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Water Resources
Water Resources
Water Resources
NOV 2014
(Q1):Why are waterlogging and salinity called ‘the twin menaces for farmers’? [2]
• Waterlogging restricts root growth / prevents air pockets in soil
• Salinity poisons the soil / plants cannot tolerate salt
(Q2) Describe the ways in which damage by waterlogging and salinity can be prevented. [6]
• Tubewells to lower water table (fresh water pumped up to flush out salt)
• Surface drains dug (diverts surface water to river / lake)
• Canals lined (prevents seepage)
• Canals closed temporarily
• (Eucalyptus) trees planted (deep roots
absorb water from water table)
(c) Explain the importance of the Indus Water Treaty to Pakistan. [4]
Ensures that India does not restrict Pakistan’s water supply / water supply in Pakistan is
maintained
Ensures an effective / dependable irrigation system in the Indus Plain
Pakistan has exclusive rights to waters of the rivers Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab
Maintains agricultural production
Tarbela and Mangla dams built [to store water]
Barrages / syphons / link canals built [to distribute water]
Enabled construction cost of works to be shared with Western countries and India
(c) (i) Irrigation is required in many parts of Pakistan. Which statement below best describes
‘irrigation’? Tick your answer.
(ii) Name one irrigation technique that is used in Pakistan. Describe how this technique works.
You may use a labelled sketch or diagram.
One mark for named choice. Three marks for how the technique is described and
explained. Can all be from labels on sketch or mixture of labels/text.
Likely choices: canals, diversion canals, lift irrigation, sailaba, wells, tubewells, karez.
Supporting Statement A
Rainfall can be stored in one area and supply a dry area
Government has power to get things done
Expensive to fund/get resources from government
Can employ companies that will complete job professionally
Can plan at national scale
Can gain economies of scale in providing raw materials
No cost to local people
Supporting Statement B
Local workforce could build small-scale systems with training
Can train/develop local skills for future
Gives responsibility to local people
Allows local people to provide inputs
Cheaper if labour is free
Can respond to local conditions
Quick to implement
FARMING
Benefits (res. 2):
increased water supply/less need for irrigation
alluvium from floods
reduces salinity
better plant growth
higher yield/income
benefit to animals
Problems (res. 2):
flooding
waterlogging
water is not absorbed
soil erosion/gullying
leaching
risk of pests/disease
damage at harvest, e.g. cotton, wheat
intensity can damage plant
loss of income (do not credit twice)
ROAD TRAVEL
Benefits (res. 2):
lays the dust
water to cool engine
Problems (res. 2):
flooding blocks roads/restricts access
washes away surface
destroys bridges
danger of lightning
danger to driving, e.g. slippery [6]
2 (a) Study Fig. 2 which shows the perennial canal system in Pakistan.Describe the distribution
of the perennial canals.
mainly on Plains/Indus Plain/by the rivers
most widespread in Punjab
only from Indus in Sindh
mostly NE to SW in Punjab and Upper Sindh
mostly NW to SE in Lower Sindh
south/east of highlands
no canals in SE
area/Balochistan/north/west/mountains
some in KPK
[4]
(d) Study Fig. 3 which shows the main users of water in the
Punjab.Name two conflicting users of water supplies in the
Punjab shown on Fig. 3. Explain briefly why each user thinks
that they should have more water.
2 conflicting users (one mark), e.g. farmer, industrialist,
home-owner, power industry
Reasons for wanting more water (two marks each)
e.g. farmer wants it for higher yields – more food for growing population, income for himself,
irrigation, example of high usage, e.g. rice and sugarcane.
e.g. industrialist wants it for bigger/better output – increase trade, exports, income for
himself, example of high usage, e.g. drinks, chemicals.
