundation currently used is explained as follows:

7.2.1 Pad (Isolated) Footing:

These are normally adopted for single columns (either steel or concrete),
And can be either square or rectangular in plan see fig. (7.1). When only concentric vertical
loading is applied, square pads are applied, assuming a uniform pressure under the whole
base area. If the applied loading is eccentric or if a moment is applied to the base, then it is
more efficient to adopt a rectangular base. In this case the pressure under the base is assumed
to vary linearly.

(a) Square isolated footing (b) Rectangular isolated footing

Fig. (7.1) Show different type of isolated footing.
126 ...

7.2.2 Combined Footing:

These are normally adopted for two columns either when they are relatively close
together or when one of the columns is adjacent to an existing structure. The shape of
combined footing is generally rectangular, trapezoidal or combination of two rectangles, as
shown in fig. (7.2). In the last case, a rib-beam the same width as the column is often
incorporated either the whole length of the base or between the columns. This foundation can
be designed as a T-section and requires less concrete.

a) Rectangular combined footing. b) Trapezoidal combined footing c) Combined rectangular footing

Fig. (7.2) Show different type of combined footing.

The dimension of a combined footing can be determine such that the resultant load
from the columns passes through the centroid of the base area. In this case the resulting
pressure on the soil will be uniform.
A rectangular base does not always provide the most economic arrangement due to the
difficulty of making the resultant load pass through the centroid of the base area. The
trapezoidal base has the disadvantage of the detailing and cutting the transverse
reinforcement. It is most suitable when there is a large variation in the column loads and there
are limitations on the dimension of the foundation. The combined rectangular solution can be
used in most cases.

7.2.3 Strip Footing:

These are normally adopted for lines of closed spaced columns or under walls as shown
in fig. (7.3). The strip footings are designed as pad footing in the transverse direction and in
the longitudinal direction as an inverted continuous beam subject to the ground bearing
pressure. In good ground conditions where the soil is firm (and the columns are evenly
spaced), the ground pressure can be assumed to be uniform. When columns are unevenly
spaced and the soil is firm, the variation in pressure can be assumed to vary linearly. In
compressible and/or poor soil the variation in the ground pressure will not be linear, resulting
in a different distribution of bending moments. In many situations, other than on lightly
loaded strip foundation, reinforcement will be necessary.
127 ...

Fig. (7.3) Show strip footing.

7.3 Design of Pad Footing

7.3.1 Critical Section for Bending:
The critical section which considered for bending is at the face of the column in a pad
footing or the wall in a strip footing and extending across the full width of the base as shown
in fig. (7.4). The area of reinforcement required is calculated in the same manner as for beam
using clause (3.4.4.4) of BS8110-1. The minimum and maximum area of steel reinforcement
is determined by using Table (3.25) and clause (3.12.6) of BS8110-1 respectively.

Fig. (7.4) Show the critical section for bending.

128 ...

7.3.2 Distribution of Reinforcement:

The code states arbitrarily that when " " exceeds [(3/4)* (3d + C)], two thirds of
required reinforcement for a given direction should be concentrated within a zone from the
centerline of column to a distance 1.5d from the face of column.
Where:
C = column width.
d = effective depth of footing.
= half the spacing between column centers (if more than one) or the distance to the edge of
the pad, whichever is the greater.
Otherwise, reinforcement may be distributed uniformly over . The reason for this is that
although base pressure is assumed to be uniform, the bending moment tends to be somewhat
higher towards the column than away from it. The concentration of reinforcement below the
column area allows for this higher bending moment.

7.3.3 Critical Section for Shear:

The critical sections which should be considered for shear are as shown in fig. (7.5).
The shear stress at the column face should not exceed the maximum values indicated in
BS8110-1, clause (3.7.7.2); √
The direct shear stress should be checked at distance of 1.0d from the column face, and
if it is less than from table 3.8 of code no shear reinforcement is required. If the direct
shear is more than the depth of the footing should be increased. It is normal practice to
make the base sufficiently deep so that shear reinforcement is not required. The depth of the
base is controlled by the design for shear.

