Ancient and Medieval History

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ANCIENT &
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Table of Content
Page No.
3 Ancient India
Page No.
17 Mahajanapadas
Page No.
41 Gupta and Harsha period
Page No.
53 The Great Mughals
Page No.
67 Delhi Sultanate
Page No.
Important Kingdoms of
83 North and South India
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VISIONIAS PT365
m�-� Current affairs forms the cornerstone of civil services exam preparation, permeating all its
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Current Affairs
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PT 365 document comprehensively covers the important and relevant current affairs of the last 1 year in a
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UPSC Prelims
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4
GUPTA AND
HARSHA PERIOD
Rise and Growth of Gupta Empire
275 CE 319–20 CE 335–80 CE

The Gupta era
The dynasty of the Samudragupta,
started by the 1st
Guptas gained the son and
important Gupta
power and successor of
emperor
founded Chandragupta I
Chandragupta I
by Sri Gupta.
(319–34).
44
550 CE 5th Century 380–412 CE
Guptas lost Huna invasion Chandragupta II
Bihar and UP and end of
Skandagupta’s
reign
KHYBAR PASS
PLATEAU OF
TIBET
DECCAN
PLATEAU
ARABIAN
WE
SEA BAY OF BENGAL

STE
RN
GHA
TS
Empire of Chandragupta I
Added by SamudraGupta
Added by Chandragupta II
45
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Background
The Gupta empire arose on the ruins of the The Guptas enjoyed certain material
Kushan empire. The Guptas were possibly advantages. The centre of their opera-
feudatories of the Kushans in UP. The origi- tions lay in the fertile land of Madhyadesh
nal kingdom of the Guptas comprised UP covering Bihar and UP. They were able to
and Bihar at the end of the third century. exploit the iron ores of central India and
south Bihar.
Note: Early Gupta coins and inscriptions Also, they took advantage of their proximi-
are largely found in UP. ty to the areas in north India that conduct-
ed the silk trade with the eastern Roman
empire, also known as the Byzantine
empire.
Chandragupta I (AD 319–34)

He was the first important king of the Gupta dynasty. He married a Lichchhavi princess, in all
probability from Nepal, which strengthened his position.
The Guptas were probably vaishyas, and hence marriage into a
kshatriya family lent them prestige.
Note: He assumed the title of ‘Maharajadhiraja' and started the Gupta Era.
Samudragupta (AD 335–80)

He was Chandragupta’s son and successor. His court poet Harishena wrote a glowing
account of the military exploits of his patron.
The inscription is engraved at Allahabad on the same pillar
that carries the inscriptions of Ashoka.
Meghavarman, the ruler of Sri Lanka, is believed to have sent a missionary to
Samudragupta for permission to build a Buddhist temple at Gaya.
Note: Called ‘Napoleon of India’ by V.A. Smith
Chandragupta II (AD 380–412)

The reign of Chandragupta II saw the high watermark of the Gupta empire. He extended the
limits of the empire by marriage alliance and conquest. He married his daughter Prabhavati to a
Vakataka prince. The prince died, and Prabhavati became the virtual ruler.
Chandragupta II adopted the title of Vikramaditya. During his reign, the Chinese pilgri
Fa-hsien (AD 399–414) visited India and wrote an elaborate account of the life of its people.
Note: The court of Chandragupta II at Ujjain was adorned by numerous

scholars (navratnas) like Kalidasa, Amarsinha, Harisena, Varahmihira, Vararuchi,
Vetalbhatta,Sanku, Dhanvanti and Kahapanaka.
46
3
The successors of Chandragupta II had to face an invasion by
Hunas from Central Asia, which ultimately led to downfall of
the empire.
NOTE
Kumaragupta I founded Nalanda University.
Vishnugupta was last known ruler of Gupta dynasty.
Life in Gupta Age

System of Administration Trends in Trade and Social Developments
the Agrarian Economy
Fa-Hien visited different Large-scale land grants

