Letter Type Sound

ㅏ Vowel ah
(Monophthong) [a]
ㅓ Vowel uh
Korean Learning
(Monophthong) [ʌ]
ㅗ Vowel oh
1. Hangul (Monophthong) [o]
ㅜ Vowel ooh
(Monophthong)
Type [u]
Initial (Sound) Final
ㅣ Vowel ee (Sound)
(Monophthong) [i]
ㅡ Vowel ah
(Monophthong) [ɯ]
ㅔ Vowel eh
(Monophthong) [e]
ㅐ Vowel eh
(Monophthong) [ɛ]
ㅑ Vowel yah
(Diphthong) [ja]
ㅕ Vowel yuh
(Diphthong) [jʌ]
ㅛ Vowel yoh
(Diphthong) [jo]
ㅠ Vowel yooh
(Diphthong) [ju]
ㅖ Vowel yeh
(Diphthong) [je]
ㅒ Vowel yeh
(Diphthong) [jɛ]
ㅘ Vowel ah
(Diphthong) [a]
ㅚ Vowel ah
(Diphthong) [a]
Letter
ㄱ Regular g or k k
Consonant [k] [k̚]
ㄴ Regular n t
Consonant [n] [t̚]
ㄷ Regular d or t l
Consonant [t] [ɭ]
ㄹ Regular r p
Consonant [ɾ] [p̚]
ㅁ Regular m t
Consonant [m] [t̚]
ㅂ Regular b or p
Consonant [p]
ㅅ Regular When in front of
Consonant a
monophthong:
s
[s]
ㅈ Regular j
Consonant
ㅎ Regular
Consonant
ㅇ Regular
Consonant
ㄲ Strong
Consonant
ㄸ Double
 Consonant
ㅃ Double
Consonant
ㅆ Double
Consonant
ㅉ Double
Consonant
ㅋ Strong
Consonant
ㅌ Strong
Consonant
ㅍ Strong
Consonant
ㅊ Strong
Consonant

 가나다 → kah-nah-tah
i. Precisely, /h/ at the beginning of a syllable,
and /t̚/ at the ending of a syllable
 ㅎ (h) + ㅏ (ah) = 하 (hah) - ha (usual romanisation)

 라마바사자하 → rah-mah-pah-sah-jah-hah

k. ㅗ → “oh” (but more precise and short)

i. Precisely, /o/

 ㄱ (g/k) + ㅗ (oh) = 고 (goh/koh) - go (usual

romanisation)
 가나다라마바사자하 → kah-nah-tah-rah-mah-pah-
sah-jah-hah
 고노도로모보소조호 → koh-noh-toh-roh-moh-poh-

soh-joh-hoh
l. ㅇ → “ng”
i. It is silent at the beginning of a syllable, and /ŋ/
at the ending of a syllable
 ㅇ (silent) + ㅏ (ah) = 아 (ah) - a (usual romanisation)

 ㅇ (silent) + ㅗ (oh) = 오 (oh) - o (usual romanisation)

 간 → kahn
 낟 → naht
 돌 → tohl
 란 → rahn
 몸 → mohm
 밥 → pahp
 속 → sohk
 존 → john
 합 → hahm
 강 → kahng
 낭 → nahng
 당 → tahng
 랑 → rahng
 몽 → mohng
 방 → pohng
 상 → sahng
 앙 → ahng
 종 → johng
 홍 → hohng
m. ㅓ → “uh” (but more precise and short)
i. Precisely, /ʌ/
 ㅇ (silent) + ㅓ (uh) = 어 (uh) - eo (usual romanisation)
n. ㅓ → “ooh” (but more precise and short)
i. Precisely, /u/
 ㅇ (silent) + ㅜ (ooh) = 우 (ooh) - u (usual romanisation)
o. ㅡ → “eu” (similar to the “oo” in “good”)
i. Precisely, /ɯ/
 ㅇ (silent) + ㅡ (eu) = 으 (eu) - eu (usual romanisation)
p. ㅣ → “ee” (but more precise and short)
i. Precisely, /i/
 ㅇ (silent) + ㅣ (ee) = 이 (ee) - i (usual romanisation)
 거 → kuh
 누 → nooh
 드 → teu
 리 → ree
 믐 → meum
 분 → poohn
 실 → sheel
 어 → uh
 전 → juhn
 흥 → heung
q. ㅔ → “eh” (but more precise and short)
 i. Precisely, /e/
 ㅇ (silent) + ㅔ (eh) = 에 (eh) - e (usual romanisation)