7.3.4 Critical Section for Punching Shear:

The punching shear force is the sum of the loads outside the periphery of the critical
section. Refer to clause 3.7.7.6 of the code. The punching shear failure should be checked
distance of 1.5d from the column face see fig. (7.5), and if it is less than from table 3.8 of
code no shear reinforcement is required. If the Punching shear is more than the depth of
the footing should be increased.

Fig. (7.5) Show the critical section for direct shear and punching.

7.3.5 Cracking:
See the rules for slabs in clause 3.12.11.2.7 of the code. The bar spacing is not to
exceed 3d or 750 mm, but much lesser spacing is possible depending on the amount of
flexural steel supplied.
129 ...

7.3.6 Minimum grade of concrete

The minimum grade of concrete to be used in foundations is grade C35 to meet the
serviceability requirement of BS8110-1.

7.3.7 Nominal cover

Clause 3.3.1.4 of the code states that the minimum cover should be 75 mm if the
concrete is cast directly against the earth, or 50mm if cast against adequate blinding.
Table (3.2) of the code classes non-aggressive soil as a moderate exposure condition.
7.3.8 Design procedure:
The isolated footing should be checked for bending, direct shear, and punching shear.
The shearing forces and bending moments are caused by the ultimate design loads from the
column and the weight of the base should not be included in these calculations. The thickness
of the base is often governed by the requirement for shear resistance. The principle steps in
the design calculations are as follows:
 Calculate the plan size of the foundation using the permissible bearing pressure and
the critical loading arrangement for the serviceability limit state; i.e. working load.
 Assume a suitable value of thickness (h) and determine the effective depth (d).
 Check for maximum soil pressure.
 Calculate the bearing pressure associated with the critical loading arrangement at the
ultimate limit state; i.e. ultimate load.
 Determine the reinforcement required to resist bending.
 Check the distribution of reinforcement.
Check that the shear stress at column face is less than √
whichever is the smaller.
 Check that the direct shear stress at a section 1.0d from the column face is less than vc
from table 3.8 of code.
 Check that the punching shear stress on a perimeter 1.5d from the column face is less
than from Table 3.8 of code.
 Finally the details of reinforcement are drawing.
Note: design procedure for isolated footing can be used for design of other type of footing.
Reinforcement to resist bending in the bottom of the base should extend at least a full
tension anchorage length beyond the critical section for bending.
7.3.9 Specification:
In our project, the design of all different type of footing using the following specification:
Characteristic strength of concrete =
Characteristic strength of steel =
Soil bearing capacity =
Nominal cover for mild condition of exposure = 50 mm (BS8110-1, Clause 3.3.1.4).
130 ...

7.4 Calculation sheet of Design of isolated footing located under column

(B-2)
BS8110 Calculation Output

Fig. (7.6) Show the layout of isolated footing (B-2) in plan.

Loading:

From Robot structural analysis for frame (B-B) and (2-2) we get:
N (kN) (KN.m) (KN.m)
Ultimate Load 1450 -20.66 18.44
Working Load 912.55 -13.7 12.35
Note:
Column dimension 600 mm*200 mm

Area of footing:

• Determination area of footing:

Where: : Working load which transferred from building.

Assume self-weight of footing = 8% of
:. Area required including weight of footing:

L = 2.9 m
Rectangular Footing (2.9×2.5) = 7.25
B = 2.5 m
131 ...

Fig.(7.7) Show layout of footing area

Determination depth of footing: h = 550 mm.

Actual weight of footing = 2.8*2.4*0.55*24 = 88.7 KN

• Check for area:

( )
( ) Area is
satisfactory

Check for maximum soil pressure:

:. Total working Load ( ) = (88.7 +912.55) = 1001.25 kN.