Kingdom parts of the Gupta to the brahmanas sug-
empire. He found that gest that the brahmana
Magadha was full of supremacy increased in
cities and its rich people Gupta times. The brah-
Provinces/ believed in and support- manas presented the
Bhuktis ed it with charitable Gupta kings as possess-
Governor-uparika offerings. ing god-like attributes.
All this helped to legiti-
In ancient India, the mize the position of the
Vishyas
Guptas issued the larg- Gupta princes, who
vishyapathi est number of gold became great support-
coins, which were called ers of the brahmanical
dinaras in their inscrip- order.
Districts tions. Although in gold
content the Gupta coins The castes proliferated
are not as pure as the into numerous
Kushan ones, they not sub-castes as a result
Village only served to pay the of two factors. First, a
Village head man
officers in the army and large number of foreign-
administration but also ers had been assimilat
47
4
The king maintained a to meet the needs of the ed into Indian society,
standing army, supple- sale and purchase of and each group of
mented by forces sup- land. After the conquest foreigners was consid-
plied by his feudatories. of Gujarat, the Guptas ered a kind of caste.
Horse chariots receded issued a large number Second, the absorption
into the background, and of silver coins mainly for of many tribal people
cavalry came to the fore. local exchange. In con- into brahmanical society
Horse archery became trast to those of the through the process of
an important element Kushans, the Gupta land grants. The tribal
in military tactics. copper coins are very chiefs were assigned a
few in number. respectable origin, but
During the Gupta period most of their ordinary
land taxes increased in In comparison to the kinsmen were assigned
number, and those on earlier period we notice a low origin.
trade and commerce a decline in long-dis-
decreased. In central and tance trade. Till AD 550 The position of shudras
western India, the villag- India carried on some improved during this
ers were also subjected trade with the eastern period. They were now
to forced labour called Roman or Byzantine permitted to listen to
vishti. empire, to which it recitations of the
exported silk. Around Ramayana, the
The judicial system was AD 550, the people of Mahabharata, and the
far more developed under the eastern Roman Puranas.
the Guptas than in earlier empire learnt from the
times; for the first time Chinese the art of grow- The number of untouch-
civil and criminal laws ing silk, which adversely ables increased, espe-
were clearly demarcated. affected India’s export cially the chandalas.
trade.
Note: The guilds of arti- In the Gupta period, like
sans, merchants, and The striking develop- the shudras, women
others were governed by ment of the Gupta were also allowed to
their own laws. period, especially in listen to the Ramayana,
eastern and central MP, the Mahabharata, and
Religious functionaries was the emergence of the Puranas, and were
were granted land, priestly landlords at the advised to worship Krish-
free of tax, for posterity, cost of local peasants. na. However, women of
and they were Land grants made to the the higher orders did not
authorized to collect priests brought many have access to indepen-
from the peasants virgin areas under culti- dent sources of liveli-
all the taxes that once vation, but these benefi- hood in pre-Gupta and
went directly to the ciaries were imposed Gupta times. The first
emperor. The beneficia- from above on local example of the immola-
ries were also empow- tribal peasants who tion of a widow after the
ered to punish were reduced to a death of her husband
criminals. lower status. occurred during the
Gupta period in AD 510.
48
5
Buddhism ceased to be
as important during the
Gupta period as it had
been in the days of
Ashoka and Kanishka.
However, some stupas
and viharas were con-
structed, and Nalanda
became a centre of
Buddhist education.
Bhagavatism originated
in post-Maurya times
and centred around the
worship of Vishnu. It
overshadowed Mahaya-
na Buddhism by Gupta
times. Idol worship in
the temples became a
common feature of
Hinduism from the
Gupta period onwards
and many festivals also
began to be celebrated.
The Gupta kings
followed a policy of
tolerance towards differ-
ent religious sects.
49
Art and Science during the Gupta times
Art
Both Samudragupta and Chandragupta II were
patrons of art and literature.
Buddhism gave great impetus to art in Maurya and
post-Maurya times - creation of massive stone
pillars, the raising of high stupas or relic towers etc.
During the Gupta period a life-size copper image of
the Buddha of more than 6 feet was made.
The finest specimens of Buddhist art in Gupta times
are the Ajanta paintings.
As the Guptas supported Brahmanism, images of
Vishnu, Shiva, and some other Hindu gods were
fashioned for the first time during their period.
The Gupta period was poor in terms of architecture.
There were a few temples made of brick in UP and a
stone temple. The Buddhist university at Nalanda was
set up in the fifth century, and its earliest structure,
made of brick, relates to this period.
Literature
Bhasa was an important poet in the early phase of the
Gupta period. He was the author of a drama called
Dradiracharudatta, which was later refashioned as
Mrichchhakatika or the Little Clay Cart by Shudraka.
Kalidasa lived in the 4th-5th century. He was the great-
est poet of classical Sanskrit literature and wrote Abhi-
jnanashakuntalam which is very highly regarded in
world literature.
The two great epics, namely the Ramayana and the
Mahabharata, were almost completed by the fourth
century AD.
The Gupta period also saw the development of Sanskrit
grammar based on the work of Panini and Patanjali.
This period is particularly memorable for the compila-
tion of Amarakosha by Amarasimha, who was a lumi-
nary in the court of Chandragupta II. 50

Science and Technology
In mathematics, in the fifth century, a work called
Aryabhatiya was written by Aryabhata who belonged
to Pataliputra.
A Gupta inscription of AD 448 from Allahabad district
suggests that the decimal system was known in India
at the beginning of the fifth century.
In the field of astronomy, a book called Romaka
Sidhanta was compiled, its title indicating that it was
influenced by Greek and Roman ideas.
Bronze images of the Buddha began to be produced
on a considerable scale because of the knowledge the
smiths had of advanced metal technology.
With regard to iron objects, the best example is the
iron pillar found at Mehrauli in Delhi. Manufactured in
the fourth century AD. The pillar has not gathered any
rust over the subsequent fifteen centuries which is a
great tribute to the technological skill of the crafts-
men.
Spread of Civilization in Eastern India
Orissa, and Eastern

