ARCH491

Steel Structure Notes

Analysis of Tension Members
Done By: Ruba Almalahi

Done By: Ruba Almalahi 1

Legend: Symbols Meaning

Extra
Important
Notes
Information

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 Introduction -
Contents
• Simplest Tension Member
• Types of Tension Members

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Introduction: Simplest Tension
Member
• Tension members are found in bridge and roof trusses, towers
and bracing systems and in situations where they are used as tie
rods.
• One of the simplest forms of tension members in the circular rod,
but there is some difficulty in connecting it to many structures.
• One important reason rods are not popular with designers is that
they have used improperly so often in the past that they have a
bad reputation; however, if designed and installed correctly, they
are satisfactory for many situations.

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Introduction: Simplest Tension
Member
• Disadvantages of Rods:
• The average-size rod has very little bending stiffness and may quite easily sag under its own
weight, injuring the appearance of the structure.
• The difficulty of fabricating them with the exact lengths required and the consequent
difficulties of installation.
• To obtain initial tension, the members may be detailed shorter than their required
lengths, a method that gives the steel fabricator very little trouble.
𝟏
• A common rule of thumb is to detail the rods about in short for each 20’ for
𝟏𝟔
length.

Approximate Stress: • f → Stress

𝟏 • ε → Strain
∆𝒍
𝒇 = 𝜺𝑬 → 𝒇 = × 𝑬 → 𝒇 = 𝟏𝟔 × 𝟐𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 = 𝟕𝟓𝟓𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊 • E → Elasticity
𝒍 𝟐𝟎 × 𝟏𝟐

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Introduction: Types of Tension
Members

Round Bar Flat Bar Angle Double Angle Channel Structural

Tee

W or S Built-up Sections

Box Sections
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Introduction: Types of Tension
Members
• Although single structural shapes are a little more economical
than built-up sections, the latter are occasionally used when the
designer is unable to obtain sufficient area or rigidity from
singular shapes.
• Built-up Sections:
• Members that consist of more than one section need to be tied together,
whether by welding or by fastening.
• Tie plates or tie bars are placed in appropriate locations to hold the
structural elements in their correct places.

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 Net Areas - Contents
• Introduction
• Example

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Net Areas: Introduction
• The presence of a hole obviously increases the unit stress in a
tension member, even if the hole is occupied by a bolt.
• At ultimate load, it is reasonable to assume a uniform stress
distribution.
• Tension members (with bolt holes) made from ductile steels have
proved to be as much as one-fifth to one-sixth stronger than
similar members made from brittle steels with the same steels.
• The tern “Net Cross-sectional Area”, or a simply “Net Area”,
refers to the gross cross-sectional area of a member, minus any
holes, notches, or other indentations.
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Net Areas: Introduction
• The connections of tension members should be arranged so that no
eccentricity is present.
• Unfortunately, its difficult to arrange connections without eccentricity.
• If this arrangement is possible, the stress is assumed to be spread
uniformly across the net section of a member.
• There’s no problem in a symmetrical member, as its centroidal axis is its
centre line; but for unsymmetrical members, the problem is a little
more difficult.
• If a member has more than one gage line, the one closest to the actual
centroidal axis of the member is used in detailing (as shown in the next
slide).
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Net Areas: Introduction

Gage line
2 Angles

Line passes through

the centre of gravity
of each bolt group

Gage line

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 Net Areas: Example
EXAMPLE 3.1:
𝟑
• Determine the net area of the × 𝟖-in plate. The plate is connected at its end with two lines
𝟑 𝟖
of 𝟒 -in bolts.
𝟏
ANSWER PL × 𝟖
𝟒
• An = Area of plate – Area of bolt holes
𝟑 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑
= (𝟖 × 𝟖) – 2(𝟒 + 𝟖)(𝟖) = 2.34 in2 Section - 𝟑
PL ×𝟖
𝟖
Hole
Diameter PU PU
𝟏
Bolt Diameter + 𝟖
𝟏
P
𝟐 U
𝟏 PU
P
𝟐 U
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 Effect of Staggered
Holes - Contents
• Failure Cases
• Examples

