Question Bank Chapter 13 Tangents, Normals and Rates of Change

Chapter 13
Tangents, Normals and Rates of Change
Question Bank

Basic

1 Find the equation of the tangent to each curve at the given point.
(a) y = x2 + 2 x + 1 at (1, 4)
(b) xy = 20 at (2, 10)

2 Find the equation of the normal to each curve at the given point.
(a) y = x3 + 4x2 + 4x + 1, point where x = 1
1
(b) y = 8 – , point where y = 7 and x > 0
x2
2- x 1
3 A curve has equation y = for x ≠ – . The curve intersects the y-axis at the point P.
4x + 1 4
(i) Find the equation of the tangent at P.
(ii) Find the equation of the normal at P.

4 For each function, find the range of values of x for which y is an increasing function.
(a) y = x2 – x + 1,
(b) y = 7x3 + x2 – 3x + 4

5
5 Given that y = 7x3 + x2 – 6x + 8, find the range of values of x for which y is a decreasing function.
2

6 Show that y = 4x2 + 2 is increasing for x > 0.

7 Show that f(x) = 5x – x7 is decreasing for x > 1.

8 The number of computers manufactured, C, is C = x(x + 5)2, where x is the number of workers.
Find the rate of change of C with respect to x when x = 10.

9 A metal cube expands uniformly in a heater. Its volume, V cm3, increases with time, t minutes, such
1
that V = t + t + 8. Find the rate of change of V with respect to t when t = 4.
10

10 The volume of an object, V cm3, varies with time, t seconds. The two quantities are related by the
equation V = t2 + 4t + 10.
(i) Find the rate of change of volume of the object after 10 seconds.
(ii) Find the value of t when the rate of change in volume of the object is 10 cm3 per second.

(x - 5)2
11 A curve has the equation y = + 3.
x
dy
(i) Find .
dx
2
(ii) Find the rate of change of y when x = 4, given that x is decreasing at a constant rate of units per
3
second.

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Question Bank Chapter 13 Tangents, Normals and Rates of Change

Intermediate

q
12 The line y = 4x + 1 is a tangent to the curve y = px2 + for x ≠ 0 at point (1, 5), where p and q are
x
constants. Find the value of p and of q.

1
13 The equation of the tangent to the curve y = at point D is perpendicular to the line 16y – x = 7.
(x - 2)2
Find the coordinates of D.

1
14 The gradient of the normal to the curve y = –x3 + 2x2 – 5x + 5 at the point M is . Given that point
4
7
N(4, ) is another point on the normal at M, find the coordinates of M.
4

15 The normal to the curve y = 3x2 – 2kx + 2 at x = 1 is parallel to the line 2y + x = 2.

(i) Find the value of k.
(ii) Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point where the normal meets the curve again.

16 The curve y = ax2 + bx – 4, where a and b are constants and a ≠ 0, intersects the x-axis at two points, P
and Q. The coordinates of Q are (4, 0).
1
(i) Given that the gradient of the normal to the curve at Q is – , find the value of a and of b.
9
(ii) Find the coordinates of P.
(iii) Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at P.

3
17 A curve has the equation y = k + for x ≠ 0 and a real constant k > 8. P is a point on the curve and its
x
x-coordinate is 3. The normal to the curve at P cuts the x-axis and y-axis at Q and R respectively.
PQ k + 1
Show that = .
QR k - 8

2
18 A function is defined by y = . Show that y is decreasing for x > 0.
4x 2 + 3

1 a
19 A function is defined by y = – for x ≠ 0, where a is a constant. Show that y is increasing
x 2 x3
3a
for x < .
2

20 Given f(x) = 2x2 + 3x + m and g(x) = x2 – 4x + 7 – 2n, where m and n are constants, find the range of
values of x for which
(i) f(x) and g(x) are both increasing,
(ii) f(x) and g(x) are both decreasing.

21 A curve has the equation y = (x + 2)2. A point (x, y) moves along the curve with the value of the
x-coordinate increasing at a constant rate of 0.5 units per second. Given that x < 0, find the rate at which
the y-coordinate of the point varies when y = 9.

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Question Bank Chapter 13 Tangents, Normals and Rates of Change

2h 3
22 The volume of water, V cm3, in a leaking container is V = (8 + ) , where h is the height of the water.
3
Given that the height of water, at time t seconds, is h = 12 – 0.5t, find the rate of change of the volume
of water when t = 6.