Bengal Assam
and Southern MP
Kalinga, or coastal Orissa The area situated Kamarupa, coterminous
south of the Mahanadi, between the Ganges and with the Brahmaputra
rose to importance under the Brahmaputra now basin running from east
Ashoka, though a strong covering Bangladesh to west, shot into promi-
state had been founded in emerged as a settled nence in the seventh
that area in the first and fairly Sanskrit-edu- century. In the fourth
century BC. cated region in the fifth century Samudragupta
and sixth centuries. The received tributes from
In the 4th century Kosala Gupta governors, who Davaka and Kamarupa.
and Mahakantara were seem to have become The rulers who submit-
conquered by independent after about ted to Samudragupta
Samudragupta, and AD 550, occupied north may have been chiefs
covered parts of northern Bengal; some part of it living on the tributes
and western Orissa. From may also have been collected from the tribal
the 2nd half of the 4th seized by the rulers of peasantry.
century to the 6th century, Kamarupa. By AD 600
several states were the area came to be
51
formed in Orissa, and at known as Gauda and By the beginning of the
least five of them can be functioned as an inde- sixth century, the use of
clearly identified. The pendent state ruled by Sanskrit and the art of
most important of those Shashanka, Harsha’s writing are clearly in
was the state of the adversary. evidence. The Kamarupa
Matharas, also known kings adopted the title
as Pitribhaktas, who at For a century from AD varman, which obtained
the peak of their power 432 we notice a series not only in northern,
dominated the area of land sale documents central, and western
between the Mahanadi recorded on copper- India but also in Bengal,
and the Krishna. plates. The land sale Orissa, Andhra, Karnata-
documents not only ka, and Tamil Nadu. This
The induction of the indicate the existence of title, which means
brahmanas through land different social groups armour and symbolizes
grants brought new and local functionaries a warrior, was given to
lands under cultivation but also shed valuable the kshatriyas by Manu.
and introduced better light on the expansion of
methods of agriculture. agriculture. In the seventh century
Formerly the year was Bhaskaravarman
divided into three units, A fiscal and administra- emerged as the head of
each of four months, and tive unit called a state which controlled
time was reckoned on Dandabhukti was a substantial part of the
the basis of three sea- formed in the border Brahmaputra basin and
sons. Under the Matha- areas between Bengal some areas beyond it.
ras, in the mid-fifth and Orissa. Danda Buddhism also acquired
century, people began means punishment, and a foothold, and the
the practise of dividing bhukti enjoyment. The Chinese traveller Hieun
the year into twelve unit was apparently to Tsang visited this state.
lunar months. This pacify and suppress the
implied a sound idea of tribal inhabitants of that The decline and fall of
weather conditions region and may have the Gupta empire there-
which was useful for promoted Sanskrit and fore coincided with con-
agricultural operations. other elements of siderable progress in
culture in the tribal the outlying regions.
In coastal Orissa, writ- areas. Many obscure areas,
ing had certainly been which were possibly
known since the third The two centuries from ruled by tribal chiefs and
century BC, and inscrip- about the middle of the were thinly settled,
tions up to the fifth appear to have came into limelight.
mid-fourth century AD been very momentous in
were written in Prakrit, the history of Bengal.
but from about AD 350 They saw the progress
onwards Sanskrit began of Brahmanism and the
to be used. coming of Buddhism.
The statues of the
52
Buddha are virtually
non-existent in early
centuries, after which
they are found in
Bodh-Gaya, Sanchi,
Mathura, and Gandhara.
In the fifth century, how-
ever, statues were set
up at several places in
Bengal.
Harsha and His Times

Rise of Harshavardhana Administration Religious Outlook
The Guptas, with their Harshavardhana’s reign Harsha followed a toler-

seat of power in UP and is an example of transi- ant religious policy. A
Bihar, ruled over north tion from ancient to Shaiva in his early
and western India for medieval times. Harsha years, he gradually
about 160 years until the governed his empire on became a great patron
mid-sixth century. Then the same lines as did of Buddhism. As a
north India again split up the Guptas, but his devout Buddhist he con-
into several kingdoms, administration had vened a grand assembly
the Hunas and other become feudal and at Kanauj to widely publi-
feudal dynasties. Gradual- decentralized. cize the doctrines of
ly one of these dynasties Mahayana, and later an
ruling at Thanesar in Every feudatory contrib- assembly at Prayag.
Haryana extended its uted his quota of foot
authority over all the soldiers and horses, and Harsha is remembered
other feudatories. The thus enormously added not only for his patron-
ruler who brought this to the imperial army. age and learning but
about was Harshavardha- also for the authorship
na (AD 606–47). Hsuan Tsang spent of three plays: Priyadar-
many years in Harsha’s shika, Ratnavali, and
Harsha made Kanauj his court and travelled Nagananda.
seat of power, and from widely in India. Under
53
there he extended his his influence Harsha
authority in all direc- became a great support-
tions. Kanauj’s emer- er of Buddhism and
gence as a centre of made generous endow-
political power from the ments to it.
reign of Harsha onwards
typifies the coming of the Hiuan Tsang informs us
feudal age in north India that Harsha’s revenues
just as Pataliputra large- were divided into four
ly represents the parts. One part was
pre-feudal order. earmarked for the expen-
diture of the king, a
The early history of second for scholars, a
Harsha’s reign is recon- third for the endowment
structed from a study by of officials and public
Banabhatta, who was his servants, and a fourth
court poet and wrote a for religious purposes.
book called Harshachari- He also tells us that
ta. This can be supple- ministers and high
mented by the account of officers of the state
the Chinese pilgrim were endowed with land.
Hiuan Tsang, who visited The feudal practice of
India in the seventh cen- rewarding and paying
tury and stayed in the officers with grants of
country for about fifteen land seems to have
years. begun under Harsha.
This explains why we do
Rajasthan, Punjab, UP, not have very many
Bihar, and Orissa were coins issued by this
under his direct control, king.
but his sphere of influ-
ence spread over a much In Harsha’s empire, law
wider area. It appears and order was not well
that the peripheral maintained. Hiuan Tsang
states acknowledged his was robbed of his
sovereignty. belongings, although he
reports that according
Harsha’s southward to the laws of the land,
march was stopped at severe punishments
the Narmada river by the were inflicted for crime.
Chalukya king Pulakesh-
in, who ruled over a
great part of modern
Karnataka and Maharash-
tra with his capital at
Badami.
54
Empire under Harsha, AD 646
Capital city during Harsha’s rule