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Effect of Staggered Holes:
Failure Cases
• Should there be more than one row of bolt holes in a member, it is
often desirable to stagger than in order to provide as large a net
area as possible at any one section to resist the load.
• Possible failure sections in plates:
A A A

B
C

B Case A B Case B E D Case C

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Effect of Staggered Holes:
Failure Cases
𝒔𝟐 A
• In Case C we add → 𝟒𝒈 ×𝒕
• Where, B
• s → Longitudinal Spacing (or pitch) C
• g → Transverse spacing (or gage)
of the same hole Case C
E D
• t → Thickness of Plate
For angles, the gage for holes in
opposite legs is considered to be
g the sum of the gages from the back
of the angle – the thickness of the
angle.
s
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Effect of Staggered Holes :
Examples
EXAMPLE 3.2:
𝟏
• Determine the net area of the 𝟐-in thick plate, using
𝟑
the AISC Specifications. The holes are punched for -
𝟒
in bolts. A
ANSWER
• ABCD = Area of plate – Area of bolt holes 2.5” B
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
= (𝟐 × 𝟏𝟏) – 2(𝟒 + 𝟖)(𝟐) = 4.63 in2 3”
𝒔𝟐 11” C
• ABCEF = Area of plate – Area of bolt holes + × 𝒕 3”
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑𝟐 𝟏
𝟒𝒈 E
= (𝟐 × 𝟏𝟏) – 2(𝟒 + 𝟖)(𝟐) + (𝟒×𝟑 × 𝟐 )= 4.56 in2 2.5”
𝒔𝟐
• ABEF = Area of plate – Area of bolt holes + 𝟒𝒈 × 𝒕 D
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑𝟐 𝟏
3” F
= (𝟐 × 𝟏𝟏) – 2(𝟒 + 𝟖)(𝟐) + (𝟒×𝟔 × 𝟐 )= 4.81 in2
• Critical Net Area = 4.56 in2

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Effect of Staggered Holes :
Examples
EXAMPLE 3.3:
• For the two lines of bolt holes, determine the pitch that will give a
net area
𝟑
DGEF equal to the area along ABC. The holes are punched
for 𝟒 -in bolts.
ANSWER D A
• ABC = Width of plate – Diameter of bolt holes
𝟑 𝟏
= 6 – (𝟒 + 𝟖) = 5.13” 2”
𝒔𝟐 E B
• DEFG = Width of plate – Diameter of bolt holes +
𝟒𝒈 2”
𝟑 𝟏 𝑺𝟐 𝑺𝟐
=6 +
– (𝟒 ) + 𝟒×𝟐 = 4.25 +𝟖 F
𝟖 2”
• ABC = DEFG
𝑺𝟐
= 8 × 5.13 = 4.25 + 𝟖 × 8 = 𝑺𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟖 × 𝟖
G s C
S = 2.65”
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Effect of Staggered Holes :
Examples
EXAMPLE 3.4:

𝟑
• Determine the net area along ABCDEF for the C15×33.9 (Ag = 10.00 in2). The holes are punched for -in bolts.
𝟒
A
1.4” 2” 0.650”
ANSWER 1.4”
0.650” B
3” a
• a = web edge + flange edge – web thickness 0.400” C
9” 0.400” 9”
D
= 3 + 2 – 0.40 = 4.60” a
3” E
Approximate An along ABCDEF 1.4”
1.4” 2”
3” F
𝒔𝟐 𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 + 𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒆𝒃
• ABCDEF = Area of section – Area of bolt holes in flange – Area of bolts in web + ×
𝟒𝒈 𝟐

𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑𝟐 𝟎.𝟔𝟓𝟎+𝟎.𝟒𝟎𝟎
= 10.00 – 2( + ) × 0.650 - 2( + ) × 0.400 + 2( )( ) = 8.78 in2
𝟒 𝟖 𝟒 𝟖 𝟒×𝟒.𝟔 𝟐

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 Effective Net Area -
Contents
• Introduction
• Shear Lag Factors for Tension Members

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Effective Net Area:
Introduction
• If the forces are not transferred uniformly across a member’s cross
section, there will be a transition region of uneven stress running from
the connection out along the member for some distance.
• In the transition region the stress in the connected part of a member
may very well exceed FY and go into the strain-hardening range. Unless
the load is reduced, the member may fracture prematurely.
Angle connected
by only one leg Stress in transition
region > FY

Transition
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Effective Net Area:
Introduction
Angle connected
by only one leg Stress in transition
region > FY

Transition
Region

• In the transition region, the shear transfer has lagged and

phenomenon is referred to as shear lag.
• The effective net area, Ae of such a member is to be determined
by multiplying a net area An by a reduction factor U.
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Effective Net Area: Shear Lag
Factors for Tension Members

• The value of the reduction coefficient, U, is affected by the cross

section of the member and by the length of its connection.
• Shear Lag Factors for tension members:
• CASE (1): U = 1.0
• For ALL tension members where the tension load is transmitted directly to each of
the cross-sectional elements by fasteners or welds (except in cases 4, 5 and 6).

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Effective Net Area: Shear Lag
Factors for Tension Members
• Shear Lag Factors for tension • The smaller the value of 𝒙 ഥ, the
members (Follow): larger the effective area of the
members and thus the larger is
ഥ
𝒙
• CASE (2): U = 1 - the member’s design strength.
ഥ
𝒍 𝒙
• U = 1 - 𝒍 is used for bolted
• For ALL tension members except members only.
plates and HSS, where the tension • The longer the connection’s L
load is transmitted to some but not becomes, the larger U will
all of the cross-sectional elements become, as will the effective net
by fasteners or longitudinal weld in area of the member.
combination with transverse weld
• Alternatively, for W, M, S and HP, ഥ
𝒙
case 7 may be used. For angles, ഥ
𝒙 ഥ
𝒙
case 8 may be used.
ഥ
𝒙
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Effective Net Area: Shear Lag
Factors for Tension Members
• Shear Lag Factors for tension members (Follow):
• CASE (3): U = 1.0
• All tension members where the tension load is transmitted only by transverse welds
to some but not all of the cross-sectional element
• In this case An is the area of the directly connected elements.
• CASE (4): 𝒍 ≥ 𝟐𝒘 → 𝑼 = 𝟏. 𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝟐𝒘 > 𝒍 ≥ 𝟏. 𝟓𝒘 → 𝑼 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕 𝒐𝒓
𝟏. 𝟓𝒘 > 𝒍 ≥ 𝒘 → 𝑼 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓
• Plates where the tension load is transmitted by longitudinal welds only.
o L → Weld Length
o w → Plate Width or
w Distance Between
Welds

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Effective Net Area: Shear Lag
Factors for Tension Members
• Shear Lag Factors for tension members (Follow):
ഥ
𝒙
• CASE (5): 𝒍 ≥ 𝟏. 𝟑𝑫 → 𝑼 = 𝟏. 𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝑫 > 𝒍 ≥ 𝟏. 𝟑𝑫 → 𝑼 = 𝟏 −𝒍
ഥ
𝒙 = 𝑫/𝝅
• Round HSS with a single concentric gusset plate. Round HSS
ഥ
𝒙
• CASE (6-a): 𝒍 ≥ 𝑯 → 𝑼 = 𝟏 − 𝒍 Gusset Plate
𝑩𝟐 + 𝟐𝑩𝑯 𝑫
ഥ
𝒙= Rectangular
𝟒(𝑩 + 𝑯) HSS
• Rectangular HSS with single concentric gusset. 𝒍
ഥ
𝒙
• CASE (6-b): 𝒍 ≥ 𝑯 → 𝑼 = 𝟏 − 𝒍
𝑩𝟐 𝑩 𝑩
ഥ
𝒙=
𝟒(𝑩 + 𝑯)
• Rectangular HSS with two side gusset plates.
𝑯 𝑯
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Effective Net Area: Shear Lag
Factors for Tension Members
• Shear Lag Factors for tension members (Follow):
𝟐 𝟐
• CASE (7-a): 𝒃𝒇 ≥ 𝟑
𝒅 → 𝑼 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝒃𝒇 < 𝟑
𝒅 → 𝑼 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓
• W, M, S or HP Shapes or Tees cut from these shapes with flange connected with 3 or
more fasteners per line in the direction of loading.