23 The kinetic energy, E Joules, of a constant mass, m kg, moving at a velocity, v metres per second, is
1
E = mv2. Given that the mass is 25 kg and the rate of change of velocity is –5 m/s2, find the rate of
2
change of the kinetic energy of the mass when the velocity is –12 m/s.

24 A stone was dropped from the top of a building. The height, h metres, of the stone above the ground
is given by h = 150 – 5t2, where t seconds is the time after the stone was dropped.
(i) Find the height of the building.
(ii) Find the time when the stone hits the ground.
(iii) Find the rate of change of height of the stone when t = 5.

25 A crack was discovered on the wing of an aeroplane before a flight and the aeroplane engineers
developed a mathematical model to relate the length of the crack, s millimetres, to the number of
1
days, t, the plane is flying. The equation of the model is s = (2t2 + 15t + 25). The flight is considered
5
unsafe if either the length of the crack exceeds 30 mm or the rate of change of the length of the crack
exceeds 8 mm per day during a flight.
(i) Find the initial length of the crack.
(ii) Find the maximum number of days the plane is allowed to fly before the plane is declared unsafe.

26 The radius, r1 centimetres, of a red spherical balloon at time t seconds is given by r1 = 2t2 + 3.
The radius, r2 centimetres, of a blue spherical balloon at time t seconds is given by r2 = t + 4.
dr1 dr
(i) Find the value of and of 2 when t = 4. Which balloon is expanding at a faster rate at this
dt dt
instant?
dr1 dr2
(ii) Find the total volume of the two balloons at the time when = . Give your answer to the
dt dt
nearest cm3.

27 y

y = – x2 + 7x

M(x, y)

x
O N(x, 0)

1
The diagram shows the curve y = – x2 + 7x. The point N(x, 0) is a variable point on the x-axis and
2
M(x, y) is a point on the curve such that MN is parallel to the y-axis.
(i) Express the area, A, of the shaded triangle in terms of x.
(ii) If x increases at a constant rate of 2 units per second, find the rate of change of A when
(a) x = 4,
(b) x = 10.
For each value of x, explain why A is increasing or decreasing.

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Question Bank Chapter 13 Tangents, Normals and Rates of Change

Advanced

28 The braking distance, s kilometres, of a car moving at the speed, v kilometres per hour, can be modelled
v2
by the equation s = , where f is the coefficient of friction between the tyres and the road
20( f + 9.8)
surface. The value of the coefficient of friction is higher when the road surface is rougher.
(i) Given that f = 0.2, find
ds
(a) the value of s and of when v = 70,
dv
(b) the average rate of change of s with respect to v when v is increased from 70 to 80.
ds
(ii) Given that f = 0.4, find the value of s and of when v = 70.
dv
(iii) In order to prevent accidents, the braking distance of a moving car should be as small as possible.
Using the results in parts (i)(a) and (ii), explain whether it is safer to drive on a smoother or a
rougher road surface.

29 A researcher did an analysis of the number of spectators, n, attending a football match in a stadium,
t minutes after the gates were opened for the spectators.
t3
He modelled two functions, n = + t2 for 0 ≤ t ≤ 90 and n = 11t + 14400 for t > 90, to estimate the
100
number of spectators in the stadium. If the gates were opened at 6 p.m., find and estimate to the nearest
whole number where necessary,
(i) the number of spectators at
(a) 7 p.m.
(b) 8 p.m.
(ii) the instantaneous rate of change of the number of spectators at
(a) 7.15 p.m.
(b) 7.45 p.m.
(iii) the average rate of change of the number of spectators between 7.25 p.m. and 7.35 p.m..

30 pole

 movable lamp

x
P O
y

The diagram shows a pole, fixed at O, and a movable lamp, which can slide vertically on the pole by an
electrical controller. A man walks along the path OP, and the distance of the man and the top of his
shadow from point O are denoted by x metres and y metres respectively.
(i) Given that the man walks away from the pole at a constant speed of 1.2 metres per second and the
lamp is programmed to move downwards such that y = 2x2, find the rate of change the length of his
shadow when he is 1 metre away from the pole.
(ii) Hence, given that the height of the man is 1.5 metres, find the rate of change of the height of the
lamp above point O when he is 1 metre away from the pole.

