RC II For Exit Exam2x1

HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY
HARAMAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Reinforced Concrete Structures II
By:
Mekuria M & Teshome Ch.
Objectives/Contents
✓ Design of column
✓ Design the flat slab
✓ Develop the collapse mechanisms for beam and frame
✓ Design the slab by yield line method
2
Design of column
Introduction
➢A column is a vertical structural member supporting
axial compressive loads, with or without moments.
➢EC2 clause 5.3.1 (7) defines A column is a member for

which the section depth does not exceed 4 times its width
and the height is at least 3 times the section depth.
Otherwise it should be considered as a wall
➢The more general terms compression members and
members subjected to combined axial loads and
bending are used to refer to columns, walls, and
members in concrete trusses and frames.
Reinforced Concrete Structures II 3
Design of column
Introduction
➢Stability effects must be considered in the design of compression members.
Classification
Geometry Rectangular, Square, Circular, L-shaped, T-shaped
Composition Composite Columns, In-filled Columns
Lateral Reinforcement Tied Columns, Spiral Columns
Sensitivity to Second Order Effect Braced Columns, Un-braced Columns
Degree of Slenderness Sway Columns and Non-sway Columns
Basis of Loading Short Column, Slender Column
Lateral Stability Axially Loaded Column, Columns Under Uni-axial

Bending, Columns Under Biaxial Bending

Design of column
Tied and Spiral Columns
The main role of transverse reinforcement in reinforced concrete

columns is not to transfer the shear stress as it is mainly in the
beams, but it is prevention buckling of longitudinal bars and
transfer of tensile stresses, that arise in the orthogonal direction to
Tied the direction of compressive force action in the column. Spiral
➢ Most of the columns in buildings in ➢ When high strength and/or ductility are
non-seismic regions are tied columns. required, the bars are placed in a circle, and the
➢ Normal ties have little effect on the ties are replaced by a bar bent into a helix or a
strength of the core in a tied column spiral, with a pitch from 35 to 85 mm [spiral
➢ Act to reduce the unsupported length of column]
the longitudinal bars, thus reducing the ➢ The spiral acts to restrain the lateral expansion
danger of buckling of those bars as the of the column core under axial loads causing
bar stresses approach yield crushing and, in doing so, delays the failure of
the core, making the column more ductile
Design of column
Tied and Spiral Columns
Tied
Spiral

Design of column
Sway Frames vs. Non-sway Frames
✓A frame can be “non-sway” if the P-∆ moments due to lateral deflections are
small compared with the first order moments due to lateral loads [if horizontal
displacements do not significantly reduce the vertical load carrying capacity of
the structure].
✓In sway frames, it is not possible to consider columns independently as all
columns in that frame deflect laterally by the same amount
Design of column
Slender Columns vs. Short Columns
➢Short columns are columns for which the strength is governed by the strength of
the materials and the geometry of the cross section
➢In short columns, second-order effects are negligible
➢When the axial load carrying capacity is significantly reduced by moments
resulting from lateral deflections of the column, is referred to as a slender
column or sometimes as a long column.
➢When slenderness effects cannot be neglected, the design of compression
members, restraining beams and other supporting members shall be based on
the factored forces and moments from a second-order analysis

Design of column
Strength of Columns
Axially Loaded
➢When a symmetrical column is subjected to a
concentric axial load, P, longitudinal strains ε, develop
uniformly across the section
➢The strains in the concrete & steel are equal (strain
compatibility)[perfect bond assumed]
➢Failure occurs when Po reaches a maximum
Po = f cd ( Ag – As ,tot ) + f yd As ,tot → In compression

Po = − f yd As ,tot → In tension
Design of column
Strength of Columns
Axial Load & Uniaxial Bending
➢Moments on columns occur due to the eccentricity
which is the result of
✓misalignment of the load on the column
✓unbalanced moments at the ends of the beams
supported by the columns
= *
➢The load P and moment M are calculated w.r.t.
the geometric centroidal axis

Design of column
Interaction Diagrams/ M-N Relationship - Uniaxial
➢ The presence of bending in axially
loaded members can reduce the
axial load capacity of the member.
➢For an idealized homogeneous and
elastic column with a compressive
strength, fcu, equal to its tensile
strength, ftu, failure would occur in
compression when the maximum
stresses reached fcu, as given by:
P M y P
+
M y
=1
+ = f cu f  A f  I
A I cu cu
Substituting Pmax and Mmax gives: 1 = P + M

