Topiko 1: Kasaysayan

History- chronological record of significant events, the study of past events.

- Ito ay pag-aaral ng mga nakalipas na panahon patungkol sa mga bagay na mayhalaga.
KA-SAYSAY-AN
SALAYSAY- (STORY, NARRATIVE)
SAYSAY- (KAHULUGAN KATUTURAN,
KAHALAGAN, (IMPORTANCE, RELEVANCE)
Salaysay na may saysay para sa sinasalaysayang grupo ng tao (meaningful stories for agroup of
people.
-Zeus Salazar
PANTAYONG PANANAW- (Zeus Salazar)
 TAYO
 GAMIT NG WIKA
Batayan ng Kasaysayan
BATIS O SOURCES
 Mga sanggunian na makapag-papatunay na ang isangkasaysayan ay nangyari o naganap.
 Nahahati sa dalawa, ito ay ang primarya at sekondaryang batis.
 Ito ay maaring nakasulat at di-nakasulat
Primaryang Batis
 Tumutukoy sa mga sanggunian na may tuwirang kaugnayan sa paksa
samakatuwid,kapanahon o mula sa panahong ng mga pangyayari ng pinag-aaralang paksa
ang mga dokumento.
 Ang salaysay ay galing sa isang eye-witness o naranasan ang pangayyaring pag-uusapan.
 Tumutukoy ito sa orihinal na mgakagamitan ng mga sinaunangtao.
Halimbawa ng Primaryang Batis
Talaarawan (Diary)- Diary of AnneFrank
Talambuhay ng may-akda
Memoir
Diaryo ni aguinaldo
Sulat kamay ni Jose Rizal
Fossils, mga bato
Saksi/witness
Talumpati
Litrato na nakuhanan sa pangayayari Anunsiyo
Sekondaryang Batis
 Tumutukoy sa mga sangunian nahindikapanahon o hindi nagmula sa mga nakaranas ng
pangyayari at mga salaysay na binatay na lamang sa mga primarya at sekondaryang batis.
 Mga kagamitan na nakabatay sa orihinal nakopya nito.
Halimbawa ng Sekondaryang Batis
Biograpiya ni Gregorio Zaide Replika ng mgakagamitan
Thesis Artikulo ni Ambeth Ocampo kay
Rizal
Aklat o Textsbook- pinagsasama na ideya ng Dokumentaryo
Awtor
Pagsusuri ng mga Batis- Pagtakda o pagsuri ng batayan kung ito ay tunay o di-tunay.
Kritikang Panlabas
(External Criticism)
 External criticism inhistorical research evaluates the validity of the document- this is,
where, when, whom, it was produced. (Wiersma, 1986,p.233).
 authenticity,genuine
 also called lower criticism
 Itanakda sa pinang-galigan.
 Kapaligiran ng may akda
 Pribadong tao o publiko.
 Usaping pagdududa.
 Sulat kamay ng may akda.
 Ginamit ng papel.
 Gamit na wika ay sinasalita.
Paggamit ng disiplinang Pang-Agham
 Carbon dating
 upang mapatuyan na hindi ito peke
Kritikang Panloob (Internal Criticism)
 To determineif the content is accurate or reliable.
 Higher Criticism
Mga Repositoryo ng Primaryang Batis Sa Pilipinas
 Published documents
 Unpublished documents- kagamitan-painting, artifacts, fossils
 National Archives of the Philippines
 National Library of the Philippines
 National Museum of the Philippines

Pagsusuri sa pangunahing argumento at pananaw ng may-akda

Pananaw ng Argumento
Isinasaalang-alangsa kontekstuwal na pagsusuri ang mga sumusunod:
(i) Historikalna konteksto ng Batis
(ii) Ang karanasan ng may akda, layunin at pagiging dalubhasa sa paksa
(iii) Ang katuturan ng batis at ang halaga nito sa kasalukuyan
MGA GABAY SA PAGSUSURI NG MGA TEKSTO
I. UNANG HAKBANG - Suriin ang teksto sa kabuuan nito
II. IKALAWANG HAKBANG - Tukuyin ang pangkalahatang layunin at estruktura ng teksto
III. IKATLONG HAKBANG - Basahin muli ang teksto ngunit sa pagkakataong ito ay
pagtuunan ng pansin ang paraan ng pagsulat at presentasyon
IV. IKAAPAT NA HAKBANG - Kritisismo at ebalwasyon ng teksto

