Vicente, Lawrence B.

May
9,2024
BSME-1A

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

II. COMPLETE THE TABLE
1.In a matrix form, trace the historical development of science and technology from ancient time
to its present status by completing the information in the table below.

SCIENCE
PERIOD PROMINENT SIGNIFICANT
PERSON CONTRIBUTIONS
Ancient Civilizations Pythagoras, Euclid, and Established the basis of
(3000 BCE - 500 CE) Aristotle Western science through
their research into
mathematics, geometry, and
natural philosophy

Classical Antiquity (500 Ptolemy, Euclid, Advancements in a variety

BCE - 500 CE) Hippocrates and of subjects, particularly
Galen,Archimedes astronomy, mathematics,
and medicine, as well as
substantial contributions to
mathematics and physics.

Middle Ages (500 CE - Al-Kindi, Al-Khwarizmi, Islamic academics

1500 CE) Ibn al-Haytham, maintained and extended
the achievements of past
civilizations, producing
breakthroughs in
mathematics, optics, and
medicine.

Vesalius, Copernicus and marked a revival of interest

The European in classical education,
Renaissance (14th - 17th Kepler, Galileo resulting in advances in
centuries) anatomy (with Vesalius),
astronomy (with Copernicus
and Kepler), and physics
(with Galileo).
Early Modern Period Bacon, Descartes, and The Scientific Revolution
Newton. saw the advancement of the
(17th - 18th centuries) scientific method. Newton's
equations of motion and
universal gravitation
provided the foundation for
classical physics. The
formation of scientific
societies and academies
(such as the Royal Society
in England) enhanced
scientific communication
and collaboration.

19th Century Darwin, Maxwel Darwin's theory of

evolution by natural
selection transformed
biology. Maxwell's
unification of electricity and
magnetism resulted in the
development of
electromagnetism.

20th Century Albert Einstein, Watson Einstein's theory of

and Crick relativity fundamentally
altered our view of space,
time, and gravity.
Quantum mechanics
transformed physics by
challenging traditional
conceptions of determinism
and causality. Advances in
genetics, particularly
Watson and Crick's
discovery of DNA structure,
set the groundwork for
contemporary molecular
biology.

Contemporary Era (21st Frances Arnold, Fabiola Gianotti directs one of the
Gianotti world's largest and most
Century) influential scientific
research centers, where
groundbreaking discoveries
in particle physics, such as
 the Higgs boson, have been
made.
Frances Arnold the directed
evolution of enzymes has
implications for sustainable
chemistry, pharmaceuticals,
and biofuels.

TECHNOLOGY

PERIOD PROMINENT SIGNIFICANT

PERSON CONTRIBUTIONS
Ancient Technologies Unkown Simple tools were invented
(Prehistory - 500 CE) (e.g., stone axes, spears),
agriculture was developed
(unknown farmers), and
early architectural marvels
were built.

Classical Antiquity (500 Archimedes, Hero of Archimedes' contributions

BCE - 500 CE) Alexandria. to mathematics and
mechanics (e.g.,
Archimedes' screw,
buoyancy principles), as
well as Hero of
Alexandria's innovations.

Medieval and Islamic Al-Jazari, Leonardo da Al-Jazari's Book of

Golden Age (500 - 1500 Vinci. Knowledge of Ingenious
CE) Mechanical Devices
described a variety of
mechanical inventions
(e.g., crankshafts, water
clocks), as well as
Leonardo da Vinci's
drawings and sketches.

Early Modern Period Johannes Gutenberg, Isaac Gutenberg's discovery of

(1500 - 1800 CE) Newton, James Watt. the printing press
revolutionized
communication and
information transmission,
Newton's equations of
motion and universal
 gravitation laid the
groundwork for classical
mechanics, and Watt's
improvements to the steam
engine fueled the Industrial
Revolution.

19th Century Thomas Edison, Alexander Edison's various

Graham Bell, Charles innovations, including the
Babbage. phonograph, electric light
bulb, and motion picture
camera; Bell's development
of the telephone; and
Babbage's vision of a
programmable mechanical
computer.

20th Century Nikola Tesla, Henry Ford, Tesla's work on alternating

Alan Turing, Steve Jobs. current (AC) electricity,
Ford's invention of
assembly line
manufacturing, Turing's
groundbreaking work in
computer science and
artificial intelligence, and
Jobs' leadership in the
development of personal
computers, cellphones, and
digital animation.

Contemporary Era (21st Elon Musk, Tim Berners- Musk's investments in

Century) Lee, Mark Zuckerberg. space exploration
(SpaceX), electric vehicles
(Tesla), and
neurotechnology
(Neuralink), Berners-Lee's
discovery of the World
Wide Web, Zuckerberg's
founding of Facebook, and
contributions to social
media networking.