Working soil stress below base:

( ) ( )

( ) ( )
Max. Soil
stress is ok.
132 ...

Structural Design of Footing:

About (x-x) axis:

Design stresses computation:
Determine ultimate soil stress below shaded area (See fig. (7.8)):
Ultimate soil stress =
( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( ) . /

( ) ( )

( ) . /

Check minimum pressure:

. / . /
,ok.

Analysis and design:

Clauses a) The results of analysis:
3.11.2.2  Bending moment :
and The critical section of moment at face support about (X1-X1)
3.11.3.1 see fig. (7.8)
133 ...

Fig.(7.8) Show the critical section of moment about X axis

( )

 Shear force:
The critical shear will be at distance 'd' from the column face see fig.(7.9)

Fig. (7.9) Show the critical section of vertical shear about X axis

The critical value of shear at distance "d" from the column face :
( )
( )
b) Design for moment:

Clause
3.4.4.4
134 ...

( √( )) ( √( ))
provide
10 16mm
@250mm c/c
Table 3.25

 Check for steel reinforcement distribution:

Clause Total steel
= (2500/2) = 1250 mm reinforcement
3.11.3.2
is distributed
along the
width
Lcy< 3(Cy/4) + 9(d/4) (the distribution of bars is equally)

About (y-y)axis:
Design stresses computation:
Determine ultimate soil stress below shaded area (See fig. (7.10)):

( ( )

. / . /

. / . /

. / . /

Analysis and design:

a) The results of analysis:
 Bending moment:
Clause The critical section of moment at face of support see fig. (7.10)
3.11.2.2
And
3.11.3.1
135 ...

Fig. (7.10) Show the critical section of moment about Y axis

( )
Clause
3.4.4.4  Shear force:
The critical shear will be at distance "d" from the column face
The critical value of shear about (y-y)axis:
( )
( )
Table(3.25)

b) Design for moment:

Provide
12 16mm
@250mm c/c

• Check for steel reinforcement distribution:

Clause Total steel
( ) reinforcement
3.11.3.2
is distributed
along the
width
Lcy< 3(Cy/4) + 9(d/4) (the distribution of bars is equally)

Clause Check for Crack:

3.12.11 The crack is
Max. Spacing = 3*d = 3*476 = 1428 mm or 750 mm.
Actual spacing = 250 mm < max. Spacing. satisfactory
136 ...

Check for maximum shear at face of column:

Clauses Max. Shear in
3.11.3.3 acceptable
and limit.
3.7.7.2 Perimeter of column (u0) =2*200+2*600 = 1600 mm
√
Maximum shear at face of column is with acceptable limit.

Check for critical vertical shear:

The critical value of shear about y-y axis:

The shear stress at distance "d" from face of support:

( ) ( ) ( )

( )

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
⁄
Vertical shear
is satisfied.
Clauses Check for punching shear :
3.7.7.1 The critical section of punching shear at distance "1.5d" from the face of
support see fig.(7.11)
137 ...

Perimeter of punching shear zone = ,( ) ( )-

* +
Punching shear force = , – *( )( )+-
, * +-

( ) )
{ } . / . /

Area of reinforcement at zone of Punching:

( )

( )

( ) ) . /

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )
⁄ Punching
shear is
satisfied.

Detail of isolated footing:

The arrangement of steel reinforcement of combined footing is shown in fig. (7.12)
138 ...

Fig. (7.12) Show the detail of reinforcement of isolated footing

139 ...