Purushopura Sin
KASHMRA dh
u
Taksasila
ta
as
UDYANA Vit
ati Sindhu
Inn
Indraprastha
u
dh
Ga
Sin Mathura
ng
Kapilavastu
a
Ayodhya
ya
hit
Kanauj Lau
GURJARA Kashi Kusinagam Kamarup
Kosambi
Pataliputra PUNDARA VARDHANA
PRATIHARAS Prayaga
Rajagriha Nalanda
BUNDELKHAND KAIANGALA SUVARNA
VALABHI Bodh gaya KARNA SAMATATA
Ujjayini Vidisha
Dwarka ara
nag Tamralipti
Giri Narma
da
Ma
RASHTRAKUTAS han
adi
Prabhasa Ajanta
(Somnath) Godavari
Kalinganagara
KALINGA
BANGOPASAGAR
Vijayabati
Vatapi
ARAB hna
Kris
SAGAR
1255
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QUICK REVISION MODULE
(UPSC PRELIMS 2024) ANCIENT & MEDIEVAL HISTORY
THE GREAT MUGHALS

(Six Major Rulers)
ZAHIRUDDIN MUHAMMAD BABUR

1526–1530
NASIR- UD -DIN MUHAMMAD HUMAYUN

1530–1540 & 1555-1556
57
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ABU'L-FATH JALAL-UD-DIN MUHAMMAD AKBAR
1556–1605
NUR-UD-DIN MUHAMMAD SALIM JAHANGIR

1605–1627
SHAHAB-UD-DIN
MUHAMMAD KHURRAM SHAH JAHAN
1627-1658
MUHI-UD-DIN MUHAMMAD AURANGZEB

1658–1707
IMPORTANT BATTLES 1526-1556
S. No Name of the Battle Participants Result

1 First Battle of Babur Vs. Ibrahim Lodi Babur won with the help of
Panipat, 21 April strategic positioning of his
1526
of artillery.
2 Battle of Babur Vs. Rana Sanga of Babur defeated Rana

Khanwa, 1527 Chittor, Mahmud Lodi, Sanga’s forces. The capture
brother of Ibrahim Lodi, and of forts at Gwalior and
Hasan Khan Mewati, ruler Dholpur which further
of Mewat strengthened Babur’s
position.
58
S. No Name of the Battle Participants Result
3 Battle of Babur Vs. Medini Rai Babur won.

Chanderi, 1528
4 Battle of Babur Vs. Sultan Ibrahim Babur defeated the

Ghagra, 1529 Lodi’s brother Mahmud Lodi Afghans. But he died on his
and Sultan Nusrat Shah, way from Agra to Lahore in
son-in-law of Ibrahim Lodi 1530
5 Battle of HUMAYUN Vs. Sher Shah Sher Shah won due to his
Chausa (1539) superior political and
military skills.
6 Battle of Kanauj HUMAYUN Vs. Sher Shah Sher Shah won. Humayun
(1540) became a prince without a
kingdom.
7 Second Battle Akbar Vs. Hemu (the Hindu The Mughal forces won the
of Panipat, 1556 general of Adil Shah war.
AKBAR’S MILITARY CONQUEST
Baz Bahadur, who was later made a mansabdar

Malwa 1562 in Akbar’s court.
Rani Durgavati And Narayan. Central India

Gondwana region 1564 was annexed
Mewar 1567 From Rana Uday Singh.
Gujarat 1573 From
Kabul 1581 From Mirza Hakim
From Raja Ali Khan ruler of Khandesh, accepted Mughul

Khandesh 1591 emperor's suzerainty and agreed to pay an annual tribute.
59
Berar 1596 From Chand Bibi
Ahmednagar 1600 From
IMPORTANT WARS/EVENTS UNDER JAHANGIR
• Prince Khusrau who staged a revolt with the blessings of

Challenging
Sikh Guru Arjun Dev (5th Sikh Guru).
Jahangir's • Prince Khusrau was defeated, captured and blinded, while
ascension Guru Arjun Dev was executed.
• Tamed the rebel Afghan Usman Khanin in Bengal.