e.g. home owner wants it for domestic use – better hygiene, food preparation, healthy living,
example of high usage, e.g. washing, drinking. [5]
Name Tubewell
How it works
Tube to groundwater/aquifer
Water pumped up
By tractor/(diesel) motor/generator
Water flows into pond/reservoir/tank
Distributed to fields by canals/pipes/sprinklers
(c) (i) With reference to water supply and relief (topography) explain why it might be possible to
build more HEP (hydel) power stations in areas such as that shown in Photograph C (Insert). [4]
Water supply
High rainfall, melting glaciers, melting
snow, low temperatures/evaporation,
continuous
supply from rivers/rain (max 2)
Relief (topography)
Deep valleys, narrow valleys, steep
slopes/steep-sided valleys, waterfalls,
high altitude
(max 2)
(d) To what extent is it possible to increase the electricity supply to rural areas? [6]
Possibilities
Extend national grid
Increase (national) power generation/nuclear power
More/good potential for renewable schemes, wind, solar, HEP (max 2)
(allow dev to further max 2 for details)
More small-scale power generation schemes
E.g. biogas using animal/plant waste/molasses (dev)
Nov 2012
(iv) Explain three reasons, other than by waterlogging and salinity, why over half the
land was not cultivated when the survey was made. [6]
Pasture - grazing
Fallow – to allow soil to rest
Low rainfall / away from canals / desert –infertile, plants cannot grow, no soil
Mountains – steep slopes / lack of soil (accept rugged)
Forest – need for
Rivers – may flood
Residential / housing - for large population
Industry – factories need large space
Commercial – eg. city centres
Mineral extraction – plus waste
Pollution – crops die
Roads, railways, airports – for communication
Damage – eg. deforestation, pollution
Wasted by landlords
Very cold
(1 mark for reason, 1 mark for explanation)
May 2011
(ii) How much higher was this than the supply in 2002? [1]
31 (million acre feet)
(d) Explain why waterlogging and salinity of soils causes problems to farmers. [6]
Reduces cultivable area / makes land un-usable
Reduces yield / damages crops
Reduces income / profit
Expensive to reclaim land / treat soil
Reasons why this occurs
Water table rises / water collects on the surface / water on roots
Evaporation (caused by hot climate)
Fertilisers add to salts in water
Salts left behind / form a hard crust on surface
Soil becomes infertile / toxic
Farmers use too much water / poor farming methods
Perennial water supply / available all year
Causes (res. 1)
Explanation of Human waste e.g. because no sanitation / untreated sewage
Industrial waste e.g. dumping in rivers
Litter / plastic/paper e.g. because no organised collection
Oil spills e.g. from washing of tanks / ship breaking
Agricultural runoff e.g. because of use of chemicals / fertilisers and
insecticides
2059/02/M/J/22
(d) Water is a valuable resource for development, yet Pakistan faces acute water shortages.
2600–5300 litres of water per day are needed to grow enough food for one person compared
with 50 litres of water being needed per person per day for domestic use.
Evaluate the extent to which the use of water in agriculture in Pakistan can be made more
sustainable. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have
studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.
Content Guide
water use in agriculture can become more sustainable:
water losses from leaking pipes/unlined canals can be repaired/reduced/preventing waterlogging and
salinity
water saving devices/sprinklers/drip irrigation can be implemented to reduce water wastage
install water meters so that farmers are aware of their usage
clear dams/dykes to reduce waterlogging and salinity
use of seeds/high-yielding varieties that require less water/drought resistant varieties
education/training of farmers about water use and conservation
restrictions imposed on farmers to constrain water usage
modernisation of irrigation equipment Etc.
Levels marking
No valid response 0
Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)
Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view only (3)
Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant example (4)
Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)
Content Guide
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Summer 2023
Q2 (c) (i) What is hydel power? Tick (3) one box below.
Note: Credit can be given for points made on an annotated diagram. 4 @ 1 mark
Winter 2023
(b) (i) Barrages have been built on many rivers. Name two barrages in Pakistan.
Balloki / Chashma / Ghazi Brotha / Guddu / Islam / Jinnah / Kotri / Khanki / Marala / Mohammadwala /
Panjnad / Qadirabad / Rasul / Sinhnai / Sulemanki / Sukkur / Trimmu / Taunsa [2]