• If U is calculated per case (2), the

larger value is permitted to be
used.
𝒅 • In order to calculate U for W-
𝒍 sections connected by flanges
only, we will assume that the
section is split into two structural
Tees.
𝒃𝒇
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Effective Net Area: Shear Lag
Factors for Tension Members
• Shear Lag Factors for tension members (Follow):
• CASE (7-b): 𝑼 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎
• W, M, S or HP Shapes or Tees cut from these shapes with web connected with 4 or
more fasteners per line in the direction of loading.

If U is calculated per
𝒅 case (2), the larger
value is permitted to
be used.

𝒃𝒇 𝒍
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Effective Net Area: Shear Lag
Factors for Tension Members
• Shear Lag Factors for tension members (Follow):
• CASE (8-a): 𝑼 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎
• Single or double angles with 4 or more fasteners per line in the direction of loading.
• CASE (8-b): 𝑼 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎
• Single or double angles with 3 fasteners per line in the direction of loading.

Case (8-a) • If U is calculated per

case (2), the larger
value is permitted to
be used.
𝒍 • With less than 3
fasteners per line, we
Case (8-b) directly use case (2).

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 Nominal Strengths
of Tension Members
- Contents
• Introduction
• LRFD Tensile Strength Design
• Examples

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Nominal Strengths of Tension
Members: Introduction

• A ductile steel member without holes and subject to a tensile load

can resist, without fracture, a load larger than its gross sectional
area times its yield stress because of hardening strain.
• Though the hardening strain situation is quickly reached at the net
section portion of the member, yielding there may not really be a
limit state of significance, because the overall change in length of
the member due to yielding in this small part of the member
length may be negligible.

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Nominal Strengths of Tension
Members: LRFD Tensile Strength
Design

Gross Yielding Tensile Rupture

Nominal Strength of Nominal Strength of Tensile Member
Tensile Member =
= Minimum Tensile Stress × Effective
Minimum Yield × Gross Net Area
Area
Ø PN = Ø FU × Ae
Ø PN = Ø FY × Ag

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Nominal Strengths of Tension
Members: Examples
EXAMPLE 3.6:
𝟑
• Determine the LRFD design tensile strength for a W10×45 with two lines of -in diameter bolts in each flange using A572
Grade 50 steel. There are assumed to be at least three bolts in each line 4” on𝟒 centre, and the bolts are not staggered with
respect to each other.
ANSWER
• A572 – Grade 50: FY = 50 ksi and FU = 65 ksi.
• Using W10×45: Ag = 13.3 in2, d = 10.10”, bf = 8.02”, tf = 0.620”.
a. Gross Yielding
• Ø PN = Ø FY × Ag = 0.9 × 13.3 × 50 = 598.5 k
b. Tensile Rupture Strength 4”
• Ø PN = Ø FU × Ae = Ø FU × An × U 10.10”
•
3 1
An = Ag – Area of bolt lines = 13.3 – 4( + )(0.650) = 11.13 in2 4”
4 8
• Referring to the AISC Specifications, half of the W10×45 is WT5×22.5 → 𝑥(ҧ 𝑦)
ത = 0.907“
• L = 2 × 4 = 8”
𝑥ҧ 0.907
• CASE (2): U = 1 - = 1 − = 0.89
𝑙 8
2 2 2
• CASE (7): bf = 8.02”, 𝑑 = × 10.10 = 6.73" → 𝑏𝑓 > 𝑑 → 𝑈 = 0.90 8.02”
3 3 3
• Ø PN = Ø FU × An × U = 0.75 × 65 × 11.13 × 0.90 = 488.5 k
• LRFD = 488.5 k (Rupture Controls)