Pmax M max
Reinforced Concrete Structures II This equation is known as an interaction equation 11
Design of column
Interaction diagram
➢Points on the lines plotted in this figure
represent combinations of P and M
corresponding to the resistance of the section.
➢A point inside the diagram, such as E,
represents a combination of P and M that will
not cause failure. =
➢Combinations of P and M falling on the line or
outside the line, such as point F, will equal or
exceed the resistance of the section and hence
will cause failure
Reinforced Concrete Structures II =0 12

Design of column
Interaction Diagrams for Reinforced Concrete Columns
▪ Since reinforced concrete is not elastic and has a

tensile strength that is lower than its compressive
strength, the general shape of the diagram
resembles
▪ Interaction diagrams for columns are generally
computed by assuming a series of strain
distributions, each corresponding to a particular
point on the interaction diagram, and computing
the corresponding values of P and M
Design of column
Uniform compression
[largest axial load the column can support]
Onset of cracking
[the onset of cracking of the least
compressed side of the column]
Axial load resistance
Compression-Controlled
Failures
Balanced
failure
Tension-Controlled
Failures
Moment resistance
gy yTension
30, failure
Jul 2017
Pure bending
Design of column
Design using interaction charts
✓Assume a cross section, d’ and evaluate d’/h to choose appropriate chart.

✓Compute:
✓Normal force ratio: = / ℎ
✓Moment ratios: = / ℎ2
✓Enter the chart and pick ω (the mechanical steel ratio), if the coordinate (ν, μ) lies
within the families of curves. If the coordinate (ν, μ) lies outside the chart, the cross
section is small and a new trail need to be made.
✓Compute = ·( ·ℎ· )/
✓Check Astot satisfies the maximum and minimum provisions
✓Determine the distribution of bars in accordance with the charts requirement
Design of column
Interaction Diagrams/ M-N Relationship - Biaxially Loaded Columns
My Mx
ex = and ey =
P P
Design of column
The calculation of each point on such a surface involves a double iteration:
✓The strain gradient across the section is varied, and
✓The angle of the neutral axis is varied.
Widely used simple approximate methods:
✓Load contour method: It is an approximation on load versus moment interaction
surface n n M dx = Pd  e y and M dy = Pd  ex
 M dx   M dy 
  +   =1  = 0.667 + 1.667  Pda 
and 1.15    2
 M dx 0   M dy 0  n  P  n
 d0 
✓Reciprocal method/Bresler’s equation: It is an approximation of bowl shaped failure
surface by reciprocal load interaction equation
1 1 1 1
= + −
Pdx Pdx 0 Pdy 0 Pd 0
Design of column
Interaction charts prepared for biaxial bending can be used
for actual design.
The procedure involves:
➢Select cross section dimensions h and b and also h’ and b’
➢ Calculate h’/h and b’/b and select suitable chart
Nu
Normal force ratio: v =
➢ Compute f cd bh
Mh Mb
Moment ratios: h = and b =
f cd Ac h f cd Ac b
➢Select a suitable chart that satisfy these requirements and find
 Ac f cd
➢Compute Atot =
f yd
➢ Check whether satisfies the maximum and
minimum provisions

Design of column
Slender Columns
➢A slender column is defined as a column that has a significant reduction in its axial-load
capacity due to moments resulting from lateral deflections of the column
M e = Pe
M B = Pe + P
x 
v( x) =  sin  
 L 
Design of column
Buckling of Axially Loaded Elastic Columns
➢For the case of thinner section, when the load reaches a certain
value the column begins to bend about the weaker axis and
deflect sideways. The column is said to have buckled.
➢If the load is applied through the centroid of the column
section and aligned with the longitudinal axis, and if the
column is perfectly straight and fully elastic, in other words an
ideal column, then buckling will not occur
➢For an ideal column there is a critical load, Ncr (now called the
Euler load) when the column is in a state of neutral
equilibrium. When the load is less the column is stable, and
when the load is more the column is unstable

Design of column
Effective Length
Design of column
Slenderness Ratio
➢The slenderness ratio, λ is defined in the Code as the ratio of the effective
length to the radius of gyration
Where,
Limits of slenderness lim = 20ABC

n

Design of column
Detailing Rules for Columns According to ES EN1992-1:201
Design of column

Design of column
Design the flat slab
➢A reinforced concrete slab supported directly by concrete column without the use of
intermediate beams.

