INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF A HUMAN PERSON

FIRST SEMESTER / FIRST QUARTER

LAS 1 - LESSON 1

THE CONCEPTS OF PHILOSOPHY

PHILOSOPHY EARLY PHILOSOPHERS / PRE-SOCRATIC

● Philosophy began through wonder.
Wondering can be articulated through
questions: to philosophize is to ask questions.
● Scientists prove the existence of life in a
sensible and observable method. But
ancient philosophers tried to think deeper
than what can be observed. They come up
with answers that are non-mythological in
nature – meaning, proofs that are not based
on beliefs, just pure wonder!
PHILOSOPHERS
● Thales of Miletus, Anaximander, and
Anaximenes are the first three philosophers,
and they are also known as the Triumvirate
(before Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle).
● Pre-Socratic Philosophers are all considered
as Hylozoist – someone whose doctrine lies in
a concept of life in all matters.

PRE-SOCRATIC PHILOSPHERS

THE PHILOSOPHER, ________, SAYS THAT THE PRIMARY SUBSTANCE/ELEMENRT IN REALITY IS…

Monists – philosophers who believe in one element

Thales Water - it can change into solid, liquid

Anaximander Apeiron/Infinite – everything is ageless and

etermal

Anaximenes Air - holds our soul together, encompasses the world

Pythagoras Number - all things consists of numbers, *calculated*

Heraclitus Change - the only thing that is constant in this world

Parmenides Being - something indestructible, immovable

complete

Pluralists – philosophers who believe in many elements

LUJILLE EZEKIEL A. PAULINO & MARK LEONARD DC. TAGAZA

STEM 12 – A & GAS 12 - A
MAKABATA JPC CLUB
INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF A HUMAN PERSON
FIRST SEMESTER / FIRST QUARTER

Empodocles 4 basic elements - earth, air, fire, and water

Anaxagoras No single element - matter becomes infinitely divisible

Zeno of Elea All beings are interconnected - method of dialetics

Leucippus and Democritus Atoms - inseparable and indivisible

WESTERN PHILOSOPHY

● The never-ending quest for what is truth.

EASTERN PHILOSOPHY

● Inclined in religious beliefs.

NOLI CEDERE COGNOSCERE

● A Latin maxim that means never stop

learning.

SELF - REFLECTION

● The key to start philosophizing.

LAS 2 – LESSON 1

THE CONCEPTS OF HUMAN PHILOSOPHY

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OPINION AND TRUTH

FACT OPINION

A fact is an objective statement that can be tested by An opinion is a subjective judgment of a person
experimentation, observation, and through credible and it can’t be proven with credible researches.
researches.

A statement of actuality or occurrence. A fact based on Shows one’s statement about belief or feeling.
direct evidence, actual experience, or observation. States solid opinion.

A fact is a statement that can be proven true. An opinion expresses one’s belief, feeling,
view, idea, or judgment about something or
someone.

LUJILLE EZEKIEL A. PAULINO & MARK LEONARD DC. TAGAZA

STEM 12 – A & GAS 12 - A
MAKABATA JPC CLUB
INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF A HUMAN PERSON
FIRST SEMESTER / FIRST QUARTER

Facts are statements that can be proven true and Opinions expresses how a person feels towards
actually happened. something and do not have to be based upon
logical reasoning.

WHY TRUTH IS IMPORTANT?

• Truth is important to clarify knowledge

because through knowledge we are able to
determine what is true.
• Knowledge is a clear awareness and
understanding of anything that surrounds
you.
• It is a product of questions that allow for clear
answers provided by facts.
• Our knowledge is comprised of ideas and
beliefs that we know to be true.

LAS 2 – LESSON 2

DISTINGUISHING TRUTHS FROM OPINION

TRUTH OPINION

1. The minimum bus fare from Bulacan to Manila is 80 1. Fare is increasing because the drivers wants to
pesos. have higher incomes.
2. Frederick Macali arrived in Hagonoy, Bulacan at 2. Frederick Macali arrived late in Hagonoy,
1:23PM. Bulacan because he felt lazy to wake up early.

CONCLUSION

• A statement based on a certain fact.

BELIEFS

• Are statements that express convictions that

are not easily and clearly explained by
facts.