r. ㅐ → “ehh” (slightly longer than ㅔ)

i. Precisely, /ɛ/
 ㅇ (silent) + ㅐ (ehh) = 애 (ehh) - ae (usual
romanisation)
s. ㅑ → “yah” (but more precise and short)
i. Precisely, /ja/
 ㅇ (silent) + ㅑ (yah) = 야 (yah) - ya (usual
romanisation)
t. ㅕ → “yuh” (but more precise and short)
i. Precisely, /jʌ/
 ㅇ (silent) + ㅕ (yuh) = 여 (yuh) - yeo (usual
romanisation)
u. ㅛ → “yoh” (but more precise and short)
i. Precisely, /jo/
 ㅇ (silent) + ㅛ (yoh) = 요 (yoh) - yoh (usual
romanisation)
v. ㅠ → “yooh” (but more precise and short)
i. Precisely, /ju/
 ㅇ (silent) + ㅠ (yooh) = 유 (yooh) - yooh (usual
romanisation)
 개 → kehh
 냐 → nyah
 뎌 → jyuh
 류 → ryooh
 뮤 → myooh
 베 → peh
 새 → sehh
 여 → yuh
 쥬 → jyooh
 휴 → hyooh
w. ㅖ → “yeh” (but more precise and short)
i. Precisely, /je/
 ㅇ (silent) + ㅖ (yeh) = 예 (yeh) - ye (usual
romanisation)
x. ㅒ → “yehh” (slightly longer than ㅖ)
i. Precisely, /jɛ/
 ㅇ (silent) + ㅒ (yehh) = 얘 (yehh) - yae (usual
romanisation)
 예 → yeh
 얘 → yehh
 계 → kyeh
 햬 → hyehh
 As mentioned earlier, when ㅅ comes before ㅣ,ㅑ,
ㅕ, ㅛ, ㅠ, ㅖ, or ㅒ, it becomes “sh”
 “한국인 (hahn-koohk-een)” is pronounced “한구긴
(hahn-kooh-keen)”
 “힘들어 (heem-teul-uh)” is pronounced “힘드러
(heem-teu-ruh)”
 “미국은 (mee-koohk-eun)” is pronounced “미구근
(mee-kooh-keun)”
 “닫아 (taht-ah)” is pronounced “다다 (tah-tah)”
 “한국어 (hahn-koohk-uh)” is pronounced “한구거
(hahn-kooh-kuh)”
 “사람이 (sah-rahm-ee)” is pronounced “사라미
(sah-rah-mee)”
 “영어 (yuhng-uh)” is pronounced “영어 (yuhng-uh)”
 “발음 (bahl-eum)” is pronounced “바름 (bah-reum)”
 “달이 (tahl-ee)” is pronounced “다리 (tah-ree)”
 “만이 (mahn-ee)” is pronounced “마니 (mah-nee)”

 “앉아 (ahnt-ah)” is pronounced “안자 (ahn-jah)”

 “긁어 (keulk-uh)” is pronounced “글거 (keul-kuh)”

 “삶이 (sahlm-ee)” is pronounced “살미 (sahl-mee)”

 “밝은 (pahlk-eun)” is pronounced “발근 (pahl-

keun)”
 “값이 (kahpt-ee)” is pronounced “갑시 (kahp-

shee)”
 “읽은 (eelk-eun)” is pronounced “일근 (eel-keun)”

 “삶 (sahlm)” is pronounced “삼 (sahm)”

 “흙 (heulk)” is pronounced “흑 (heuk)”

 “읽 (eelk)” is pronounced “익 (eek)”

 “밟 (pahlp)” is pronounced “밥 (pahp)”

 “옮겨 (ohlm-kyuh)” is pronounced “옴겨 (ohm-

kyuh)”
 “닭 (tahlk)” is pronounced “닥 (tahk)”