UNANG MISA SA PILIPINAS

Marso 31, 1521
 Ika-tatlumput isa ng Marso taong 1521 o kilala sa tawag na Linggo ng Pagkabuhay, sa
wikang Ingles "Easter Sunday" ay ang petsang sinasabi kung kailan naganap ang unang
misa sa Pilipinas na siyang dinaluhan ng dalawang lokal na pinuno ng Mazaua, at
Butuan.
Marso 31, 1521
 The first mass was presided by Fr. Pedro Valderama.
 Sinabing matapos ang misa ay nagtayo ng isang malaking kahoy na krus sa taas ng isang
maliit na burol sa Isla ng Mazaua. Ayon kay Pigafetta, hindi malinaw kung saan ginanap
ang unang misa, maaari raw itong ginanap sa isang maliit na isla sa timog ng Leyte na
 tinatawag na Limasawa o maari rin namang ginanap ito sa bibig ng ilog ng Agusan na
matatagpuan sa norte ng Mindanao
LIMASAWA
 Ayon sa artikulo nina Ador Vincent M. at Joey G. sa taong 2020, pinapatunayang ang
unang misa sa Pilipinas ay ginanap sa isla ng Limasawa. Ika-labing lima ng Hulyo sa
tulong ng simbahan, opinyon ng masa, mga artikulo o pag-aaral mula sa nakaraan, at
ekspedisyon, kinumpirma ng National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP)
na ang pinaka unang misang isinagawa sa Pilipinas ay siyang naganap sa nasabing isla.
Limasawa, Southern Leyte Versus Masao, Butuan City
 Ang dalawang pook na pinagtalunan tungkol sa pinagganapan ng unang misa sa Pilipinas
ay ang Limasawa sa Visayas at Butuan sa Mindanao. Napapagitnaan ng dalawang lugar
na ito ang isa sa mga pangunahing lagusan ng mga manalalayag noon.
FIRST ACCOUNT- FRANCISCO ALBO
1. Albo did not mention about the first mass
2. He mentioned the planting of the cross
3. Location: Limasawa, Southern Tip of Leyte
SECOND ACCOUNT- ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
1. Mentioned to Mazaua Island and went to Cebu.
2. Gave more details about the 7 days activity
3. The stay in Limasawa was Holy Week
4. March 31, 1521- Easter Sunday (Jesus Christ rise)
Antonio Pigafetta, chronicler of the Magellan expedition, identified the place as “Mazaua”
” Early accounts- mainly by friars relying on available writings and on tradition—reported the
First Mass as being held in Butuan, Agusan del Norte, specifically on an island called Masao.
Jesuit priest Miguel A. Bernad in his work Butuan or Limasawa: The Site of the First Mass in
the Philippines: A Reexamination of Evidence (1981) lays down the argument that in Pigafettas
account.
ARGUMENTS:
 Butuan was not mentioned- the river Butuan is a riverine settlement, situated on the
Agusan River. The beach of Masao is in the delta of the said river. It is a curious
omission in the account of the river, which makes part of a distinct characteristics of
Butuans geography that seemed to be too important to missed
 It must also be pointed out that later on, after Magellan's death, the survivors of this
expedition went to Mindanao and seemingly went to Butuan. In this instance, Pigafetta
vividly describes a trip in a river. But note that this account already happened after
Magellan's death.
PAG AALSA SA CAVITE (CAVITE MUTINY)
1872
1. CAVITE MUTINY
2. PAGPATAY SA TATLONG MARTYR NA MGA PARI (GOMBURZA)
MUTINY – open rebellion against constituted authority comes from old verb ‘ mutine’ which
means ‘revolt’ o pag aalsa
DR. TRINIDAD HERMINIGILDO PARDO de TAVERA
 Isang pilipino na eskolar at mananaliksil
 Nagsulat ng Filipino version ng madugong insidente sa Cavite
FILIPINO VERSION
 Nagmula ang pag aalsa sa pagpapataw ni Gobernador Heneral Rafael de Izquierdo ng
personal na buwis ang mga mangagawa.
 Polo y Servicio
 January 1872, Pinangunahan ni Sarhento Francisco La Madrid ang pag-aalsa kasama ang
200 Pilipinong sundalong espanyol ng arsenal ng cavite.
 Matagumpay nilang nasakop ang Fuerza San Felipe, ngunit hindi nagtagal ay nagapi sila
ng mga pwersa ng Espanyol sa pangunguna ni Heneral Felipe Genoves.
 Napatay nila ang mga namumuno sa pag-aaklas at mga ilang pinaghihinalaan na kasama
sa rebelyon ay ipinatapon sa Marianas o Guam
 Tavera blamed Gov. Izquierdo's cold-blooded policies such as the abolition of privileges
of the workers and native army members of the arsenal and the prohibition of the
founding of school of arts and trades for the Filipinos.
 Ang pag-aalsa ang ginamit na batayan upang isakdal at bitayin ang tatlong paring
Filipino, sina Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora, at Mariano Gomez- o mas kilala bilang
Gomburza noong Pebrero 17, 1872.
GOM-BUR-ZA
 tagapag-taguyod ng sekular na pari noon ang pagiging Kura Paroko mula sa mga
Espanyol na miyembro ng relihiyosong orden o ang mga paring regular.
Kilusang Sekularisasyon
 sekularisasyon: pagbabago ng katangian mula sa espiritwal o panrelihiyon tungo sa
mga gawaing nauukol sa mundong ito
 sékularisasyon: sa panahon ng Espanyol, ang pagsisikap ng mga paring Filipino na
mabawasan ang diskriminasyon laban sa kanila ng mga fraileng Español at
pagkakaroon ng kapangyarihan sa pagsasakatuparan ng kanilang mga tungkulin
MARIANO GOMEZ
• Kura Paroko ng Bacoor, Cavite
• Malaki ang naitulong sa pagkuha ng reforma sa lupa para sa magsasaka.
• Pinaghihinalaan na may kinalaman sa munity dahil sya ay pinanginginahan ng sama ng loob at
pinagkukumpisalan ng mga manggagawa sa Cavite.
JOSE BURGOS
• Kura Paroko ng Cathedral Maynila
• Tumulong para makuha ang reporma ng simbahan.
• Ginamit ang kanyang pangalan upang manghikayat ng mga sasama sa pag-aalsa.
JACINTO ZAMORA
• Kura paroko ng Marikina.
• Isang sekular na Pari..
• Sinugod ang kanyang tahanan ng mga Espanyol ay nakuha ang isang sulat na nag-iimbita sa
kanya na magdala ng bala at pulbura.