Capturing • Rana Udai Singh and his son Rana Pratap Singh of Mewar
Rebellious Jahangir after a military campaign led by his son Prince
Provinces Khurram.
IMPORTANT WARS/EVENTS UNDER SHAH JAHAN
Consolidation of Deccan in Mughal Empire:

Shah Jahan divided Deccan into four provinces:
Ahmednagar with Daulatabad; Khandesh;
Berar; and Telengana. The viceroyalty of the four provinces
was conferred to Aurangzeb.
1638 Shah Jahan annexed Kandahar, conquered by Akbar and lost by Jahangir
Portugese 200 in number were driven out of Hugli area (Bengal)
60
IMPORTANT WARS/EVENTS UNDER AURANGZEB
A war of succession broke out between the four sons of Shah Jahan in which
Aurangzeb won
The Jat rebellion (1669), Mathura rose under the leadership of a local
Zamindar Gokul. Mughal army pursued the Jats and the leader Gokul was
captured and executed
The Sikhs rebelled against Aurangzeb. The Sikh (The Punjab) rebellion, 1670
This erupted due to the political intrigues of Ram Rai, a claimant for the
position of Sikh Guru, against the incumbent Guru Tegh Bahadur. This finally
ended with the execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur (9th Sikh Guru).
The Satnamis Haryana region(1672), the Satnamis — a sect comprising

peasants, artisans and untouchables — rebelled against the mighty Mughal
Empire
Aurangzeb’s Deccan Policy, to contain:

1. growing influence of the Marathas
2. The rebellious attitude of the Shia kingdoms of Deccan like Golkonda and
Bijapur
3. Curtail the rebellious activities of his son Akbar
THE MUGHAL ADMINISTRATION
Highly Centralised Pan India
Humayun & Babur Did not concentrate on establishing a definite system
focus was more on military matters.
Akbar
administration
61
CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION
• Divine origin of monarchy.

Emperor
power to the emperor.
• Enjoyed both military and civil powers till Humayun’s Reign.

Wazir/wakil • Under Akbar Financial powers were transferred to diwan
kul.
Diwan Kul
• Supervise imperial treasury & check all accounts.
(chief Diwan)
• Appointment of Mansabdars.
Mir Bakhshi • Supervision of Dagh (branding of horses) & Chehra
(preparation of muster roll based on facial description).
Mir Saman/
karkhanas
Khan Saman
• Head of Ecclesiastical department.

Sadr-us-Sudur
• Duty to protect laws of the Shariat.
• Administer Shariat law both in civil and criminal matter.

Qazi-ul quzzat
exist.
PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION
Akbar 1580
• Empire was divided into 12 subas(later 3 were added total 15)
• Suba> Sarkar> Parganas> Mahal
62
Shah Jahan
• Added another administrative unit Chakla i.e cluster of Parganas.
• Chakla> Pargana> Mahal
• Governor of a province.
Subadar/Sipah • Directly appointed by the emperor.
Salaror Nazim
• Tenure: 3 years
• Head of revenue department.
•
Diwan
• Roznamcha (daily register) maintained by him to enter
amounts deposited in royal treasury.
• Performed same functions as performed by Mir Bakhshi
Bakhshi but for provinces.
Darogha- I Dak • Head of Imperial Postal System.
• Part of the postal system.

Waqai navis • Duty was to supply important reports directly to the
& Waqai nigars emperor.
• Supplied confidential reports to the emperor, part of the

Sawanih nigar secret services
LOCAL ADMINISTRATION
Pargana Mauza
Sarkars >
(tehsil)> (village)
Faujdar: Head of the sarkar, take care of law and order problems.
Also help Amalguzar in matters of revenue collection.
Amalguzar/Amil: Assess and supervise the revenue collection.
Sends receipts and expenditure reports to provincial diwan.
Thanedar: Was the head of thana where army was stationed.
He was placed under fuajdar.
63
PARGANA ADMINISTRATION
Pargana
Shiqqdar
collection.
Amil : Revenue collection at pargana level.
Qanungos
crops in the pargana.
VILLAGE ADMINISTRATION
Muqaddam/Mandal Village headman
Patwari Took care of village revenue records.
Town, Fort and Port Administration
Kotwal: Duty to safeguard Qiladar: Mutasaddi:

life and property in towns. incharge of forts. Governor of the
Maintain register of people Generally a high port, directly
entering and leaving ranking mansabdar. appointed by the
towns. emperor.
THE MUGHAL ARMY
• Cavalry Infantry Artillery

Consists of Elephants Camels
There was no navy but there was a flotilla of boats.
64
• Dagh system (branding of horses) was used to main an
Cavalry
• Soldiers directly employed by state and sent to high

Dakhili ranking mansabdars.
• A separate category of soldiers called gentlemen

Ahadi troopers, were allowed to keep 5 horses or more.
• Could be appointed in army or can serve as a messenger.
• Developed rapidly in India after Babur.

• Consists of 1 heavy artillery i.e., siege guns and heavy
Artillery guns on forts.
• 2 light artilleries: narnal (mounted on man), gajanal
(mounted on elephants) & shutrnal (mounted on camels)
MANSABDARI SYSTEM
Administrative system of Mughals. The word mansab is of Arabic origin meaning

rank or position.
generals.
salaries & allowances
The mansab were in multiples of 10.

Highest Rank under Akbar was 10000 which was increased by him to 12000. Rank
above 7000 was given to princes.
CLASSIFICATION OF MANSABDARS
Amir- I - Azam/Udma: > Rank 2500

Amir: Rank 500 to 2500
Mansabdar: < Rank 500
65
• The system was designated by dual representation: 1
Structure of personal rank called zat. 2 Cavalry rank called sawar.
Mansabdari • Sawar rank determined number of armed cavalry men that
System the masabar had to maintain for imperial army.
1st class mansabdar: Number of Sawar = Number of zat