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Question Bank Chapter 13 Tangents, Normals and Rates of Change

Chapter 13
Tangents, Normals and Rates of Change
Worked Solutions for Question Bank

1 (a) y = x2 + 2 x + 1
dy 1 -1
= 2x + 2( ) x 2
dx 2
1
= 2x +
x
dy 1
At (1, 4), = 2(1) +
dx 1
=3
The equation of the tangent to the curve at (1, 4) is
y – 4 = 3(x – 1)
y = 3x + 1

(b) xy = 20
20
y=
x
dy 20
=– 2
dx x
dy 20
At (2, 10), =– 2
dx 2
= –5
The equation of the tangent to the curve at (2, 10) is
y – 10 = –5(x – 2)
y = –5x + 20

2 (a) y = x3 + 4x2 + 4x + 1
dy
= 3x2 + 8x + 4
dx
When x = 1,
y = (1)3 + 4(1)2 + 4(1) + 1
= 10
dy
= 3(1)2 + 8(1) + 4
dx
= 15
1
The gradient of the normal to the curve at x = 1 is – .
15
The equation of the normal to the curve at x = 1 is
1
y – 10 = –(x – 1)
15
1 151
y=– x+
15 15

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Question Bank Chapter 13 Tangents, Normals and Rates of Change

1
(b) y = 8 –
x2
dy 2
=
dx x 3
1
When y = 7, 7 = 8 –
x2
1
=1
x2
x = ±1
Since x > 0, x = 1
dy 2
When x = 1, = =2
dx 13
1
The gradient of the normal to the curve at (1, 7) is – .
2
The equation of the normal to the curve at (1, 7) is
1
y – 7 = – (x – 1)
2
1 15
y=– x+
2 2

2- x 1
3 (i) y = ,x≠– .
4x + 1 4
At P, x = 0
2-0
y= =2
4(0) + 1
Hence the coordinates of P are (0, 2).
2- x
y=
4x + 1
1 1
1 -
dy (4x +1) 2 (-1) - (2 - x)( )(4x +1) 2 (4)
= 2
dx (4x + 1)
1
-
(4x +1) 2 [-(4x +1) - 2(2 - x)]
=
4x + 1
-2x - 5
=
(4x + 1)3
dy -2(0) - 5
At P(0, 2), = = –5
dx (4(0) + 1)3
The equation of the tangent to the curve at P is
y – 2 = –5(x - 0)
y = –5x + 2

1
(ii) The gradient of the normal to the curve at P is .
5
The equation of the normal to the curve at P is
1
y – 2 = (x - 0)
5
1
y= x+2
5

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Question Bank Chapter 13 Tangents, Normals and Rates of Change

4 (a) y = x2 – x + 1
dy
= 2x – 1
dx
dy
For y to be increasing, > 0.
dx
2x – 1 > 0
1
x>
2
1
Hence y is increasing for x > .
2

(b) y = 7x3 + x2 – 3x + 4
dy
= 21x2 + 2x – 3
dx
dy
For y to be increasing, > 0.
dx
21x2 + 2x – 3 > 0
(7x + 3)(3x – 1) > 0
3 1
x<– or x >
7 3
3 1
Hence y is increasing for x < – or x > .
7 3

5
5 y = 7x3 + x2 – 6x + 8
2
dy
= 21x2 + 5x – 6
dx
dy
For y to be decreasing, < 0.
dx
21x2 + 5x – 6 < 0
(7x – 3)(3x + 2) < 0
2 3
– <x<
3 7
2 3
Hence y is decreasing for – < x < .
3 7

6 y = 4x2 + 2
dy
= 8x
dx
dy
For x > 0, = 8x > 0
dx
Hence y is increasing for x > 0.

7 f(x) = 5x – x7
f '(x) = 5 – 7x6
For x >1, x6 > 1
–7x6 < –7
5 – 7x6 < 5 – 7
5 – 7x6 < –2
f '(x) = 5 – 7x < –2  f’(x) < 0
6

Hence f(x) is decreasing for x > 1.