ON FEBRUARY 17, 1872

 THE GOMBURZA WERE EXECUTED BY GARROTE IN PUBLIC TO SERVE AS A
THREAT TO FILIPINOS NEVER TO ATTEMPT TO FIGHT THE SPANIARDS
AGAIN
 THIS IS A SCENE PURPOTEDLY WITNESSED BY A YOUNG JOSE RIZAL
SPANISH VERSION
 Jose Montero y Vidal, a prolific Spanish historian documented the event and highlighted
it as an attempt of the Indios to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines.
Meanwhile, Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquierdo's official report magnified the event and made
use of it to implicate the native clergy, which was then active in the call for
secularization.
IN THE SPANIARD'S ACCOUNTS.
 1872 WAS PREMEDITATED, A PART OF A BIG CONSPIRACY AMONG
EDUCATED LEADERS, MESTIZOS LAWYERS AND RESIDENTS OF MANILA
AND CAVITE.
 THEY ALLEGEDLY PLAN TO LIQUIDATE HIGH-RANKING SPANISH OFFICERS
THEN KILL FRIARS.
  THE ACCOUNTS DETAIL THAT ON JANUARY 20, 1872
 THE DISTRICT OF SAMPALOC CELEBRATED THE FEAST OF THE VIRGIN
LORETO, CAME WITH IT WERE SOME FIREWORKS DISPLAY.
 THE CAVITEÑOS MISTOOK THIS AS THE SIGNAL TO COMMENCE WITH THE
ATTACK

The 200-men contingent headed by Sergeant Lamadrid launched an attack targeting Spanish
officers at sight and seized the arsenal.
• When the news reached the iron fisted Gov. Izquierdo, he readily ordered the reinforcement of
the Spanish forces in Cavite to quell the revolt. The "revolution" was easily crushed when the
expected reinforcement from Manila did not come ashore. Major instigators including Sergeant
Lamadrid were killed in the skirmish, while the GOMBURZA were tried by a court martial and
were sentenced to die by strangulation.
OTHERS WHO WERE IMPLICATED SUCH AS
 JOAQUIN PARDO DE TAVERA
 ANTONIO MA. REGIDOR
 JOSE BASA
 PIO BASA