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Nominal Strengths of Tension
Members: Examples
EXAMPLE 3.7:
𝟑 𝟕
• Determine the LRFD design tensile strength for an A36. L6×6× -in that is connected at its ends with one line of -in
𝟖 𝟖
diameter bolts in standard holes 3” on centre in one leg of the angle.
ANSWER
• A36: FY = 36 ksi and FU = 58 ksi.
3 𝟑
• Using L6×6× : Ag = 4.38 in2, ഥ
𝒙 = 1.62”. ”
𝟖 𝟖
a. Gross Yielding
• Ø PN = Ø FY × Ag = 0.9 × 36 × 4.38 = 141.9 k
3”
b. Tensile Rupture Strength
• Ø PN = Ø FU × Ae = Ø FU × An × U
•
7 1 3
An = Ag – Area of bolt lines = 4.38 – ( + )( ) = 4.00 in2 6” 3”
8 8 8
• L = 3 × 3 = 9”
•
𝑥ҧ
CASE (2): U = 1 - = 1 −
𝑙
1.62
9
= 0.82 3”
• CASE (8): U = 0.80
• Ø PN = Ø FU × An × U = 0.75 × 58 × 4.00 × 0.82 = 142.6 k
• LRFD = 141.9 k (Yielding Controls) 6”

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Nominal Strengths of Tension
Members: Examples
EXAMPLE 3.8:
• The 1×6-in plate is connected to a 1×10-in plate with longitudinal fillet
welds to transfer a tensile load. Determine the LRFD design tensile
strength of the member if FY = 50 ksi and FU = 65 ksi.
PL1×10 in
ANSWER
a. Gross Yielding
• Ø PN = Ø FY × Ag = 0.9 × 50 × 1 × 6 = 270 kPU w = 6” PU

b. Tensile Rupture Strength

• Ø PN = Ø FU × Ae = Ø FU × An × U
• An = Ag (only in welding) = 6.00 in2 PL1×6 in L = 8”
• Case (4): 1.5𝑤 = 1.5 × 6 = 9" > L = 8" > 𝑤 = 6" → 𝑈 = 0.75
• Ø PN = Ø FU × An × U = 0.75 × 65 × 6.00 × 0.75 = 219.4 k
• LRFD = 219.4 k (Rupture Controls)
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Nominal Strengths of Tension
Members: Examples
EXAMPLE 3.9:
• Compute the LRFD design tensile strength of the angle shown in the figure, It is
welded on the end (transverse) and sides (longitudinal) of the 8” leg only, FY = 50 ksi
and FU = 70 ksi.
Plate
ANSWER
3
• Using L8×6× 𝟒 : Ag = 9.99 in2, ഥ
𝒙 = 1.56”.
PU w = 8” PU
a. Gross Yielding
• Ø PN = Ø FY × Ag = 0.9 × 50 × 9.99 = 449.5 k
b. Tensile Rupture Strength 3
L8×6× 𝟒 in L = 6”
• Ø P N = Ø F U × Ae = Ø F U × An × U
• An = Ag = 9.99 in2
𝑥ҧ 1.56
• CASE (2): U = 1 - =1− = 0.74
𝑙 6 6”
• Ø PN = Ø FU × An × U = 0.75 × 70 × 9.99 × 0.74 = 388.0 k 3
”
• LRFD = 388.0 k (Rupture Controls) 𝟒

8”
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 Connecting Elements
for Tension Members -
Contents
• Introduction
• Examples

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Connecting Elements for
Tension Members: Introduction
• When splice or gusset plates are used as statically loaded tensile
connecting elements, their strength shall be determined as
follows:
• For tensile yielding of connected • For tensile rupture of connected
elements: elements:
Ø RN = Ø FY × Ag Ø RN = Ø FU × Ae

• The net area An, may not exceed 85% of Ag.

