INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Prepared by: Vincent T. Vasquez, RCE, RMP

 Useful natural logarithmic and logarithmic properties.

• 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑦 • 𝑙𝑛 𝑥𝑦 = ln(𝑥) + ln(𝑦)

𝑥 𝑥
• 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑦 • 𝑙𝑛 = ln 𝑥 − ln(𝑦)
𝑦 𝑦

• 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 1
• ln = −ln(𝑥)
𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
• 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑏 • 𝑙𝑛 1 = 0
𝑎

• 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 1 = 0 • 𝑙𝑛 ∞ = ∞
• 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑏 = 1 • 𝑙𝑛 𝑒 = 1

• 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑏𝑘 = 𝑘 • 𝑙𝑛 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑥
• 𝑒 ln(𝑥) = 𝑥
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 Exponential and Logarithmic

◉ The following formulas for evaluating the integrals of exponential

function:

i. ‫ 𝑢 𝑒 = 𝑢𝑑 𝑢 𝑒 ׬‬+ 𝐶

𝑢 𝑎𝑢
ii. ‫= 𝑢𝑑 𝑎 ׬‬ 𝑙𝑛 𝑎
+ 𝐶, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1

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 Exponential and Logarithmic

Examples:
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 4𝑥,
1. න 𝑒 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢 1
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛, න 𝑒𝑢 = න 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
4 4
1 𝑢
= 𝑒 +𝐶
4

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑢 = 4𝑥, 1 4𝑥
= 𝑒 +𝐶
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 4

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 Exponential and Logarithmic

Examples:
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = −5𝑥 + 1,
2. න 𝑒 −5𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = −5 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢 1
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛, න 𝑒𝑢 = − න 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
−5 5
1 𝑢
=− 𝑒 +𝐶
5

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑢 = −5𝑥 + 1, 1
= − 𝑒 −5𝑥+1 + 𝐶
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 5

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 Exponential and Logarithmic

Examples:
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 3𝑥,
3. න 43𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = 3 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢 1
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛, න 4𝑢 = න 4𝑢 𝑑𝑢
3 3

1 4𝑢
= +𝐶
3 𝑙𝑛 4

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑢 = 3𝑥, 1 43𝑥 43𝑥 43𝑥

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, = +𝐶 = +𝐶 = +𝐶
3 𝑙𝑛 4 𝑙𝑛 43 𝑙𝑛 64

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 Exponential and Logarithmic

Examples:
2𝑥 2 −3
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 2𝑥 2 − 3,
4. න 8 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢 1
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛, න 8𝑢 𝑥 = න 8𝑢 𝑑𝑢
4𝑥 4

1 8𝑢
= +𝐶
4 𝑙𝑛 8

2 2 2
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑢 = 2𝑥 2 − 2, 82𝑥 −3 82𝑥 −3 82𝑥 −3
= +𝐶 = +𝐶 = +𝐶
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 4𝑙𝑛 8 𝑙𝑛 84 𝑙𝑛 4096
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 Exponential and Logarithmic

Examples: 3
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥,
3𝑥 2
5. න 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥 3
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
2
2𝑑𝑢 2
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛, න 𝑒𝑢 = න 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
3 3
2 𝑢
= 𝑒 +𝐶
3

3 2 3𝑥 2 3𝑥
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑢 = 𝑥, = 𝑒2 + 𝐶 = 𝑒 +𝐶
2 3 3
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒,
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