AND OTHER FILIPINO LAWYERS WERE SUSPENDED FROM THE PRACTICE OF

LAW, ARRESTED, AND SENTENCED TO LIFE IMPRISONMENT AT THE MARIANAS
ISLAND

ANG RETRAKSYON
 Ang retraksyon ay ang pagbawi, pagtanggi, o pagtatwa sa naunang sinabi o sa kahit
anong aksyon
TIMELINE
1891-Rizal arrived in HongKong to practice his medical profession
1892-founded La Liga Filipina
1895-Rizal became acquainted with Josephine Bracken
1896
Dec.26-Rizal was accused and tried before a military tribunal for the alleged crimes of rebellion,
sedition, and legal association.
Dec.28- Governor General affirmed the death sentence and set the execution of Rizal
on Dec. 30 at 7:00 o'clock in the morning
Dec. 29- Death sentence was read to Rizal early in the morning. Dec. 29- Father Saderra and
Father Luis Viza visited Rizal and he asked them whether some of those who had been
professors were still there in Ateneo.
Dec. 29-Rizal had decided to retract
Dec. 30- at 6 o'clock in the morning, Josephine Bracken and Rizal was married
Dec. 30- Execution of Rizal
Mga huling oras ni Rizal
December 29, 1896-
1. 10:00 AM- Dinalaw siya ng isa sa mga guro niya sa Ateneo na si Padre Jose Vilaclara
kasama si Vicente Balaguer
2. 3:30 PM- Bumalik si Padre Balaguer upang kausapin muli si Rizal. Ang kanyang dahilan
ay talakayin ang pagbawi ni Rizal sa mga ideyang anti- Katoliko sa kanyang sulatin at
pagsapi sa Masonerya
3. 10:00 PM- Pinadala ni Padre Balaguer kay Rizal and burador ng pagbawi na ipinadala ng
Arsobispong anti-Pilipino na si Bernardino Nozaleda, ngunit hindi ito nilagdaan ni Rizal
dahil hindi nya ito kagustuhan.
4. Ayon naman kay Padre Balaguer, nagpakita siya ng mas maikling burador na inihanda ni
Padre Pio Pi. At makaraan ng ilang pagbabago ay isinulat ni Rizal ang kanyang
Retraksyon na kung saan itinakwil niya na siya ang Masonerya at mga relihiyosong
ideyaang anti-katoliko
Case Study: Did Rizal Retract?
Primary Source: Rizal's Retraction
Source: Translated from the document found by Fr. Manuel Garcia, C. M. on 18 May 1935.
"I declare myself a Catholic and in this Religion in which I was born and educated I wish to live
and
die.
"I retract with all my heart whatever in my words, writings, publications and conduct has been
contrary to my character as son of the Catholic Church. I believe and I confess whatever she
teaches and I submit to whatever she demands. I abominate Masonry, as the enemy which is of
the Church, and as a Society prohibited by the Church. The Diocesan Prelate may, as the
Superior Ecclesiastical Authority, make public this spontaneous manifestation of mine in order
to repair the scandal which my acts may have caused and so that God and people may pardon
me."
Manila 29 of December of 1896
Jose Rizal

There are four iterations of the texts of this retraction:

1. The first was published in La Vaz Española and Diario de Manila on the day
of the execution, 30 December 1896,
2. The second text appeared in Barcelona, Spain, in the magazine La Juventud, a few months
after the execution, 14 February 1897, from an anonymous writer who was later on revealed to
be Fr. Vicente Balaguer. However, the "original" text was only found in the archdiocesan
archives on 18 May 1935, after almost four decades of disappearance.
3. The Balaguer Testimony
• Doubts on the retraction document abound, especially because only one eyewitness
account of the writing of the document exists-that of the Jesuit Friar Fr. Vicente
Balaguer.
According to his testimony, Rizal woke up several times, confessed four times, attended a mass,
received communion, a prayed the rosary, all of which seemed out of character. But since it is
the only testimony of allegedly a "primary" account that Rizal every wrote a retraction
document, it has been used to argue the authenticity of the document.
4. The testimony of Cuerpo de Vigilancia
• Another eyewitness account surfaced in 2016, through the research of Professor Rene R.
Escalante. In his research, documents of the Cuerpo de Vigilancia included a report on the last
hours of Rizal, written by Federico Moreno. The report details the statement of the Cuerpo de
Vigilancia to Moreno.
• Primary Source: Eyewitness Account of the Last Hours of Rizal
• Source: Michael Charleston Chua, "Retraction ni Jose Rizal: Mga Bagong
Dokumento at Pananaw," GMA News Online, published 29 December 2016.
• This account corroborates the existence of the retraction document, giving it credence.
However, nowhere in the account was Fr. Balaguer mentioned, which makes the friar a mere
secondary source to the writing of the document.
ANTI-RETRACTIONISTS
After analyzing six major documents of Rizal, Ricardo Pascual concluded that the retraction
document, said to have been discovered in 1935, was not in Rizal's handwriting.
Senator Rafael Palma, a former President of the University of the Philippines and a prominent
Mason, argued that a retraction is not in keeping with Rizal's character and mature beliefs. He
called the retraction story a "pious fraud." Others who deny the retraction are Frank Laubach, a
Protestant minister; Austin Coates, a British writer; and Ricardo Manapat, director of the
National Archives.
PRO-RETRACTIONISTS.
A. Eyewitness
 Father Vicente Balaguer - first eyewitness
 Father Sanchez visited Rizal in Dapitan and persuaded him to retract.
 Father Patells had exchanged several long letters with Rizal for the same purpose with
Father Sanchez.
 Declaration or retraction was signed together with Dr. Rizal by Señor Fresno, Chief of
the Picket, and Señor Moure, Adjutant of the Plaza.
 Former Lieutenant of the infantry-second eyewitness
B. The marriage of Rizal and Josephine.
 The act of retraction is established because while still in Dapitan the condition imposed
on Rizal was: "No retraction, no marriage."
 Father Balaguer, the priest who had married them testified under oath that At 6 o'clock in
the morning of Dec. 30, Josephine Bracken and one of Rizal's sisters, arrived crying
bitterly. With the knowledge of the warden of the Fort, I proceeded to the marriage of
Rizal and Josephine.
C. The Catholic devotion books.
 After Rizal had retracted, he read a blue pamphlet entitled, Aceptación de la Muerte,
containing the "Acts of Faith, Hope, and Charity". After this, he went to confession and
received holy communion.
D. The Priest and Crucifix.
 Rizal was accompanied by two Catholic priests to his execution ground.
 It is the common and usual practice for Catholics to kiss the crucifix before they die.
Rizal did so and kissed the crucifix offered to him by the two Catholic priests before he
was shot.
E. Fr. Manuel A. Garcia: best evidence.
 In Fr. Manuel A. Garcia's (an archdiocesan archivist way back in 1935) account of
events, he came across a bundle of document entitled "Masoneria" In this bundle, he
came across the document of retraction which had been long lost.
 Archbishop O'Doherty, despite the approval of Teodoro Kalaw (the Director of the
National Library), was not satisfied with the mere document itself so he requested Prof.
H. Otlet Beyer (Professor of Anthropology) in the University of the Philippines to study
and examine the Rizal retraction document. He examined Rizal's supposed handwriting in
the document of retraction and compared it with 150 letters and documents that were
written in Rizal's handwriting.
 there is not the slightest doubt that every word on the document of retraction was written
by Jose Rizal, except for the signatures of the other witnesses. The whole document was
found to be written by Rizal in his normal handwriting.

 Dr. Jose I. del Rosario also compared this piece of document with numerous letters of Dr.
Jose Rizal. Dr. Jose I. del Rosario did not find anything in Rizal's retraction which does
not proclaim that the retraction is in fact. He points out the most salient individual
characteristic points of identity between the handwriting of the retraction and the
undisputed handwriting of Rizal.
KEY POINTS
It should also be pointed out that in the first place;
 Rizal did not fight the Catholic religion; he fought those who abused that religion.
 Rizal was not against the Catholic religion but was against the manner the Catholic
religion was practiced by the friars in the Philippines during his time.
Surely, we must put the question of retraction to rest, though Rizal is a hero, whether he retracted
or not, we must investigate if he really did a turn around. If he did not, and the documents were
forgeries, then somebody has to pay for trying to deceive a nation.
 The retraction of Rizal remains to this day, a controversy; many scholars, however, agree
that the document does not tarnish the heroism of Rizal. His relevance remained
solidified to Filipinos and pushed them to continue the revolution, which eventually
resulted in independence in 1898.