Benefits of using flat slab Disadvantages of flat slabs

✓Flexibility in room layout ✓Generally, thicker slab is required
✓Saving in building height ✓High punching shear surrounding the
✓Shorter construction time column head, require heavy
✓Ease of installation of M&E services reinforcement if drop panel is not
provided.
✓Allows Architect to introduce partition walls
anywhere required ✓Lack of resistance to lateral loads due
to wind and earthquake.
✓Reduce foundation loads
✓Lateral load resisting system such as
Benefits drop panels shear walls are often necessary
✓Increase shear strength of slab
✓Increase negative moment capacity of slab
✓Stiffen the slab and hence reduce deflection
General notes!
✓Flat slabs design is appropriate for most floor situations and is also suitable for
irregular column layouts, curved floor shapes, ramps, etc
✓For a regular layout of columns, failure can occur by the formation of hinge
lines along the lines of maximum hogging and sagging moments
✓The magnitude of the hogging moments locally to the column face can be
several times that of the sagging moments in the mid-span zones.
✓Redistribution allows a more uniform spread of reinforcement but increases the
likelihood of cracking

General notes!
✓As the vertical load on the slab increases, the following changes occur:
✓ Moments at the supports and mid-span increase elastically until the first cracks
occur
✓ These are likely to appear first at the top of the slab close to the column and may
occur during construction if the removal of formwork takes place early.
✓ Otherwise, this limited cracking may occur under the quasi-permanent
combination of actions
✓ As the loading is increased beyond the characteristic combination of actions,
cracking may increase to some way into the span from the column, and cracks
may also have started to appear at mid span

General notes!
✓The cracking increases the non-linear
behavior of the slab, although it still
behaves elastically as the load increases
between the formations of new cracking,
and can be modeled elastically-taking
account of the tension stiffening of the
concrete
✓As the loading is further increased, the
reinforcement first starts to yield in the top
bars close to the columns and the junction
of the slab at edge column starts to behave
as a plastic hinge

Design of Flat Slabs Using ACI
✓ACI Code Section 13.5 allows slabs to be designed by any procedure that satisfies both
equilibrium and geometric compatibility, provided that every section has a strength at
least equal to the required strength and that serviceability conditions are satisfied
✓Two procedures for the flexural analysis and design of two-way floor systems are
presented in detail in the ACI Code
➢ The direct-design method
The slab is considered panel by panel, and the total moment in each panel is computed in each direction.
The statical moment then is divided between positive and negative moments, and these are further divided
between middle strips and column strips
➢ The equivalent-frame method
The slab is divided into a series of two-dimensional frames (in each direction), and the positive and
negative moments are computed via an elastic-frame analysis. Once the positive and negative moments are
known, they are divided between middle strips and column strips in exactly the same way as in the direct
design method
General Steps
➢ Choose the layout and type of slab to be used. The choice of type of slab is strongly affected
by architectural and construction considerations.
➢ Choose the slab thickness. Generally, the slab thickness is chosen to prevent excessive
deflection in service. Equally important, the slab thickness chosen must be adequate for shear
at both interior and exterior columns.
➢ Choose the method for computing the design moments. Equivalent-frame methods use an
elastic-frame analysis to compute the positive and negative moments in the various panels in
the slab. The direct-design method uses coefficients to compute these moments.

General Steps[…Continued]
➢ Calculate the distribution of the moments across the width of the slab. The lateral
distribution of moments within a panel depends on the geometry of the slab and the stiffness
of the beams (if any). This procedure is the same whether the negative and positive moments
are calculated from the direct-design method or from an equivalent-frame method.
➢ If there are beams, assign a portion of the column strip moment to the beams.
➢ Design reinforcement for the moments from steps 4 and 5. (Note: steps 3 through 6 need to
be done for both principal directions.)
➢ Check shear strength at a critical section around the columns.