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Question Bank Chapter 13 Tangents, Normals and Rates of Change

8 C = x(x + 5)2
dC
= (x + 5)2 + 2x(x + 5)
dx
= (x + 5)(3x + 5)
dC
When x = 10, = (10 + 5)[3(10) + 5] = 525
dx
7
The rate of change of C is computers/worker.
20

1
9 V= t+ t+ 8
10
dV 1 1
= +
dt 2 t 10
dV 1 1 7
When t = 4, = + =
dt 2 4 10 20
7
The rate of change of V is cm3/s.
20

10 (i) V = t2 + 4t + 10
dV
= 2t + 4
dt
dV
When t = 10, = 2(10) + 4 = 24
dt
The rate of change of volume is 24 cm3/s.

dV
(ii) When = 10, 2t + 4 = 10
dt
t=3

(x - 5)2
11 (i) y = +3
x
x 2 - 10x + 25
= +3
x
= x – 7 + 25x–1
dy 25
=1– 2
dx x

dy 25 9
(ii) When x = 4, =1– 2=–
dx (4) 16
2 dx 2
Since x decreases at a constant rate of units/s, =– .
3 dt 3
dy dy dx
= 
dt dx dt
9 2
= – (– )
16 3
3
=
8
3
The rate of change of y is units/s.
8

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Question Bank Chapter 13 Tangents, Normals and Rates of Change

q
12 y = px2 +
x
dy q
= 2px – 2
dx x
At (1, 5),
q
5 = p(1)2 +
1
5=p+q
p=5–q (1)
Since y = 4x + 1 is a tangent to the curve at (1, 5), the gradient of the curve at (1, 5) is 4.
dy q
= 2p(1) – 2
dx 1
4 = 2p – q (2)
Substitute (1) into (2).
4 = 2(5 – q) – q
4 = 10 – 3q
q=2
Substitute q = 2 into (1).
p=5–2=3
Hence p = 3, q = 2.

1
13 y =
(x - 2)2
dy 2
=–
dx (x - 2)3
16y – x = 7
1 7
y= x+
16 16
1 7
Since the tangent is perpendicular to the line y = x + , the gradient of the tangent to the curve at
16 16
point D is –16.
dy
= –16
dx
2
– = –16
(x - 2)3
1
(x – 2)3 =
8
1
x–2=
2
5
x=
2
5 1
When x = , y = =4
2 5
( - 2) 2
2
Hence the coordinates of D are (2.5, 4).

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Question Bank Chapter 13 Tangents, Normals and Rates of Change

14 y = –x3 + 2x2 – 5x + 5
dy
= –3x2 + 4x – 5
dx
1
Since the gradient of the normal to the curve is , the gradient of the tangent to the curve is –4.
4
dy
When = –4,
dx
–3x2 + 4x – 5 = –4
3x2 – 4x + 1 = 0
(3x – 1)(x – 1) = 0
1
x= or x = 1
3
1
When x = ,
3
1 1 1
y = –( )3 + 2( )2 – 5( ) + 5
3 3 3
95
=
27
1 95
The equation of the normal to the curve at ( , ) is
3 27
95 1 1
y– = (x – )
27 4 3
1 371
y= x+
4 108
When x = 1,
y = –(1)3 + 2(1)2 – 5(1) + 5 = 1
The equation of the normal at (1, 1) is
1
y – 1 = (x – 1)
4
1 3
y= x+
4 4
7 1 371
Substitute (4, ) into y = x + .
4 4 108
1 371 479 7
y = (4) + = ≠
4 108 108 4
7 1 371 1 371
Since N(4, ) does not lie on y = x + ,y= x+ is rejected.
4 4 108 4 108
7 1 3
Substitute (4, ) into y = x + .
4 4 4
1 3 7
y = (4) + =
4 4 4
1 3
Hence the equation of the normal at M is y = x + .
4 4
Hence the coordinates of M are (1, 1).