 “여덟 (yuh-duhlp)” is pronounced “여덜 (yuh-duhl)”

y. ㄲ → “kk” (but more precise and short)

i. Precisely, /k͈/ at the beginning of a syllable,
and /k̚/ at the ending of a syllable
 ㄲ (kk) + ㅏ (ah) = 까 (kkah) - kka (usual romanisation)
z. ㄸ → “dd” or “tt” (but more precise and short)
i. Precisely, /t͈/ at the beginning of a syllable
ii. It can NEVER appear at the ending of a syllable
 ㄸ (dd/tt) + ㅏ (ah) = 따 (ddah/ttah) - tta (usual
romanisation)
aa. ㅃ → “pp” (but more precise and short)
i. Precisely, /p͈/ at the beginning of a syllable
ii. It can NEVER appear at the ending of a syllable
 ㅃ (pp) + ㅏ (ah) = 빠 (ppah) - ppa (usual romanisation)
bb. ㅆ → “ss” (or “sh”)
i. Precisely, /s͈/ at the beginning of a regular
syllable, and /t̚/ at the ending of a syllable
ii. /ʃ/ when in front of the vowel ㅣ and
diphthongs (e.g. ㅑ[ya])
 ㅆ (ss) + ㅏ (ah) = 싸 (ssah) - ssa (usual romanisation)
cc. ㅉ (can also be written as ㅉ) → “jj”
i. Precisely, /t͈͡ɕ͈ / at the beginning of a syllable
ii. It can NEVER appear at the ending of a
syllable
 ㅉ (jj) + ㅏ (ah) = 짜 (jjah) - ja (usual romanisation)
 기 (kee) — 끼 (kkee)
 달 (tahl) — 딸 (ttahl)
 방 (pahng) — 빵 (ppahng)
 살 (sahl) — 쌀 (ssahl)
 잔 (jahn) — 짠 (jjahn)
dd. ㅋ → “kh”
 i. Precisely, /kʰ/ at the beginning of a syllable,
and /k̚/ at the ending of a syllable
 ㅋ (kh) + ㅏ (ah) = 카 (khah) - ka (usual romanisation)

ee. ㅌ → “th” (NOT “th” as in “the” or “thumb”)

i. Precisely, /tʰ/ at the beginning of a syllable,
and /t̚/ at the ending of a syllable
 ㅌ (th) + ㅏ (ah) = 타 (thah) - ta (usual romanisation)

ff. ㅍ → “ph” (NOT “ph” as in “philosophy” )

i. Precisely, /pʰ/ at the beginning of a syllable,
and /p̚/ at the ending of a syllable
 ㅍ (ph) + ㅏ (ah) = 파 (phah) - pa (usual romanisation)

gg. ㅊ (can also be written as ㅊ) → “ch” (“ch” as in

“church”) (or “jh”)
i. Precisely, /t͡ɕʰ/ at the beginning of a syllable, and
/t̚/ at the ending of a syllable
 ㅊ (jh/ch) + ㅏ (ah) = 차 (jhah/chah) - cha (usual
romanisation)
 기 (kee) — 끼 (kkee) — 키 (khee)
 달 (tahl) — 딸 (ttahl) — 탈 (thahl)
 방 (pahng) — 빵 (ppahng) — 팡 (phang)
 잔 (jahn) — 짠 (jjan) — 찬 (chahn)
Regular Double Strong
불 - fire 뿔 - horns 풀 - grass/glue
 갈비→ kahl-pee
 공짜 → kohng-jjah
 친구 → cheen-gooh
 진짜 → jeen-jjah
 꽁트 → kkohng-theu

 따르다 → ttah-reu-tah

 티나 → thee-nah

 바나나 → pah-nah-nah

 빨래 → ppal-lehh

 핸드폰 → hehhn-teu-phohn

 칩 → cheep

 핑크 → pheeng-kheu

 쓰다 → sseu-tah

 순대 → soohn-tehh

hh. ㅢ → “eui”
i. Precisely, /ɰi/
ii. Any Consonant (except ㅇ) when combined
with ㅢ produces the ㅣ sound
I.e. ㅇ + ㅢ = 의, but ㅎ + ㅢ = 히
 ㅇ (silent) + ㅢ (eui) = 의 (eui) - ui (usual romanisation)

ii.ㅘ → “wah”
i. Precisely, /wa/
 ㅇ (silent) + ㅘ (wah) = 와 (wah) - wa (usual
romanisation)
jj.ㅟ → “wee”
i. Precisely, /ɥi/
 ㅇ (silent) + ㅟ (wee) = 위 (wee) - wi (usual
romanisation)
kk. ㅙ → “wehh”
i. Precisely, /wɛ/
 ㅇ (silent) + ㅙ (wehh) = 왜 (wehh) - wae (usual
romanisation)
ll.ㅚ → “weh”
i. Precisely, /we/
 ㅇ (silent) + ㅚ (weh) = 외 (weh) - oe (usual
romanisation)
mm. ㅞ → “weh” (slightly shorter than ㅙ)
i. Precisely, /we/
 ㅇ (silent) + ㅞ (weh) = 웨 (weh) - we (usual
romanisation)
 왜 → wehh
 외 → weh
 웨 → weh
 의 → eui
 과 → kwah
 뭐 → mwuh
 휘 → hwee
 괘 → kwehh
 쇠 → shweh
 궤 → kweh
 흰 → heuin
 좌 → jwah
 둬 → dwuh
 귀 → kwee
 쇄 → shwehh
 괴 → kweh
 훼 → hweh
 Names of Letters:
o Consonants: (C + ㅣ) + (으 + C)

