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L04 Wires
L04 Wires
L04 Wires
Cray-1 Wiring
Cray-3, 1993
Cray-3 wiring
Via 5-6
Metal 5
Metal 4
Metal 3
Metal 2
Via 1-2
Metal 1
© IBM
Tungsten local interconnect
resistance =
(length × resistivity )
Height Length (height × width )
• bulk aluminum 2.8x10-8 Ω-m
Width • bulk copper 1.7x10-8 Ω-m
• bulk silver 1.6x10-8 Ω-m
Contact plug
Local Wire
H2
ε2
ε12 W2 D12
ε1 H1
εD1 W1 S1 DD1
Al
spacing
length
width
R1 R2 Ri
CN
C1 C2 Ci
⎛ j= i ⎞
Delay = ∑⎜ ∑ R j ⎟C i
i ⎝ j=1 ⎠
Rdriver Rw
Cload
Cw/2 Cw/2
Cw ⎛ Cw ⎞
Delay = Rdriver × + (Rdriver + Rw ) × ⎜ + Cload ⎟
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
6.884 – Spring 2005 2/11/05 L04 – Wires 12
Wire Delay Example
• In 0.18µm TSMC, 5x minimum inverter with effective
resistance of 3 kΩ, driving FO4 load (25fF)
• Delay = Rdriver x Cload = 75 ps
Cw ⎛ Cw ⎞
Delay = Rdriver× + (Rdriver + Rw) × ⎜ + Cload⎟
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
= 3kΩ × 80fF + (3kΩ + 344Ω) × (80fF + 25fF)
= 591ps
Cw
Rw/2 Rw/2
Cw/2 Cw/2
Use repeaters
Converts quadratic dependence into linear
dependence on length (but watch the constants)
Can determine optimal repeater sizing for
minimum delay
Wire RC
dominated
path
Gate
dominated
path
CAB
B
CB
CAB
B
CB