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Question Bank Chapter 13 Tangents, Normals and Rates of Change

15 (i) y = 3x2 – 2kx + 2

dy
= 6x – 2k
dx
1
2y = –x + 2  y = – x + 1
2
1
Since the gradient of the normal to the curve is – , the gradient of the tangent to the curve at the
2
point is 2.
dy
When x = 1 and = 2,
dx
2 = 6(1) – 2k
k=2

(ii) The equation of the curve is y = 3x2 – 2(2)x + 2 = 3x2 – 4x + 2

When x = 1, y = 3(1)2 – 4(1) + 2 = 1
At (1, 1), the equation of the normal to the curve is
1
y – 1 = – (x – 1)
2
1
3
y=– x+
2
2
1 3
Equating y = – x + and y = 3x2 – 4x + 2,
2 2
1 3
– x + = 3x2 – 4x + 2
2 2
6x2 – 7x + 1 = 0
(6x – 1)(x – 1) = 0
1
x= or x = 1
6
1
Hence the normal meets the curve again at x = .
6
1 1 1 17
When x = , y = 3( )2 – 4( ) + 2 =
6 6 6 12
1 17 dy 1
At ( , ), = 6( ) – 4 = –3
6 12 dx 6
1
The equation of the tangent to the curve at x = is
6
17 1
y– = –3x +
12 2
23
y = –3x +
12

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Question Bank Chapter 13 Tangents, Normals and Rates of Change

16 (i) y = ax2 + bx – 4
dy
= 2ax + b
dx
At Q(4, 0),
0 = a(4)2 + b(4) – 4
4b = 4 – 16a
b = 1 – 4a (1)
1
At (4, 0), the gradient of the normal to the curve is – . Hence the gradient of the tangent to the
9
curve is 9.
dy
=9
dx
2a(4) + b = 9
8a + b = 9 (2)
Substitute (1) into (2).
8a + 1 – 4a = 9
4a = 8
a=2
Substitute a = 2 into (1).
b = 1 – 4(2) = –7
Hence a = 2 and b = –7.

(ii) y = 2x2 – 7x – 4
= (2x + 1)(x – 4)
When y = 0,
(2x + 1)(x – 4) = 0
1
x=– or x=4
2
1
Hence the coordinates of P are (– , 0).
2

1 dy 1
(iii) When x = – , = 4(– ) – 7 = –9
2 dx 2
The equation of the tangent to the curve at P is
1
y - 0 = –9[x – (– )]
2
9
y = –9x –
2

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Question Bank Chapter 13 Tangents, Normals and Rates of Change

3
17 y = k +
x
dy 3
=– 2
dx x
When x = 3,
3
y=k+ =k+1
3
Hence the coordinates of P are (3, k +1).
At P(3, k + 1),
dy 3 1
=– 2=–
dx 3 3
The gradient of the normal to the curve at P is 3.
The equation of the normal to the curve at P is
y – (k + 1) = 3(x – 3)
y = 3x + k – 8
When y = 0,
3x + k – 8 = 0
3x = 8 – k
8- k
x=
3
When x = 0,
y = 3(0) + k – 8
=k–8
8- k
Hence the coordinates of Q and R are ( , 0) and (0, k – 8) respectively.
3
8- k 2
PQ = (3 - ) + [(k + 1) - 0]2
3
(k + 1)2
= + (k +1)2
9
10
= (k + 1)
3
8- k 2
QR = (0 - ) + [(k - 8) - 0]2
3
(k - 8)2
= + (k - 8)2
9
10
= (k – 8)
3
For k > 8,
10
PQ (k + 1)
= 3
QR 10
(k - 8)
3
k +1
=
k -8

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Question Bank Chapter 13 Tangents, Normals and Rates of Change

2
18 y = 2
= 2(4x2 + 3)-1
4x + 3
dy
= 2(–1)(4x2 + 3)-2(8x)
dx
16x
=–
(4x 2 + 3)2
When x > 0, –16x < 0
Since (4x2 + 3)2 > 0,
dy 16x
=– <0
dx (4x 2 + 3)2
Hence y is decreasing for x > 0.

1 a
19 y = –
x2 x3
dy 2 3a
= – 3+ 4
dx x x
dy
For y to be increasing, >0
dx
2 3a
– 3
+ >0
x x4
–2x + 3a > 0
–2x > –3a
3a
x<
2
3a
Hence y is increasing for x < .
2

20 f(x) = 2x2 + 3x + m
f '(x) = 4x + 3
g(x) = x2 – 4x + 7 – 2n
g '(x) = 2x – 4
(i) f(x) is increasing when f '(x) > 0  4x + 3 > 0
3
x>–
4
g(x) is increasing when g'(x) > 0  2x – 4 > 0
x>2
Hence both f(x) and g(x) are increasing when x > 2.