E.g. ㄴ → (ㄴ + ㅣ) + (으 + ㄴ) = 니 + 은 =
니은
Except:
 ㄱ → 기역

 ㄷ → 디귿

 ㅅ → 시옷

o Vowels: ㅇ + V

E.g.ㅏ → ㅇ + ㅏ = 아
o Double Consonants: 쌍 + Name of Regular

Version
E.g. ㄲ → 쌍 + 기역 = 쌍 기역
 “맛” is pronounced as “맏 (mat)”, NOT “마스
(mas)”
 “낮” is pronounced as “낟 (nat)”, NOT “나즈 (naj)”
 When a syllable ends in ㅅ, ㅆ, ㅈ, ㅊ, ㅌ, or ㅎ, it is
pronounced as ㄷ
E.g. “밌 (meess)” is pronounced as “믿 (meet)”
 When a syllable ends in ㅋ, ㄲ, or ㅍ, it changes back
to its regular form
I.e. ㅋ →ㄱ, ㄲ→ㄱ, ㅍ→ㅂ
E.g. “잎 (eeph)” is pronounced as “입 (eep)”
 When the first syllable ends in a consonant besides
ㅁ, ㄴ, or ㄹ, and the second syllable begins with ㄱ,
ㄷ, ㅅ, ㅂ, or ㅈ, the consonant of the second syllable
becomes doubled
 I.e. ㄱ → ㄲ, ㄷ → ㄸ, ㅅ → ㅆ, ㅂ → ㅃ, ㅈ →
ㅉ
E.g. “없다 (uhpt-tah)” is pronounced “업따 (uhp-
ttah)” (ㅅ becomes ㄷ)
 When the first syllable ends in ㅎ, and the next
syllable starts with ㅇ, the ㅎ disappears
E.g. “많아 (mant-ah)” is pronounced “마나 (mah-
nah)”
 When a regular consonant comes before or after ㅎ, it
becomes a strong consonant
E.g. “못하다 (moht-hah-tah)” is pronounced “
모타다 (moh-thah-tah)” (ㅅ becomes ㄷ)
 When the first syllable ends with ㄹ, and the second
syllable starts with ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, ㅅ, or ㅈ, the initial
consonant of the second syllable usually becomes a
double consonant
I.e. ㄱ → ㄲ, ㄷ → ㄸ, ㅅ → ㅆ, ㅂ → ㅃ, ㅈ →
ㅉ
E.g. “밀당 (meel-tahng)” is pronounced “밀땅
(meel-ttahng)”
Except “얼굴 (uhl-koohl)”, “웰빙 (wehl-beeng)”,
and “알바 (ahl-pah)”
 When the first syllable ends with ㅂ, and the next
syllable begins with ㅁ or ㄴ, the ㅂ becomes ㅁ
E.g. “잡는 (jahp-neun)” is pronounced “잠는 (jahm-
neun)”
 When the first syllable ends with ㄱ, and the next
syllable begins with ㅁ or ㄴ, the ㄱ becomes ㅇ
E.g. “국물 (koohk-moohl)” is pronounced “궁물
(koohng-moohl)”
 When the first syllable ends with ㄷ, ㅅ, ㅈ, or ㅎ
and the next syllable begins with ㄴ (or sometimes
ㅁ), the final consonant of the first syllable becomes
ㄴ
E.g. “믿는 (meet-neun)” is pronounced “민는
(meen-neun)”
 When the first syllable ends with ㅂ and the next
syllable begins with ㄹ, the ㅂ becomes ㅁ, and the
ㄹ becomes ㄴ
E.g. “십리 (sheep-ree)” is pronounced “심니
(sheem-nee)”
 When the first syllable ends with ㄱ and the next
syllable begins with ㄹ, the ㄱ becomes ㅇ, and the
ㄹ becomes ㄴ
E.g. “막료 (mahk-ryoh)” is pronounced “망뇨
(mahng-nyoh)”
 When the first syllable ends with ㅇ or ㅁ and the
next syllable begins with ㄹ, and the ㄹ becomes ㄴ
E.g. “음료 (eum-ryoh)” is pronounced “음뇨 (eum-
nyoh)”
Except “장르 (jahng-reu)” → “genre”
  When ㄴ comes before or after ㄹ, the ㄴ becomes
ㄹ
E.g. “만리 (mahn-ree)” is pronounced “말리 (mahl-
lee)”
 When the first syllable ends with ㄷ or ㅌ and the