• In this case, An is calculated twice, once the normal method where
An = Ag – Area of bolts and the second by using An = 0.85Ag and the
smallest value is used.
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Connecting Elements for
Tension Members: Examples
EXAMPLE 3.10:
• The tension member
𝟑
(FY = 50 ksi and FU = 65 ksi) 𝟑W10×45 is assumed to be connected at its
ends with two of 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟐 -in plates. If two lines of 𝟒 -in diameter bolts are used in each plate,
determine the LRFD design tensile force that the two plates can transfer.
ANSWER 𝟏
𝟑 𝟑 P
𝟐 U
• PL 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟐 → Ag = × 𝟏𝟐 = 4.5 in2.
𝟖
W 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟒𝟓 PU
a. Tensile Yielding of Connecting Elements
• Ø PN = Ø FY × Ag = 0.9 × 50 × 4.5 = 405 k
𝟏
b. Tensile Rupture of Connecting Elements P
𝟐 U 𝟑
• Ø PN = Ø FU × Ae = Ø FU × An × U PL 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟐 in
3 1 3
• An of 2 plates = 2(Ag – Area of bolt lines) = 2[4.5 – 2(4 + 8)(8)] = 7.69 in2
• An = 0.85Ag = 0.85 × 4.5 = 7.65 in2
• CASE (1): U = 1.0
• Ø PN = Ø FU × An × U = 0.75 × 65 × 7.65 × 1.0 = 372.9 k
• LRFD = 372.9 k (Rupture Controls)
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 Block Shear -
Contents
• Introduction
• Examples

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Shear Block: Introduction
• The failure of a member may occur along a path involving tension
on one plane and shear on a perpendicular plane, where several
possible block failure are illustrated. For these situations, it’s
possible for a “block” of steel to tear out.
Shear Plane Shear Plane

Tension Plane
Tension Plane
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Shear Block: Introduction

• When a tensile load applied to a particular connection is

increased, the fracture strength of the weaker plane will be
approached. That plane will not fail then, because it is restrained
by the stronger plane.
• Block Shear:
• It’s a tearing, or rupture, situation and not a yielding situation.

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Shear Block: Introduction
• Shear Fracture and Tension • Tensile Fracture and Shear
Yielding: Large Shear Yielding:
Area

PU

Small Tension
Area
𝟏
P
𝟓 U

• Free body of “block” that tends to

shear out in the previous figure: Large Tensile
Area
Small Shear
𝟏 Area
P
𝟓 U

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Shear Block: Introduction

Block Shear
Rn = 0.6FUAnv + UbsFUAnt ≤ 0.6FYAgv + UbsFUAnt

• Agv → Gross Area Subjected to Shear Plane

• Anv → Net Area Subjected to Shear Plane
• Ant → Net Area Subjected to Tension Plane
• Ubs → Reduction Factor
• Ubs = 1.0
• Ubs = 0.5 if the block shear is NOT uniform

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Shear Block: Introduction
• The purpose of Ubs is to account for the fact that stress
distribution may not be uniform on the tensile plane for some
connections.
• Uniform Stress Distribution → • Non-uniform Stress Distribution →
Ubs = 1.0: Ubs = 0.5:

Angled End
Multiple-row
Beam Connection
Single-row
Beam
Connection

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Shear Block: Examples

EXAMPLE 3.11:
Shear Plane
• The A572 Grade 50 tension
2”
member shown in the figure is 𝟏
𝟑 L6×4×𝟐 4” 10”
connected with three 𝟒 -in
β β
bolts. Determine the LRFD 4”
block shear rupture strength
of the member. Also, calculate Tension Plane
the LRFD design tensile 𝟑 𝟐”
𝟏 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐”
strength of the member.
6”