2nd class mansabdar: Number of Sawar = 1/2 Number of zat
3rd class mansabdar: Number of Sawar < 1/2 Number of zat
SALARY AND PAYMENT SYSTEM
Paid in cash (naqdi) or assigning mansabdars with jagirs (land) and allowed to
collect land revenue and all other taxes from the jagirs.
The Jagirdari System was integral part of the Mansabdari system.
Types of Jagirs
Tankha Mashrut
non hereditary non hereditary
Jagirs Given
(transferable)
given in under
lieu of certain
salary conditions.
Watan Given to Given to Muslim Altamagha

hereditary (non Zamindar or Nobels in his non hereditary
transferable) Rajas in places of
their local birth or
Rajputs entitled to
this. dominion hometown
66
CHANGES IN MANSABDARI SYSTEM
• Introduced by Jahangir.
Du-aspah
• Selected nobels were allowed to maintan a large quota of
sih-aspah soldiers without changing the zat rank
• Introduced by Shah Jahan. Month ratio

• Salaries of mansabdars were put on the monthly scale i.e. 8 or month-
months, 6 months or even less. scale
system
SOCIO- ECONOMIC LIFE UNDER MUGHALS
Mughal Land Revenue System: Known as mal and mal wajib
Process of land revenue collection:

Assessment called Tashkhis/ Jama
Actual collection called hasil. It was done seprately for kharib and
rabi crop
After assessment the findings are written on documents called

patta, qual or qualqarar.
METHODS OF LAND REVENUE ASSESSMENT
Ghalla Bakshi/ bhaoii/ batai: Division of crop at threshing floor after

the grain was extracted.
67
Khet batai: Share decided before the harvesting of crops.
Lang batai: crop was cut but assessment was done before threshing.
Nigamama-i Munshi: best method as the peasant and the State

shared the risk of farming equally.
Kankut/ danabandi: System where the revenue demand was fixed

after the grain yield was estimated.
Zabti System: For each crop cash revenue was fixed known as dastur
ul amal/ dastur. It was to be paid in cash.It was based on Sher Shah
rai system.
Adopted only in Delhi, Agra, Awadh, Lahore and Multan.
Revenue Farming or Ijara system
• When peasants lacked the means to cultivate their land or cultivation was
impossible due to a calamity, the lands were farmed out on ijarah to a third
party known as revenue farmers.
• Mughals disapproved of this system but yet it was comman in jagir lands.
PEASANTS
Peasnats/ raiyat/ muzarian/asami

Two kinds of peasants:
1. khud-kashta: residents of the village in which they held their lands.
2. pahi-kashta non-resident cultivators who belonged to some other village, but
cultivated lands on a contractual basis
68
TRADE
Wholesale trade carried out by seth/bohra
Retail trade was carried out by beoparis/banik
Banjaras specialised in trasporting goods.

specialised in changing, keeping or lending money.
Hundi was letter of credit payable after certain time.
Religious Ideas and Beliefs
• Tawhid-i-ilahi/ Din-i-ilahi: • Shul-i-kul

• Syncretic religion propounded by • Discussion with various religious
Akbar in 1852. leaders use to take place in ibadat
• The spirit and core elements were khana.
borrowed from Sufism. • Akbar got the idea of shul-i-kul or
• Main elements from Islam, Hinduism Universal peace from participating
& Zoroastrianism. in these discussion. It was one of the
important vision of governance.
• Some elements of Christianity,
Buddhism and Jainism can also be • Jahangir and Shah Jahan too
found. followed this principle.
TRAVELLERS DURING THE GREAT MUGHAL REIGN
Traveller Emperor About/Observations/books

Anthony Monserrate Akbar Portuguese priest
(1578-1582)
Ralph Fitch Akbar A merchant, 1st Englishman to travel
(1585-1591) through India and Southeast Asia.
Described about village life in detail.
69
William Hawkins Jahangir English Ambassador of King James I
(1608-1611)
Sir Thomas Roe Jahangir English Diplomat came to India seeking

(1615-1619) for a trade agreement with Mughals.
Francisco Pelasaert Jahangir Dutch merchant, author of “Jahangir’s

(1620-1627) India”.
Pietro Della Valle Jahangir & Italian music composer.

(1622- 1633) Shah Jahan Gave vivid description of Ahmedabad.
Peter Mundy Shah Jahan British merchant.

(1628-1634)

Jean Baptiste Shah Jahan & French Gem merchant, travelled India 6
Travernier Aurangzeb times.
(1640-1668)
Francois Bernier Shah Jahan & French physician, political philosopher,

(1656-1668) Aurangzeb closely associated with Dara Shukoh.
Author of “Travels in the Mughal Empire”.
Mughal army (no drills or discipline).

Excessive oppression of peasantry.
Gave an account of royal Karkhanas.
Niccolao Manucci Shah Jahan & Venetian writer, stayed back in India did
(1658-1687) Aurangzeb not return to his homeland.
Author of “Storia de Mogor”, a book on
Mughals.
Jean De Thevenot Aurangzeb French botanist and traveller.