The direct-design method
➢ Prescribes values for moments in various parts of the slab panel without the
need for a structural analysis
➢ For continuous slab panels with relatively uniform lengths and subjected to
distributed loading, a series of moment coefficients were developed that would
lead to safe flexural designs of two-way floor systems

Limitations
1) There must be a minimum of three continuous spans in each direction. Thus, a
nine-panel structure (3 by 3) is the smallest that can be considered
2) Rectangular panels must have a long-span/short-span ratio that is not greater than 2.
One-way action predominates as the span ratio reaches and exceeds 2
3) Successive span lengths in each direction shall not differ by more than one third of
the longer span. This limit is imposed so that certain standard reinforcement cutoff
details can be used
4) Columns may be offset from the basic rectangular grid of the building by up to 0.1
times the span parallel to the offset. In a building laid out in this way, the actual
column locations are used in determining the spans of the slab to be used in
calculating the design moments.

Limitations[…Continued]
5) All loads must be due to gravity only and uniformly distributed over an entire
panel. The direct-design method cannot be used for unbraced, laterally loaded
frames, foundation mats, or prestressed slabs
6) The service (unfactored) live load shall not exceed two times the service dead
load. Strip or checkerboard loadings with large ratios of live load to dead load
may lead to moments larger than those assumed in this method of analysis.
7) For a panel with beams between supports on all sides, the relative stiffness of the
beams in the two perpendicular directions given by shall not be less than 0.2 or
greater than 5. The term is beam-to-slab stiffness ratio and and are the spans
in the two directions

Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
➢ The slab is divided into a series of equivalent frames running in two directions
of the building
➢ These frames consist of the slab, any beams that are present, and columns
above and below the slab
➢ For equivalent-frame methods, a stiffness analyses of a slab-column frame is used to
determine the longitudinal distribution of bending moments, including possible
pattern loadings.
➢ The transverse distribution of moments to
column and middle strips, is the same as
for Direct Design Method

Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
➢ The slab is divided into a series of equivalent frames running in two directions
of the building
➢ The design moments are

proportioned between the two
strips as follows:
➢ Values in parentheses are
conventional values in practice
Negative moment at column, Msu Positive moment at span, Msp
Column Strip 60-80% (75%) 50-70% (55%)

Middle Strip 40-20% (25%) 50-30% (45%)

Shear Strength of two-way slabs
➢ A shear failure in a beam result from an inclined crack caused by flexural and
shearing stresses.
➢ This crack starts at the tensile face of the beam and extends diagonally to the
compression zone
➢ One-way shear or beam-action shear involves an inclined crack extending
across the entire width of the structure.
➢ Two-way shear or punching shear involves a truncated cone or pyramid-
shaped surface around the column

Design of two-way shear according to EC2
6.4 Punching
6.4.1 General
(1)P The rules in this section complement those given in 6.2 (Shear) and cover
punching shear in solid slabs, waffle slabs with solid areas over columns, and
foundations.
(2)P Punching shear can result from a concentrated load or reaction acting on a
relatively small area, called the loaded area Aload of a slab or foundation.
(3) An appropriate verification model for checking punching failure at the ULS is
shown in Figure (next slide)
41
42
(4) The shear resistance should be checked along defined control perimeters
• The shear resistance should be checked at the face of the column and at the basic
control perimeter
• If shear reinforcement is required a further perimeter , should be found
where shear reinforcement is no longer required.
(5) The rules in 6.4 are principally formulated for the case of uniformly distributed
loading.
• In special case, such as footings, the load within the control perimeter adds to the
resistance of the structural system, and may be subtracted when determining the
design punching shear stress
43

6.4.2 Load distribution and basic control perimeter
(1) The basic control perimeter u 1 may normally be taken to be at a distance 2d
from the loaded area and should be constructed so as to minimize its length (see
Figure next slide).
• The effective depth of the slab is assumed constant and may normally be taken as
( )
=
• where dy and dz are the effective depths of the reinforcement in two orthogonal
directions
44
Figure 6.13 Typical basic control perimeters around loaded areas

45

(2) Control perimeters at a distance less than 2d should be considered
where the concentrated force is opposed by a high distributed pressure
(e.g. soil pressure in a base), or by the effects of a load or reaction within
a distance 2d of the periphery of area of application of the force
(3) For loaded areas situated near openings, if the shortest distance b/n
the perimeter of the loaded area and the edge of the opening does not
exceed 6d, that part of the control perimeter contained b/n two tangents
drawn to the outline of the opening from the center of the loaded area is
considered to be ineffective (SNS)
46
Fig 6.14 Control perimeter near an opening 47