Table (7.1) Isolated Footing

R.C.C Area of Bottom Reinforcement
Location Footing
of footing Longitudinal Transverse Direction
L B h Direction (B1) (B2)
F1 2.4 2 0.5 7T16@280mm c/c 8T16@300mm c/c
F2 2.4 2.1 0.5 7T16@300mm c/c 8T16@300mm c/c
F3 2.45 2.1 0.5 7T16@300mm c/c 8T16@300mm c/c
F4 1.7 1.4 0.5 6T16@230mm c/c 7T16@240mm c/c
F5 2.3 2 0.5 7T16@280mm c/c 8T16@280mm c/c
F6 2.9 2.5 0.55 10T16@250mm c/c 12T16@250mm c/c
F7 2.8 2.5 0.5 9T16@280mm c/c 10T16@280mm c/c
F8 2 1.7 0.4 5T16@340mm c/c 6T16@330mm c/c
F9 2.5 2.2 0.5 8T16@275mm c/c 9T16@275mm c/c
F10 2 1.7 0.4 5T16@340mm c/c 6T16@330mm c/c
F11 1.4 1.1 0.4 5T16@280mm c/c 5T16@280mm c/c
F14 1.9 1.6 0.4 5T16@320mm c/c 5T16@380mm c/c
F15 2.3 2 0.5 7T16@280mm c/c 8T16@280mm c/c
F16 1.8 1.6 0.4 5T16@320mm c/c 5T16@360mm c/c
F17 1.8 1.5 0.4 5T16@320mm c/c 5T16@300mm c/c
F20 2 1.7 0.4 5T16@043mm c/c 6T16@300mm c/c

7.5 Calculation sheet of Design of combined footing located under

columns (81)&(81)
BS8110 Calculation Output

Fig. (7.13) Show the layout of combined footing on plan.

140 ...

Loading:

Column Dead Live Working Ultimate

dimension load load load Load
Column
200*500 851.855 51.15 001.085 201.28
81
Column
81 200*500 15..28 8.8.5 501.10 181.50

TOTAL 111.125 8021.12

Column
Mx MY
dimension
Column
200*500 3.54/5.15 -
81
Column
81 200*500 0.31/0.68 3.22/5

Distance between column (18and 19) = 1.35 m

Area of footing:

• Determination the position of Resultant maximum Load:

By taking moment about center line of column 19 we get:
R == 849.035 KN

Hence; the distance of resultant from center line of

• Determination area of footing:

Where: Working load which transferred from building.

Assume self-weight of footing = 10% of
:. Area required including weight of footing:

:. Provide L = 3m, B = 2.2 m.

Rectangular Footing ( )
141 ...

h = 500 mm
Fig. (7.14) Show the plan area of combined footing area is
satisfactory
Determination depth of footing:

Actual weight of footing = 2.2*3*0.50*24 = 79.2 KN

Check for maximum soil pressure:

- Case (1) all max (C18+C19) :

By taking moment about center line of column18 we get:

So Eccentricity Distance (e) = 1 – 1 = 0,

Therefore position of resultant load at center of the footing, so there is
no moment due eccentricity.

Working soil stress below base:

142 ...

Fig. (7.15) Case 1 (all max)

- Case (2) max on ( )and min on ( ):

By taking moment about center line of column 81 we get:

So Eccentricity Distance (e) = 1 – 1.18 = 0.01

Working soil stress below base:

( ) ( )

Fig.(7.16) Case 2 (C18(max) and C19(min))

143 ...

- Case (3) max on (C19)and min on (C18):

By taking moment about center line of column 81 we get:

So Eccentricity Distance (e) = 1.076 – 1 = 0.076

Working soil stress below base:

( ) ( )

Fig. (7.17) Case 3 (C18 (min) and C19 (max))

Structural Design of Footing:

Design stress computation:
Determine ultimate soil stress below base :
- Case (1) all max :

By taking moment about center line of column 81 we get:

So Eccentricity Distance (e) = 1.0 – 1.0 = 0

144 ...

Therefore position of resultant load at center of the footing, so there is

no moment due eccentricity
Ultimate soil stress below base:

- Case (2) max on (C18)and min on (C19):

By taking moment about center line of column 81 we get:

So Eccentricity Distance (e) = 1.0 – 0.9 = 0.1

Working soil stress below base:

( ) ( )

( ) . /

- Case (3) max on (CB)and min on (CA):

By taking moment about center line of column 81 we get:

So Eccentricity Distance (e) = 1.0842-1 = 0.0842

Working soil stress below base:

( ) ( )

( ) . /
145 ...