(1666-1668)
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Waseem
Ahmad Bhat
7
RANK
Aniruddh
Vadav
8
RANK
fJ•fFJ fJ•fFJ
Waseem Ahmad Bhat, an exceptional achiever who secured an All Aniruddh Yadav, a remarkable achiever who secured an All
India Rank 7 in his third attempt in the UPSC Civil Services Exam India Rank 8 in his fourth attempt in the UPSC Civil Services
ination 2022. He also achieved All India Rank 225 in his first attempt Examination of 2022.
in 2020 and currently, he is training as an Assistant Commissioner
Aniruddh opted for Anthropology as his optional subject. He
Income Tax.
completed his dual degree course in Biochemical Engineering
Waseem was a student of the VisionlAS Founda & Biotechnology from IIT Delhi.
tion Course, Batch in 2079.
His topper's talk covers crucial aspects such as
Hailing from Doru Shahabad, Anantnag, Jammu & creating a schedule and subject-wise timeta-
Kashmir, he completed his schooling in Anantnag ble, honing answer writing skills through
and holds a degree in Civil Engineering from NIT topic-based practice, mastering the structure
Srinagar. and format of answers (Introduction, Body,
Conclusion), managing time effectively
Waseem opted for Anthropology as his optional
during answer writing practice, and preparing
subject. His topper's talk covers vital topics such as
topic-wise notes with the help of syllabus
preparing for the changing pattern of Prelims,
analysis and previous year questions.
essay writing and strategy, writing quote-based
essays, utilizing topper's answer scripts for prepa
ration, and effective revision strategies.
Siddharth
Shukla
18
RANK
Anoushka
Sharma
20
RANK
fl•fl'J fl•fl'J
■
Siddharth Shukla, belongs to Uttar Pradesh. He Anouska Sharma hailing from Madhya
completed his BA in History (H) from Delhi Univer Pradesh completed her graduation from City
sity, which was also his optional subject.
IJ
University, New York with a bachelor's degree
He displayed exemplary resilience by appearing in in Economics. She gained job experience
the exam for the fourth attempt and secured AIR through a three-month internship with the
18 in 2022. United Nations prior to taking the civil service
� .• examination. �
The preparation strategy reflected in his talk and
answer scripts include the strategy for Essay, She passed her CSE with AIR 20 in 2022 on her
efficient use of PYQs, notes making, among third attempt. Economics is her optional
others. subject.
Additionally, he has also focused upon non-aca She has a very good command over ethics
demic aspects such as stress management, habit paper and she has shared her insights on time
formation, and role of meditation which are management and strategy for attempting
critical for this examination. questions in CSE Mains.
Oamini
Singla
3
RANK
Aishwarya
Verma
4
RANK
fJ•f-11 fJ•f-11
Gamini Singla, hailing from Punjab, completed her gradua

Aishwarya Verma hails from Madhya Pradesh. After gradu
tion in Computer Science Engineering from Punjab Engineer
ating in Electrical Engineering, he opted for Civil Services
ing College Chandigarh. Thereafter, she honed her skills
as a career of choice.
through a five-month internship as a finance analyst at JP
Morgan. He chose Geography as his optional
•
subject and achieved an All-India Rank 4 in
She secured a remarkable All India Rank of 3 in
UPSC CSE 2021 in his fourth attempt.
the UPSC CSE 2021 in her second attempt with
Sociology as her optional subject. Apart from the hard work, determination
and resilience shown by Aishwarya, his
With her strategic approach to GS Paper IV f;
success can also be attributed to his short
(Ethics) and Essay, Gamini demonstrated her
and enriched self-made notes, advanced [!]
ability to critically analyze ethical issues and
answer writing skills, and smart prepara
effectively express her thoughts in a coherent
tion strategy, including S&T.
manner.
Her expertise in answer writing provided her
with a competitive edge, allowing her to
convey her knowledge and insights concisely.
Utkarsh 5 Vaksh
Chaudhary RANK
6
Dwivedi RANK fJ•f-11
fJ•f-11
Yaksh Chaudhary, a resident of Amroha, Uttar Pradesh,
Utkarsh Dwivedi, hailing from historic town of Ayodhya, Uttar through unwavering determination secured an All India
Pradesh, a graduate in Mechanical Engineering from VIT Rank 6 in the prestigious exam on his third attempt in 2021.
Vellore, displayed resilience by attempting the With his passion for Sociology, Yaksh opted
exam for the third time and succeeding with for it as his optional subject and devised a
remarkable achievement with the optional winning strategy for his preparation.
subject, Political Science and International Yaksh's exceptional expertise in answer
Relations. writing and adeptness in attempting
He displayed exemplary command over question papers during the mains exam
Ethics Paper, specially Case Studies and provided him an edge. Moreover, his skill in
quotation-based questions. With his deep crafting well-structured diagrams for
understanding of the demand of the UPSC General Studies, Ethics, and Sociology
Examination and excellent time management further enriched the quality and visual
skills, he not only optimized his efforts, but appeal of his responses. Yaksh's achieve
also maximized his performance at all stages ments serve as an inspiration to aspiring
of the UPSC CSE. candidates nationwide, exemplifying the
significance of perseverance, dedication,
and strategic planning.
Shubham
Kumar
1
RANK
Jagrati
Awasthi
2
RANK
fJ•fJ•i fJ•fJ•i
Shubham Kumar, hailing from Katihar District in Bihar, com Jagrati Awasthi, from Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, completed
pleted his graduation in Civil Engineering from !IT Bombay. her graduation in Electrical Engineering from NIT Bhopal.
He achieved the remarkable feat of securing All India Rank 7 She gained two years of valuable work experience at BHEL.
in the UPSC examination of 2020 in his third attempt.
With Sociology as her optional subject, she achieved an
His success can be attributed to his unique approach and outstanding All India Rank of 2 in the UPSC examination of
meticulous preparation. Shubham empha 2020.
sized the importance of regular mock tests
She has emphasized the importance of a
for prelims and carefully analyzing previous
well-structured daily routine and shared a
years' UPSC prelims questions.
detailed booklist and recommended
Shubham was a student of the VisionlAS sources. Jagrati stressed the significance of
Foundation Course. thorough reading and utilizing previous
years' questions to grasp the exam's
He also utilized topper's copies to enhance
•
demands.
his skills in ethics answer writing and
emphasized the use of diagrams and graphs Along with refined note-making tech
in GS papers. niques, she has provided insights on deter
mining the optimal number of questions to
attempt in the prelims and leveraging I •
previous year's question papers for Ethics [!] •
case studies' preparation.
Praveen 7 Satyam
Gandhi
10
RANK
Kumar RANK
fJ•fJ•i fl•fJ,1
Praveen Kumar, achieved an impressive All India Rank 07 in Satyam Gandhi, an exceptional achiever, secured an All India
the UPSC Civil Services Examination 2020. Hailing from Rank 70 in the UPSC Civil Services Examination 2020. Hailing
Jammui, Bihar, Praveen holds a degree in from Bihar, Satyam graduated in Political
Civil Engineering from !IT Kanpur. Sciences (H) from Dayal Singh College,
University of Delhi.
II
His remarkable journey includes clearing the
GATE examination with an AIR 5 and securing With Political Science and International
AIR 3 in the Indian Engineering Services (!ES) Relations as his optional subject, he cleared
exam, all while working for the Indian Railway the exam on his first attempt, displaying
Service. remarkable determination.
[!] • .
Praveen's toppers talk provides invaluable In addition, Satyam achieved an impressive
insights, covering motivations for pursuing AIR 242 in the NDA Exam. His toppers talk
the !AS, effective booklists and sources for offers invaluable insights into time man
exam preparation, strategies for newspaper agement strategies for a first attempt
reading and content extraction, note-mak success, the significance of flowcharts and
ing techniques for mains, and utilizing flow diagrams in mains answers, effective essay
charts and diagrams in answers. structuring, and his experience in obtaining
a remarkable 207 marks in the interview.
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QUICK REVISION MODULE

