168 C H A PTE R 6 Friction

SA M P L E PR OBLEM 6/7
The single-threaded screw of the vise has a mean diameter of 1 in. and
has 5 square threads per inch. The coefficient of static friction in the B 6ʺ
threads is 0.20. A 60-lb pull applied normal to the handle at A produces
a clamping force of 1000 lb between the jaws of the vise. (a) Determine
the frictional moment MB, developed at B, due to the thrust of the screw 8ʺ
10ʺ
against the body of the jaw. (b) Determine the force Q applied normal to
the handle at A required to loosen the vise. A

Solution From the free-body diagram of the jaw we first obtain the C
tension T in the screw.

[ Σ MC = 0] 1000(16) − 10T = 0 T = 1600 lb 1000 lb

The helix angle 𝛼 and the friction angle 𝜙 for the thread are given by T

L 1 /5
𝛼 = tan−1 = tan−1 = 3.64° 1
2𝜋r 2𝜋(0.5) C
𝜙 = tan −1
𝜇 = tan −1
0.20 = 11.31°

where the mean radius of the thread is r = 0.5 in. T 60(8) = 480 lb-in.
R 𝜙
(a) To tighten The isolated screw is simulated by the free-body dia-
gram shown where all of the forces acting on the threads of the screw
are represented by a single force R inclined at the friction angle 𝜙 from 𝛼
MB
the normal to the thread. The moment applied about the screw axis is
60(8) = 480 lb-in. in the clockwise direction as seen from the front of the (a) To tighten
vise. The frictional moment MB due to the friction forces acting on the
collar at B is in the counterclockwise direction to oppose the impending 𝛼 𝜙 T
motion. From Eq. 6/3 with T substituted for W, the net moment acting
on the screw is
R MB Mʹ
M = Tr tan (𝛼 + 𝜙) (b) To loosen

480 − MB = 1600(0.5) tan (3.64° + 11.31°)

H ELPFU L H I N TS
MB = 266 lb-in. Ans. 1 Be careful to calculate the helix angle
correctly. Its tangent is the lead L
(b) To loosen The free-body diagram of the screw on the verge of be- (advancement per revolution) divided by
ing loosened is shown with R acting at the friction angle from the the mean circumference 2𝜋r and not by
normal in the direction to counteract the impending motion. 2 Also the diameter 2r.
shown is the frictional moment MB = 266 lb-in. acting in the clockwise 2 Note that R swings to the opposite side
direction to oppose the motion. The angle between R and the screw axis of the normal as the impending motion
is now 𝜙 − 𝛼, and we use Eq. 6/3a with the net moment equal to the reverses direction.
applied moment M′ minus MB. Thus

M = Tr tan (𝜙 − 𝛼)

M′ − 266 = 1600(0.5) tan (11.31° − 3.64°)

M′ = 374 lb-in.

Thus, the force on the handle required to loosen the vise is

Q = M′∕d = 374∕8 = 46.8 lb Ans.

 Article 6/7 Thrust Bearings; Disk Friction 171

SA MPLE PROBLEM 6/8 T

The bell crank fits over a 100-mm-diameter shaft which is fixed and 120 mm
cannot rotate. The horizontal force T is applied to maintain equilib-
rium of the crank under the action of the vertical force P = 100 N.
Determine the maximum and minimum values which T may have
mm
without causing the crank to rotate in either direction. The coefficient 100
O
of static friction 𝜇 between the shaft and the bearing surface of the
crank is 0.20.

180 mm
Solution Impending rotation occurs when the reaction R of the fixed
shaft on the bell crank makes an angle 𝜙 = tan−1 𝜇 with the normal to P = 100 N
the bearing surface and is, therefore, tangent to the friction circle. Also,
equilibrium requires that the three forces acting on the crank be con- C
T1
current at point C. These facts are shown in the free-body diagrams for 𝜃
the two cases of impending motion.
The following calculations are needed:
𝛽
𝜙
Friction angle 𝜙 = tan −1
𝜇 = tan−1
0.20 = 11.31° R1 r

Radius of friction circle rƒ = r sin 𝜙 = 50 sin 11.31° = 9.81 mm rƒ O

120 P = 100 N
Angle 𝜃 = tan−1 = 33.7°
180 R1
P
rƒ 9.81 𝜃−𝛽
Angle 𝛽 = sin−1 = sin−1 = 2.60°
OC √(120) 2 + (180) 2 T1
(a) Counterclockwise motion impends

(a) Impending counterclockwise motion The equilibrium triangle C

T2
of forces is drawn and gives 𝜃

T1 = P cot (𝜃 − 𝛽) = 100 cot (33.7° − 2.60°)

𝛽
T1 = Tmax = 165.8 N Ans. r
O
rƒ 𝜙
(b) Impending clockwise motion The equilibrium triangle of R2
forces for this case gives
P = 100 N
T2 = P cot (𝜃 + 𝛽) = 100 cot (33.7° + 2.60°) R2
P
T2 = Tmin = 136.2 N Ans. 𝜃+𝛽
T2
(b) Clockwise motion impends
174 C H A PTE R 6 Friction

SA M P L E PR OBLEM 6/9
𝛼
A flexible cable which supports the 100-kg load is passed over a fixed P
r
circular drum and subjected to a force P to maintain equilibrium. The O
coefficient of static friction 𝜇 between the cable and the fixed drum is
0.30. (a) For 𝛼 = 0, determine the maximum and minimum values
which P may have in order not to raise or lower the load. (b) For P = 500 N,
determine the minimum value which the angle 𝛼 may have before the
load begins to slip. 100 kg

Solution Impending slipping of the cable over the fixed drum is P

given by Eq. 6/7, which is T2∕T1 = e𝜇𝛽.
(a) With 𝛼 = 0 the angle of contact is 𝛽 = 𝜋∕2 rad. 1 For impending 𝛽 = 𝜋/2
upward motion of the load, T2 = Pmax, T1 = 981 N, and we have
O
Pmax∕981 = e0.30(𝜋∕2) Pmax = 981(1.602) = 1572 N 2 Ans.
981 N
For impending downward motion of the load, T2 = 981 N and T1 = Pmin.
Thus, (a) 𝛼 = 0

981∕Pmin = e0.30(𝜋∕2) Pmin = 981∕1.602 = 612 N Ans. 𝛼

P
𝛽

O
(b) With T2 = 981 N and T1 = P = 500 N, Eq. 6/7 gives us

981∕500 = e0.30𝛽 0.30𝛽 = ln(981∕500) = 0.674 981 N

(b) P = 500 N
360
𝛽 = 2.25 rad or 𝛽 = 2.25 ( = 128.7°
2𝜋 ) H ELPFU L H I N TS
𝛼 = 128.7° − 90° = 38.7° 3 Ans. 1 We are careful to note that 𝛽 must be
expressed in radians.
2 In our derivation of Eq. 6/7 be certain to
note that T2 > T1.
3 As was noted in the derivation of Eq. 6/7,
the radius of the drum does not enter into
the calculations. It is only the angle of con-
tact and the coefficient of friction which
determine the limiting conditions for im-
pending motion of the flexible cable over
the curved surface.