(4) For a loaded area situated near an edge or a corner, the control perimeter should
be taken as shown in Figure (SNS), if this gives a perimeter (excluding the
unsupported edges) smaller than that obtained from (1) and (2) above.
Fig 6.15
48
(5) For loaded areas situated near or on an edge or corner, i.e. at a distance smaller
than d, special edge reinforcement should always be provided, see 9.4.1.4
(6) The control section is that which follows the control perimeter and extends over
the effective depth d. For slabs of constant depth, the control section is ⊥ to the
middle plane of the slab. For slabs or footings of variable depth, the effective depth
may be assumed to be the depth at the perimeter of the loaded area
49
Collapse Mechanisms
Methods of Analysis ➢ Linear Elastic Analysis

➢ Linear Elastic Analysis with Limited Redistribution
➢ Plastic Analysis
➢ Nonlinear analysis
Linear Elastic Analysis
❖ Based on the theory of elasticity
❖ Suitable for both SLS and ULS
❖ Assumptions:
i. Uncracked cross sections
ii. Linear stress-strain relationships and,
iii. Mean values of the elastic modulus [E]
❖ For thermal deformation, settlement and shrinkage effects at the (ULS), a reduced
stiffness corresponding to the cracked sections may be assumed.
❖ For the (SLS) gradual evolution of cracking should be considered (e.g. rigorous
deflection calculation).
Collapse Mechanisms
Linear Elastic Analysis with Limited Redistribution

❖ Suitable for ULS
❖ The moments at ULS calculated using a linear elastic analysis may be redistributed,
provided that the resulting distribution of moments remains in equilibrium with
the applied loads.
❖ In continuous beams or slabs which:
a) Are predominantly subject to flexure and
b) Have the ratio of the lengths of adjacent spans in the range of 0.5 to 2,
redistribution of bending moments may be carried out without explicit check on the
rotation capacity
Collapse Mechanisms
Plastic Analysis
❖ Suitable ULS
❖ Suitable for SLS if compatibility is ensured
❖ When a beam yields in bending, an increase in curvature does not produce an
increase in moment resistance. Analysis of beams and structures made of such
flexural members is called plastic Analysis.
❖ This is generally referred to as limit analysis, when applied to reinforced concrete
framed structures, and plastic analysis when applied to steel structures

Collapse Mechanisms
Nonlinear analysis
Non-linear analysis is a procedure for calculation of action effects, based on idealizations
of the non-linear behavior of materials [non-linear constitutive laws: for concrete and
steel], of the elements and of the structure (cracking, second order effects), suitable for
the nature of the structure and for the ultimate limit state under consideration.
❖ may be used for both ULS and SLS, provided that equilibrium and compatibility are
satisfied and an adequate non-linear behavior for materials is assumed.
❖ The non-linear analysis procedures are more complex and therefore very time
consuming.
❖ The analysis maybe first or second order.
Collapse Mechanisms
Moment Curvature Relationship
Curvature

Collapse Mechanisms
Elastic Analysis Of Beam Sections
Section Un-cracked Section Cracked
Collapse Mechanisms
Moment Curvature Diagram
✓ With the stress-strain

relationships for steel and
concrete, represented in
idealized form and the usual
assumptions regarding perfect
bond and plane sections, it is
possible to calculate the relation
between moment and curvature
for a typical under reinforced
concrete beam

Collapse Mechanisms
Cracking point (point 1)
Collapse Mechanisms
Elastic limit (point 3)

Collapse Mechanisms
Inelastic zone (point 3 – 7)
Collapse Mechanisms
Plastic Hinges and Collapse Mechanisms
➢ If a short segment of a reinforced concrete beam is subjected to a