LUJILLE EZEKIEL A. PAULINO & MARK LEONARD DC. TAGAZA

STEM 12 – A & GAS 12 - B
MAKABATA JPC CLUB
INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF A HUMAN PERSON
FIRST SEMESTER / FIRST QUARTER

LAS 2 – LESSON 3

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FALLACY AND BIAS

ARGUMENTS
TYPES OF FALLACY
• Are series of statements that provide
explanations to convince the listener or a
reader that the opinion is truthful. ARGUMENTATUM AD HOMINEM (ARGUMENT
AGAINST THE PERSON)
TYPES OF ARGUMENTS
• Attacking the person presenting the
argument instead of the argument itself.
FALLACY OR FAKE ARGUMENTS
EXAMPLE :
• Are group of arguments that appear to be "Do not listen to his opinion he is fool."
arguments to support the conclusion.

ARGUMENTATUM AD BACULUM • It is by using emotions such as pity or

sympathy, one might be able to convince
( APPEAL TO FORCE )
the person.
• Using the threat of force or an undesirable
EXAMPLE :
event to advance an argument.
"Please let me in. I was just late because I have to
EXAMPLE :
attend to my son who is sick."
"If this peace agreement will not be signed by the
ARGUMENTATUM AD POPULUM
government, then we will have no recourse but go
to war." ( APPEAL TO POPULAR OR BANDWAGON )

CHARACTERISTICS : The idea is present as

acceptable because a lot of people accept.
ARGUMENTATUM AD MISERICORDIAM

( APPEAL TO EMOTION )

CHARACTERISTICS

EXAMPLE : "Everyboy your age already has a

girlfriend, you should find one."

BBIAS

refers to tendencies or influences which affects the view of the people.

LUJILLE EZEKIEL A. PAULINO & MARK LEONARD DC. TAGAZA

STEM 12 – A & GAS 12 - A
MAKABATA JPC CLUB
INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF A HUMAN PERSON
FIRST SEMESTER / FIRST QUARTER
TYPES OF BIAS

CORRESPONDENCE BIAS OR ATTRIBUTE EFFECT

CHARACTERISTICS

You judge a person's personality based on the actions, and never mind the extrinsic (panlabas na katangian)
factor.

EXAMPLE :

"These rebels who fought against the government are all inconsiderate murderers."

CONFIRMATION BIAS

CHARACTERISTICS

Tendency to look for a readily accept information which fits one's own beliefs or views that go against it.

EXAMPLE :

"How can i accept his view that there is no God? I'm a Christian!"

FRAMING

CHARACTERISTICS

Do not only settle in one issue of the problem and then you do not mind the other aspects. Judging an incidence
without looking at the other side.

EXAMPLE :

"In motorcycle accident yesterday, it is altogether a fault of the driver for reckless driving.

HINDSIGHT

CHARACTERISTICS

The phenomena which occur has a pattern and can be predicted, such is usually based on historical evidence.

EXAMPLE :

"Let us take an example on the Magellan's assault on Mactan, his defeat was just due to his looking Filipinos as
people of no knowledge."

LUJILLE EZEKIEL A. PAULINO & MARK LEONARD DC. TAGAZA

STEM 12 – A & GAS 12 - A
MAKABATA JPC CLUB
INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF A HUMAN PERSON
FIRST SEMESTER / FIRST QUARTER

LAS 3 – LESSON 1

UNDERSTANDING THE HUMAN PERSON

HUMAN COMPOSITION OF A MAN HUMAN NATURE

MAN ● The characteristics that distinguish

humans from all other creatures.
● The English term “man” is derived from a
Proto-Indo European root *man – (see HUMAN PERSON
Sanskit/Avestan Manu-, Slavic moz “man,
SELF-AWARENESS
male”).
● The general term commonly used to refer to ● The person having a clear perception of
the entire human race. oneself.
● Other related terms: humanity, mankind, and ● Driven by rationality or human thought.
humankind.
SELF-DETERMINATION
MAN
● The capability of persons to make choices
● Refers to man as species – Homo Sapiens ore and decisions based on their own
Modern Human Beings. preferences, monitor and regulate their
● Also used to differentiate man from other actions, and be goal-oriented and self-
animals. directed.
● Self-determination is associated with:
PERSON
o Freewill – enable us to act willfully,
● The personality of a human being so called control our actions, and recognize
“self”. ourselves as the source of action.
● A human being granted recognition of o Consequence – the result or effect of
certain rights, protection, responsibilities, and an action or condition.
dignity above all. o Morality – the goodness or badness of
● Philosopher refers to the human person as the an act.
totality of an individual, possessing
EXTERNALITY
awareness, self-determination and capacity
to interact with others and with ● The capability of a person to reach out and
himself/herself. interact with others and the world.
● Personhood refers to the state of being a
person. DIGNITY

● The innate right to be valued and respected.