(ii) f(x) is decreasing when f '(x) < 0  4x + 3 < 0

3
x<–
4
g(x) is decreasing when g '(x) < 0  2x – 4 < 0
x<2
3
Hence both f(x) and g(x) are decreasing when x < – .
4

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Question Bank Chapter 13 Tangents, Normals and Rates of Change

21 y = (x + 2)2
dy
= 2(x + 2)(1) = 2x + 4
dx
When y = 9,
9 = (x + 2)2
x+2=3 or x + 2 = –3
x=1 or x = –5
Since x < 0, x = –5.
dy
= 2(–5) + 4 = –6
dx
dx
Given = 0.5,
dt
dy dy dx
= 
dt dx dt
= –6(0.5)
= –3
Hence the y-coordinate of the point decreases at a rate of 3 units/s when x < 0 and y = 9.

2h 3
22 V = (8 + )
3
dV 2h 2
= 3 (8 + )2 ( )
dh 3 3
2h 2
= 2 (8 + )
3
When t = 6,
h = 12 – 0.5(6) = 9
When h =9,
dV 2(9) 2
= 2[8 + ] = 392
dh 3
h = 12 – 0.5t
dh
= –0.5
dt
dV dV dh
= 
dt dh dt
= 392(–0.5)
= –196
Hence the rate of change of volume of water when t = 6 is -196 cm3/s.

1
23 E = mv2
2
dE
= mv
dv
dv
Given m = 25, v = –12 and = –5,
dt
dE dE dv
= 
dt dv dt
dv
= mv 
dt
= (25)(–12)(–5)
= 1500
The rate of change of the kinetic energy of the mass is 1500 Joules/s.

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Question Bank Chapter 13 Tangents, Normals and Rates of Change

24 (i) h = 150 - 5t2

When t = 0,
h = 150 – 5(0)2 = 150
Hence the height of the building is 150 m.

(ii) When the stone hits the ground, h = 0.

0 = 150 – 5t2
5t2 = 150
t2 = 30
t = ± 30
Since t > 0, t = 30  5.48
The stone hits the ground 5.48 s after it was dropped.

(iii) h = 150 – 5t2

dh
= – 10t
dt
When t = 5,
dh
= –10(5) = –50
dt
The rate of change of height of the stone when t = 5 is –50 m/s.

1
25 (i) s = (2t2 + 15t + 25)
5
1
When t = 0, s = [2(0)2 + 15(0) + 25] = 5
5
The initial length of the crack is 5 mm.

(ii) When s = 30,

1 2
(2t + 15t + 25) = 30
5
2t2 + 15t – 125 = 0
(2t + 25)(t – 5) = 0
25
t=– (rejected since t > 0) or t = 5
2
Hence it takes 5 days of flying for the crack to be 30 mm.
ds 1
= (4t + 15)
dt 5
ds
When = 8,
dt
1
8 = (4t + 15)
5
1
t=6
4
Hence it takes 6.25 days of flying for the rate of change of length of crack to be 8 mm/day.
To satisfy both conditions, the maximum number of days the plane is allowed to fly is 5 days.

© 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd B13-16

Question Bank Chapter 13 Tangents, Normals and Rates of Change

26 (i) r1 = 2t2 + 3
dr1
= 4t
dt
dr1
When t = 4, = 4(4) = 16
dt
r2 = t – 4
dr2 1
=
dt 2 t
dr2 1 1
When t = 4, = =
dt 2 4 4
Hence the red balloon is expanding at a faster rate when t = 4.

dr1 dr2
(iii) When = ,
dt dt
1
4t =
2 t
1
16t2 =
4t
64t3 = 1
1
t3 =
64
1
t=
4
1
When t = ,
4
1 25
r1 = 2( )2 + 3 =
4 8
1 9
r2 = –4=
4 2
Total volume of the two balloons
4 25 3 4 9
= ( ) +  ( )3
3 8 3 2
 510 cm3

1
27 (i) A =  ON  MN
2
1
= xy
2
1 1
= x(– x2 + 7x)
2 2
1 3 7 2
=– x + x
4 2
1
= (14x2 – x3)
4