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Shear Block: Examples
EXAMPLE 3.11 (ANSWER):
• A572 – Grade 50: FY = 50 ksi and FU = 65 ksi.
𝟏 4”
• Using L6×4× 𝟐 : Ag = 4.72 in2, ഥ in unconnected leg = 0.981”.
𝒙 𝟏
”
a. Block Shear 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
• Shear Plane ( - ) 𝟑 𝟐” 𝟐 𝟐”
• Agv = The distance
1
from the edge to the centre of the last bolt (Db) ×
Thickness = 10 × 2 = 5.00 in2 6”
3 1 1
• Anv = Agv – Area of bolts = 5.00 – 2.5(4 + )( )
8 2
= 3.91 in2 Section β - β
• Tension Plane (β - β)
1 1 1 3 1
• Ant = Agt – Area of bolts = (2 2 × 2) – 2(4 + 8)(12) = 1.03 in2 𝟏
”
• Ubs = 1.0 𝟐
• Rn = 0.6 × FU × Anv + Ubs × FU × Ant ≤ 0.6 × FY × Agv + Ubs × FU × Ant 4” 4” 2”
= 0.6 × 65 × 3.91 + 1.0 × 65 × 1.03 ≤ 0.6 × 50 × 5.00 + 1.0 × 65 × 1.03
= 219.44 k > 216.95 k
• Ø Rn = 0.75 × 216.95 = 162.7 k Db = 10”
Section -
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Shear Block: Examples
EXAMPLE 3.11 (FOLLOW ANSWER):
• A572 – Grade 50: FY = 50 ksi and FU = 65 ksi.
𝟏
• Using L6×4× : Ag = 4.72 in2, ഥ𝒙 in unconnected leg = 0.981”.
𝟐
b. Gross Yielding
• Ø PN = Ø FY × Ag = 0.9 × 50 × 4.72 = 213.7 k
c. Tensile Rupture Strength
• Ø PN = Ø FU × Ae = Ø FU × An × U
3 1 1
• An = Ag – Area of bolt lines = 4.72 – ( + )( ) = 4.31 in2
4 8 2
• L = 2 × 4 = 8”
𝑥ҧ 0.981
• CASE (2): U = 1 - = 1 − = 0.88
𝑙 8
• CASE (8): U = 0.60
• Ø PN = Ø FU × An × U = 0.75 × 65 × 4.31 × 0.88 = 184.8 k
• LRFD = 162.7 k (Block Shear Controls)
Done By: Ruba Almalahi 47
Shear Block: Examples
EXAMPLE 3.12:
• Determine the LRFD design strength of the A36 plates shown in the figure,
include the block shear in the calculation.
ANSWER: Tension Plane
• A36: FY = 36 ksi and FU = 58 ksi.
𝟏 𝟏
• PL10× 𝟐 : Ag = 10× 𝟐 = 5.00 in2
a. Gross Yielding β 4” β
• Ø PN = Ø FY × Ag = 0.9 × 36 × 5.00 = 162 k
b. Tensile Rupture Strength Shear Plane 𝟏
• Ø PN = Ø FU × Ae = Ø FU × An × U PL10×𝟐
• An = Ag = 5.00 in2
• CASE (1): U = 1.0 10”
• Ø PN = Ø FU × An × U = 0.75 × 58 × 5.00 × 1.0 = 217.5 k
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Shear Block: Examples
EXAMPLE 3.12 (FOLLOW ANSWER):
• A36: FY = 36 ksi and FU = 58 ksi.
𝟏 𝟏
• PL10× : Ag = 10× = 5.00 in2 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐 ”
𝟐
c. Block Shear
• Shear Plane ( - ) 𝟏
1 ”
• Agv = Db × Thickness × No. of Shear Planes = 4 × ×2 = 4.00 in2 4” 𝟐
2
• Anv = Agv = 4.00 in2
• Tension Plane (β - β) Section - 𝟏
• Ant = Agt = 10
1
×2 = 5.00 in2
”
𝟐
• Ubs = 1.0
𝟏
• Rn = 0.6 × FU × Anv + Ubs × FU × Ant ≤ 0.6 × FY × Agv + Ubs × FU × Ant = ”
0.6 × 58 × 4.00 + 1.0 × 58 × 5.00 ≤ 0.6 × 36 × 4.00 + 1.0 × 58 × 5.00 10” 𝟐
= 429.2 k > 376.4 k
• Ø Rn = 0.75 × 376.4 = 282.3 k Section β - β
• LRFD = 162 k (Yielding Controls)