Analysis for actions in longitudinal direction :

 The results of analysis:
- Case (1) all max ( ):

The results of analysis are shown in fig. (7.18)

Fig.(7.18) Show load, B.M.D. and S.F.D. for case (1)

- Case (2) max on ( )and min on ( ):

The results of analysis are shown in fig. (7.19)

146 ...

Fig.(7.19) Show load, B.M.D. and S.F.D. for case (2)

- Case (3) max on ( )and min on ( ):

The results of analysis are shown in fig. (7.20)

147 ...

Fig.(7.20) Show load, B.M.D. and S.F.D. for case (3)

 Diagrams of envelope moment and shear for longitudinal

direction:
The envelope bending moment and shear force diagram shown in
Fig. (7.21)

Fig.(7.21) Show envelope B.M.D. and S.F.D. for all case

Design of longitudinal reinforcement :

Clause The critical moment occur at face support
3.11.2.2
And
3.11.3.1 a) For bottom reinforcement (B1):
From analysis moment at face C19 = 439.986*0.5*1.05=230.99 KN.m
(from case 3)
Clause
3.4.4
148 ...

Provide
Table (3.25) 8 16mm
@275 mmc/c

Check for steel reinforcement distribution: Total steel

Clause reinforcement
( ) . is distributed
3.11.3.2 along the
width
( ) ( ) (The distribution of bars is equally).

b) For top reinforcement (T1):

From analysis moment between column A and B = 0 KN.m (from case 1)
Provide
8 16mm
@275mmc/c
Table (3.25)

Analysis for actions in transverse direction :

Ultimate soil stress in this direction is uniform
Hence, Max. Design stress (from load case 3).

 Bending moment
Clause The critical section of moment at face support see fig. (7.22)
3.11.2.2 Design moment per meter width:
( ) ( )

Fig. (7.22) Show the critical section of transverse moment

149 ...

 Shear force:
Design shear per meter width:
( )
( )
( )
Clause ( )
3.4.4

Design of transverse reinforcement :

a) For bottom reinforcement (B1):
From analysis the moment at face column = 72.83 KN.m

Provide
5 14mm
@200mmc/c
Table 3.25

Provide
5 14mm
@200mmc/c
Table 3.25 b) For top reinforcement (T2):
provided nominal reinforcement

Check for Crack:

Clause Max. Spacing = 3*d = 3*426 = 1278 mm or 750 mm. crack is
3.12.11 Actual spacing = 275 mm < max. Spacing. satisfactory

Check for maximum shear at face of column:

Clauses Perimeter of column (u0) =2*200+2*500 = 1400 mm
3.11.3.3
and √
3.7.7.2 Max. shear is
with
acceptable
limit
√

Clauses
3.7.7.4 Maximum shear at face of column is with acceptable limit.

Check for critical vertical shear:

The critical shear will be at distance "d" from the column face and the
critical value of shear about (x-x):
From analysis at column '19' (from case 3)
Shear stress at distance "d" from face of column B:
150 ...

( ) ( ) ( )

( )

( ) ( )
Vertical shear
is satisfied
( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )
Clauses
3.7.71
⁄

Check for punching shear :

The critical section of punching shear at distance "1.5d" from the face of
support.

Perimeter of punching shear zone ,( ) ( )-

, -

Punching shear force = , ( ) *( ) ( )+

* +

( ) )
* + ( ) ( )

Area of reinforcement at zone of Punching:

( )
( )

( ) ) . /
151 ...

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

Punching
shear is
satisfied.

Detail of combined footing:

The arrangement of steel reinforcement of combined footing is shown in
fig. (7.24)
152 ...

Fig. (7.24) Show the detail of combined footing (F13)

-------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------