© 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd B13-17

Question Bank Chapter 13 Tangents, Normals and Rates of Change

1
(ii) (a) A = (14x2 – x3)
4
dA 1
= (28x – 3x2)
dx 4
When x = 4,
dA 1
= [28(4) – 3(4)2] = 16
dx 4
dx
Given = 2,
dt
dA dA dx
= 
dt dx dt
= 16(2)
= 32
dA
Since > 0, A is increasing at a rate of 32 units2/s when x = 4.
dt

(b) When x = 10,

dA 1
= [28(10) – 3(10)2] = –5
dx 4
dx
Given = 2,
dt
dA dA dx
= 
dt dx dt
= –5(2)
= –10
dA
Since < 0, A is decreasing at a rate of 10 units2/s when x = 10.
dt

v2
28 (i) (a) s =
20( f + 9.8)
Given f = 0.2,
v2 v2
s= =
20(0.2 + 9.8) 200
ds v
=
dv 100
When v = 70,
702
s= = 24.5
200
ds 70
= = 0.7
dv 100

(b) When v = 80,

802
s= = 32
200
32 - 24.5
Average rate of change of s with respect to v = = 0.75 h
80 - 70

© 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd B13-18

Question Bank Chapter 13 Tangents, Normals and Rates of Change

(ii) Given f = 0.4,

v2 v2
s= =
20(0.4 + 9.8) 204
ds v
=
dv 102
When v = 70,
702
s=  24.0
204
ds 70
=  0.686
dv 102

ds
(iii) When f = 0.2, s = 24.5, = 0.7
dv

ds
When f = 0.4, s = 24.0,  0.686
dv
For v = 70, the braking distance when f = 0.4 is smaller than the braking distance when f = 0.2.
The rate of increase of s with respect to v is also smaller when f = 0.4.
Hence it is safer to drive on a rougher road surface.

29 (i) (a) At 7 p.m., t = 60 min.

For 0 ≤ t ≤ 90,
603
n= + 602 = 5760
100
At 7 p.m., the number of spectators in the stadium was 5760.
(b) At 8 p.m., t = 120 min.
For t > 90,
n = 11(120) + 14400 = 15 720
At 8 p.m., the number of spectators in the stadium was 15 720.

(ii) (a) At 7.15 p.m., t = 75 min.

For 0 ≤ t ≤ 90,
t3
n= + t2
100
dn 3t 2
= + 2t
dt 100
When t = 75,
dn 3(75)2
= + 2t
dt 100
= 318.75
 319
The rate of change of the number of spectators at 7.15 p.m. was about 319 spectators/min.

(b) At 7.45 p.m., t = 105 min.

For t > 90,
n = 11t + 14400
dn
= 11
dt
The rate of change of the number of spectators at 7.45 p.m. was 11 spectators/min.

© 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd B13-19

Question Bank Chapter 13 Tangents, Normals and Rates of Change

(iii) At 7.25 p.m., t = 85 min.

For 0 ≤ t ≤ 90,
853
n= + 852 = 13 366.25
100
At 7.35 p.m., t = 95 min
For t > 90,
n = 11(95) + 14 400 = 15 445
15 445 - 13 366.25
Average rate of change of the number of spectators =
95 - 85
= 207.875
 208
The average rate of change of the number of spectators between 7.25 p.m. and 7.35 p.m. was 208
spectators/min.

30 (i) Let the length of the shadow be L metres.

Given y = 2x2,
L=y–x
= 2x2 – x
dL
= 4x – 1
dx
When x = 1,
dL
= 4(1) – 1 = 3
dx
dx
Given = 1.2,
dt
dL dL dx
= 
dt dx dt
= 3(1.2)
= 3.6
The rate of change of the length of his shadow is 3.6 m/s when he is 1 m away from the pole.

(ii) Let the height of the movable lamp from point O be h metres.
By similar triangles,
h y
=
1.5 L
h 1.5 h
2
= 2
2x 2x - x 1.5
3x
h= O
2x - 1
L
dh (2x - 1)(3) - 3x(2) -3
= =
dx (2x - 1) 2
(2x - 1)2 y
When x = 1,
dh 3
=– = –3
dx [2(1) - 1]2
dx
Given = 1.2,
dt
dh dh dx
= 
dt dx dt
= –3(1.2)
= –3.6
The rate of change of the height of the lamp is -3.6 m/s when he is 1 m away from the pole.
The height of the lamp is decreasing.

© 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd B13-20