(UPSC PRELIMS 2024)

Continuous Individual Read by All, Personal Guidance

All India Test Never Miss Preparation

measures and also continuous student portal anytime

41 Gupta and Harsha period

53 The Great Mughals

@comprehensive Coverage @1nfographics

@clear and Concise Information o In-depth coverage of key government schemes,

Key Strategies for Prelims Preparation

Resource Optimization: Choose study materials Smart Learning: Focus on understanding

Its key Features include:

Ultimately, a strategic, well-rounded preparation combining

275 CE 319–20 CE 335–80 CE

SEA BAY OF BENGAL

Chandragupta I (AD 319–34)

Samudragupta (AD 335–80)

Note: Called ‘Napoleon of India’ by V.A. Smith

Chandragupta II (AD 380–412)

Note: The court of Chandragupta II at Ujjain was adorned by numerous

Vishnugupta was last known ruler of Gupta dynasty.

Life in Gupta Age

Fa-Hien visited different Large-scale land grants

www.visionias.in Vision IAS 7

Spread of Civilization in Eastern India

Orissa, and Eastern

Harsha and His Times

The Guptas, with their Harshavardhana’s reign Harsha followed a toler-

Capital city during Harsha’s rule

Components of an Impactful Answer

Structure and Presentation: Organizing the

Master Classes on Answer

Flexible Testing Schedule Comprehensive Feedback Post-Test Discussions

Scan QR code to Register & download Scan QR code to know Toppers

THE GREAT MUGHALS

ZAHIRUDDIN MUHAMMAD BABUR

NASIR- UD -DIN MUHAMMAD HUMAYUN

NUR-UD-DIN MUHAMMAD SALIM JAHANGIR

MUHI-UD-DIN MUHAMMAD AURANGZEB

IMPORTANT BATTLES 1526-1556

S. No Name of the Battle Participants Result

2 Battle of Babur Vs. Rana Sanga of Babur defeated Rana

3 Battle of Babur Vs. Medini Rai Babur won.

4 Battle of Babur Vs. Sultan Ibrahim Babur defeated the

AKBAR’S MILITARY CONQUEST

Baz Bahadur, who was later made a mansabdar

Rani Durgavati And Narayan. Central India

Mewar 1567 From Rana Uday Singh.

Gujarat 1573 From

Kabul 1581 From Mirza Hakim

From Raja Ali Khan ruler of Khandesh, accepted Mughul

Ahmednagar 1600 From

IMPORTANT WARS/EVENTS UNDER JAHANGIR

• Prince Khusrau who staged a revolt with the blessings of

• Tamed the rebel Afghan Usman Khanin in Bengal.

IMPORTANT WARS/EVENTS UNDER SHAH JAHAN

Consolidation of Deccan in Mughal Empire:

Portugese 200 in number were driven out of Hugli area (Bengal)

The Satnamis Haryana region(1672), the Satnamis — a sect comprising

Aurangzeb’s Deccan Policy, to contain:

THE MUGHAL ADMINISTRATION

Highly Centralised Pan India

Humayun & Babur Did not concentrate on establishing a deﬁnite system

focus was more on military matters.

Gamini Singla, hailing from Punjab, completed her gradua