bending moment, continued plastic rotation is assumed to occur after the
calculated ultimate moment Mu is reached, with no change in applied
moment.
➢ The beam behaves as if there were a hinge at that point. However, the
hinge will not be “friction free”, but will have a constant resistance to
rotation.
➢ If such a plastic hinge forms in a
determinate structure, an uncontrolled
deflection takes place and the structure
will collapse.
➢ The resulting system is referred to as a
mechanism.
Collapse Mechanisms
➢ A statically determinate system requires the formation of only one plastic hinge in
order to become a mechanism
➢ If the structure is statically indeterminate, it is still stable after the formation of a
plastic hinge, and for further loading, it behaves as a modified structure with a hinge at
the plastic hinge location (and one less degree of indeterminacy).
➢ It can continue to carry additional loading (with formation of additional plastic
hinges) until the limit state of collapse is reached on account of one of the following
reasons:
✓ formation of sufficient number of plastic hinges, to convert the structure (or a
part of it) into a ‘mechanism’;
✓ Limitation in ductile behavior (i.e., curvature ϕ reaching the ultimate value
ϕmax, or, in other words a plastic hinge reaching its ultimate rotation capacity)
at any one plastic hinge location, resulting in local crushing of concrete at that
section.
Collapse Mechanisms
Moment Redistribution
➢ Flexural members do not collapse immediately as soon as the loads at a particular
section cause bending moment exceeding the maximum resisting moment capacity of
that section.
➢ The section then transfers loads to other sections if the applied loads are further
increased.
➢ This process continues till the structures have plastic hinges at sufficient sectins to
form a failure mechanism when it actually collapses.
➢ Design codes of most of the countries allow the redistribution up to a maximum limit

Collapse Mechanisms
Moment Redistribution: advantages

1. It gives a more realistic picture of the actual load carrying capacity of the
indeterminate structure.
2. Structures designed considering the redistribution of moment (though limited) would
result in economy as the actual load capacity is higher than that we determine from
any elastic analysis.
3. The designer enjoys the freedom of modifying the design bending moments within
limits. These adjustments are sometimes helpful in reducing the reinforcing bars,
which are crowded, especially at locations of high bending moment.
Design the slab by yield line method
▪ In a situation where irregular shapes, varied support conditions, presence of openings,

varied loading and more complex conditions are encountered, the established theory of
elasticity or plasticity cannot be employed straight.
▪ For these circumstances, the yield line theory is found useful.
▪ The yield line theory is an ultimate load method of analysis of slab, i.e. the BM at the
verge of collapse is used as the basis for design.
▪ At collapse loads, an under reinforced slab begins to crack with the reinforcement
yielding at points of high moment. The crack lines or the yield lines propagate with the
increase in deflection until the slab is broken in to a number of segments.
▪ A yield line is a line in the plane of the slab across which reinforcing bars have yielded
and about which excessive deformation (plastic rotation) under constant limit moment
(ultimate moment) continues to occur leading to failure.
▪ Lower bound theorem: If, for a given external load, it is possible to find a distribution
of moments that satisfies equilibrium requirements, with the moment not exceeding
the yield moment at any location, and if the boundary conditions are satisfied, then the
given load is a lower bound of the true carrying capacity.
▪ Upper bound theorem: If, for a small increment of displacement, the internal work
done by the slab, assuming that the moment at every plastic hinge is equal to the yield
moment and that boundary conditions are satisfied, is equal to the external work done
by the given load for that same small increment of displacement, then that load is an
upper bound of true carrying capacity.
Sign convention
built in edge
positive yield line
negative yield line simply supported edge
axis of rotation point load
unsupported edge column support

The yield line phenomenon involves:

✓ a slab under increasing loads where cracking and reinforcement yielding occur
in the most highly stressed zone (i.e. around maximum moment)
✓ the highly stressed zone normally acts as a plastic hinge where the subsequent
loads are distributed to other region of the slab
✓ cracks develop forming patterns of yield lines until a mechanism is formed,
✓ collapse is then indicated by increasing deflection under constant load
Characteristic features of yield lines:

✓ Yield lines are generally straight and end at a slab boundary or the intersection of other
yield lines
✓ Axes of rotation generally lie along lines of support
✓ Axes of rotation pass over any column supports. Its consideration depends on other
considerations.
✓ Yield lines form under concentrated loads, radiating outward from point of application.
✓ For a mechanism to develop, the yield line may pass through the intersection of the
axes of rotation of adjacent segments

Method of yield line analysis:

(1) The equilibrium method
(2) The virtual work method
In either method, a YL pattern is assumed so that a collapse mechanism is produced. Then
for that failure mechanism, the geometric parameters that define the exact location and
orientation of the yield lines are determined and also the relation between applied loads
and resisting moments is solved free edge yi eld li nes
yi eld li nes
supported on three si des
Reinforced Concrete Structures II (a) (b)