LUJILLE EZEKIEL A. PAULINO & MARK LEONARD DC. TAGAZA

STEM 12 – A & GAS 12 - A
MAKABATA JPC CLUB
INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF A HUMAN PERSON
FIRST SEMESTER / FIRST QUARTER

LAS 3 – LESSON 2

RELATIONSHIP OF THE BODY AND THE SPIRIT

HUMAN PERSON HUMAN PERSON AS AN EMBODIED SPIRIT

● According to philosophers, human person is ● The context of Christian philosophy

the union of the body and the spirit.
● Spirit refers to an intangible element of a
human person that enables one to exercise
thoughts, possess awareness, interiority, and
the capacity to reach out to the outside
world and other persons.
specifically refers to the inseparable union of
body and soul.
● The human person is the point of
convergence between the material and
spiritual entities, that is, between the body
and soul.
● The human body also stands as the mediator
between the material and the spiritual world.

LAS 3 – LESSON 3

LIMITATIONS AND TRANSCENDENCE

LIMITATIONS OF A HUMAN PERSON ● Our body serves as an intermediary between

the physical world and us.
● As defined in the Merriam dictionary,
limitation is something that controls how TRANSCENDENCE
much of somethings is possible or allowed.
● Our ability to explore and surpass limits.
● The person is said to be very biologically
● Originated from the word Trans, meaning
deficient being.
“go beyond”, and scandare, meaning “to
THREE CATEGORIES OF LIMITATIONS climb”.
● Means overcoming oneself or being in
FACTICITY
control even if the body reminds us of certain
● The things in our lives that are already given. tendencies.
● An example of this is that we are born in a
particular time and place, and we did not
choose them.)

SPATIAL-TEMPORAL BEING

● This means that we will not live forever

(we call this finitude).
● Our limitations are based on time, ability,
etc. (the not yet, and the no longer).

THE BODY AS INTERMEDIARY

LUJILLE EZEKIEL A. PAULINO & MARK LEONARD DC. TAGAZA

STEM 12 – A & GAS 12 - A
MAKABATA JPC CLUB
INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF A HUMAN PERSON
FIRST SEMESTER / FIRST QUARTER

LAS 4

THE HUMAN PERSON IN THE ENVIRONMENT

THREE MAJOR PERSPECTIVES IN UNDERSTADING ● It also frames a critical understanding on how

HUMANITY’S RELATIONSHOP WITH THE ENVIRONMENT
ANTHROPOCENTRISM
● This view believes that humans are the most
important species on the planet and that
they are free to transform nature and use its
resources.
BIOCENTRISM
● The belief that humans are not the only
significant species on the planet, and that all
organisms have inherent value and should
be protected.
ECOCENTRISM
● This view believes that humankind is part of a
greater biological system or community and
that we have a significant role as stewards or
guardians of nature.
PRINCIPLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL AESTHETICS
● This philosophical view insists that by
maintaining order in the environment we can
bring out the natural beauty of the
surroundings and in the process contribute to
the well-being of the people and other
organisms living in it.
ENVIRONMENTALISM
● It is comprised of many related ideas and
advocacies that address the various
environmental issues and concerns.
our human activities create an impact to the
environment.
ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE
● A concept that calls for a fair distribution of
environmental benefits, as well as the burden
of meeting the effects of climate and other
environmental changes.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
● This concept teaches us to make wise
decisions concerning the use of Earth’s
resources today so that there is still enough
left for tomorrow.
● Three important principles:
o Environmental integrity – maintaining
the state of environment in the midst
of human activities.
o Economic efficiency – the wise use of
resources
o Equity – demands that we use our
nature resources in such a manner
that there are conserved for the next
generation to use.
o Prudence - the ability to discipline
and govern one’s actions and
behavior.
o Frugality – the quality of being
economical on the use of one’s
resources.

ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS

● It examines how we as human beings relate

with the Earth and all within it.

LUJILLE EZEKIEL A. PAULINO

STEM 12 - A
MAKABATA JPC CLUB