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Shear Block: Examples
EXAMPLE 3.13:
• Determine the 𝟕LRFD tensile design strength of the member W12×30 (FY = 50 ksi and FU = 65 ksi) shown
in the figure if 𝟖 -in bolts are used in the connection. Include block shear calculations for the flanges.
ANSWER:
Shear Plane
• Using W12×30: Ag = 8.79 in2, d = 12.3”, bf = 6.52”, tf = 0.440”, tw = 0.260”.
• Half W12×30 is WT6×15: 𝒙 ഥ=𝒚 ഥ = 1.27 in2. 2”
0.440”
a. Gross Yielding 4”
• Ø PN = Ø FY × Ag = 0.9 × 50 × 8.79 = 395.5 k 0.260” 12.3” 10”
β β
b. Tensile Rupture Strength W12×30 4”
• Ø PN = Ø FU × Ae = Ø FU × An × U
7 1
• An = Ag – Area of bolt lines = 8.79 – 4( + )(0.440) = 7.03 in2
8 8
• L = 2 × 4 = 8” 6.52”
𝑥ҧ 1.27
• CASE (2): U = 1 - = 1 − = 0.84
𝑙 8
2 2 2
• CASE (7): bf = 6.52”, 𝑑 = × 12.3 = 8.20" → 𝑏𝑓 < 𝑑 → 𝑈 = 0.85
3 3 3
• Ø PN = Ø FU × An × U = 0.75 × 65 × 7.03 × 0.85 = 291.5 k 1.51” 3.5” 1.51” Tension Plane
6.52”
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Shear Block: Examples
0.440”
EXAMPLE 3.13 (FOLLOW ANSWER): 0.260”
• Using W12×30: Ag = 8.79 in2, d = 12.3”, bf = 6.52”, tf = 0.440”, 12.3”
tw = 0.260”.
c. Block Shear
• Shear Plane ( - ) 1.51”3.5” 1.51”
• Agv = Db × Thickness × No. of Shear Planes = 10 × 0.440 × 4 = 17.60 in2
7 1 6.52”
• Anv = Agv – Area of Bolts = 17.60 – 4 × 2.5( + )(0.440) = 13.20 in2
8 8 Section β - β
• Tension Plane (β - β)
1 7 1
• Ant = Agt – Area of Bolts = (4 × 1.51 × 0.440) – 4 × ( + )(0.440) = 1.78 in2 0.440”
2 8 8
• Ubs = 1.0
• Rn = 0.6 × FU × Anv + Ubs × FU × Ant ≤ 0.6 × FY × Agv + Ubs × FU × Ant = 12.3”
0.6 × 65 × 13.20 + 1.0 × 65 × 1.78 ≤ 0.6 × 50 × 17.60 + 1.0 × 65 × 1.78
= 630.5 k < 643.7 k
• Ø Rn = 0.75 × 630.5 = 472.9 k 0.440”
• LRFD = 291.5 k (Rupture Controls) 4”4” 2”
10”
Done By: Ruba Almalahi Section - 51