69
(1) The equilibrium method

➢ It makes use of the equilibrium equations for (a)
A C B
individual segment to obtain the collapse load

➢ The FBD represented by each collapsing wu
segment is in equilibrium under
✓ applied loads, (b)
✓ yield moments and X L-X
✓ Reactions or shears along support lines. L
From left segment: wu wu

wu x 2
MA = 0  m1 + m2 − =0 (c) m1
m2
m3
2 m2
X L-X
From right segment:
wu (l − x) 2 m1 + m2 
 m − m1 
 MB = 0  m2 + m3 − =0 x= L− 1 + 1 + 3 
2 m3 − m1 m1 + m2  70
Reinforced Concrete Structures II 
 
(2) Virtual work method of Analysis

➢ Based on principle that work done by external
A
forces in undergoing a small virtual displacement is (a)
C B
equal to the internal virtual work done in rotations

along yield lines, the ultimate load which the slab wu
can sustain is determined.

(b)
➢ In other words, the work during small motion of
collapse mechanism is equal to the work absorbed X L-X
by the plastic hinges formed along the yield lines. L
WE = WI wu wu
wx w( L − x) 1
WE = + = wu L
m2
per m
(c) strip
m 1
m3
2 2 2 X
m2
L-X
WI =  mLy = (m1 + m2 )1 + (m2 + m3 ) 2 per m strip
 
1 = and  2 = 71
Reinforced Concrete Structures II x L−x

RC II For Exit Exam2x1

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HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY

HARAMAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Reinforced Concrete Structures II

✓ Design the flat slab

✓ Develop the collapse mechanisms for beam and frame

✓ Design the slab by yield line method

➢EC2 clause 5.3.1 (7) defines A column is a member for

Lateral Reinforcement Tied Columns, Spiral Columns

Sensitivity to Second Order Effect Braced Columns, Un-braced Columns

Degree of Slenderness Sway Columns and Non-sway Columns

Basis of Loading Short Column, Slender Column

Lateral Stability Axially Loaded Column, Columns Under Uni-axial

Reinforced Concrete Structures II 4

The main role of transverse reinforcement in reinforced concrete

Reinforced Concrete Structures II 6

Reinforced Concrete Structures II 7

Reinforced Concrete Structures II 8

Po = f cd ( Ag – As ,tot ) + f yd As ,tot → In compression

Reinforced Concrete Structures II 9

Reinforced Concrete Structures II 10

Substituting Pmax and Mmax gives: 1 = P + M

Reinforced Concrete Structures II =0 12

▪ Since reinforced concrete is not elastic and has a

Reinforced Concrete Structures II 13

✓Assume a cross section, d’ and evaluate d’/h to choose appropriate chart.

Reinforced Concrete Structures II 18

Reinforced Concrete Structures II 20

Reinforced Concrete Structures II 21

Limits of slenderness lim = 20ABC

Reinforced Concrete Structures II 22

Reinforced Concrete Structures II 23

Reinforced Concrete Structures II 24

Reinforced Concrete Structures II 25

Design the flat slab

Reinforced Concrete Structures II 26

Benefits of using flat slab Disadvantages of flat slabs

Design the flat slab

Reinforced Concrete Structures II 28

Reinforced Concrete Structures II 29

Design the flat slab

Reinforced Concrete Structures II 30

Design the flat slab

Design the flat slab

➢ Check shear strength at a critical section around the columns.

Reinforced Concrete Structures II 35

Design the flat slab

Reinforced Concrete Structures II 36

Reinforced Concrete Structures II 37

Design the flat slab

Reinforced Concrete Structures II 38

➢ The design moments are

Column Strip 60-80% (75%) 50-70% (55%)

Design the flat slab

Reinforced Concrete Structures II 40

Design of two-way shear according to EC2

Design of two-way shear according to EC2

Figure 6.13 Typical basic control perimeters around loaded areas

Design of two-way shear according to EC2

Fig 6.14 Control perimeter near an opening 47

Design of two-way shear according to EC2

Methods of Analysis ➢ Linear Elastic Analysis

Linear Elastic Analysis with Limited Redistribution

Reinforced Concrete Structures II 52