next syllable contains ㅣ, the ㄷ becomes ㅈ, and the

ㅌ becomes ㅊ
E.g. “같이 (kahth-ee)” is pronounced “가치 (kah-
chee)”
 “십육 (sheep-yoohk)” is pronounced “심뉵 (sheem-

nyoohk)”
 “깻잎 (kkehht-eeph)” is pronounced “깬닙 (kkehhn-

neep)”
 “한자 (hahn-jah)” is pronounced “한짜 (hahn-jjah)”

 “감다 (kahm-tah)” is pronounced “감따 (kahm-

ttah)”
 “여권 (yuh-kwuhn)” is pronounced “여꿘 (yuh-

kkwuhn)”
 “조건 (joh-kuhn)” is pronounced “조껀 (joh-kkuhn)”

2. Greetings - Hello & Goodbye

a. “Hello!”:
i. “안녕!”
To anyone younger than you or the same age
as you.
ii. “안녕하세요!”
To anyone else.
b. “Goodbye!”:
 i. “안녕!”
To anyone younger than you or the same age
as you.
ii. “안녕히 가세요!”
To someone leaving (lit. “Go in peace”).
iii. “안녕히 계세요!” → To someone staying
(lit. “Stay in peace”).
3. Self-Introduction
a. “I am…”:
i. “저는/전 …C 이에요/V 예요”:
“저” means “I” or “me”
“는” is a “Topic Marker”. It functions as a
highlighter for the topic of a conversation.
“이에요” and “예요” come from the verb
“이다”, which means “to be”, or “to equal
to”. 이에요 is used when the previous
syllable ends with a consonant. 예요
(pronounced as “에요”) is used when the
previous syllable ends with a vowel.
ii. “제 이름은 …C 이에요/V 예요”
“제” means “my”
“이름”means “name”
“은” is a “Topic Marker”
b. Nice to meet you!:
i. “반가워요!”
To someone younger or the same age as
you.
 ii. “반갑습니다!”
To anyone else.
“반갑습니다” and “반가워요” come from
the verb “반갑다” which means “to be
happy to see”. Although it is optional, “
만나서” — which comes from the verb “
만나다” which means “to meet” — can be
added to “반갑습니다” and “반가워요”.
iii. “처음 뵙겠습니다!”
It is a formal, but uncommon way of saying
“Nice to meet you!”.
 Hello, I am [name]. Nice to meet you! →

안녕하세요, 저는 [name]이에요/예요. 반갑습니다!

c. “Yes”:
i. “네”
This can also mean “Alright!”, “Okay!”, or
“I understand.”.
c. “No”:
ii. “아니요”
4. Saying Thanks
a. “Thank you!”:
i. “고마워!”
To close friends the same age as you or younger.
ii. “고마워요!”
To people who look a similar age or younger
than you — in casual situations.
 iii. “고맙습니다”/“감사합니다” → To anyone
else.
“감사합니다” is more appropriate in formal
situations.
“고마워”, “고마워요”, and “고맙습니다”
come from the verb “고맙다” which means “to
be thankful” or “to be grateful”.
“감사합니다” comes from the verb “
감사하다” which also means “to be thankful”
or “to be grateful”.
 In Korean, verbs conjugate (different forms of as

they vary according to voice, mood, tense, number,

and person).
E.g. “고맙다” becomes “고마워요”.
b. You’re welcome:
i. “아니야” → To close friends the same age
as you or younger.
ii. “아니에요” → To anyone else.
iii. “아닙니다” → In a very formal situation.
“아니야”, “아니에요”, “아닙니다” comes
from the verb “아니다” which means “to
not be”. It is a way of saying “It is not” i.e.
“It is not something you should thank me
for”.
iv. “천만에요” → It is an uncommon and old-
fashioned way of saying “You’re
welcome”.
 5. Excuse Me
a. To get a stranger’s attention:
i. “여기요” → “Here”
ii. “저기요” → “(Over) There”
b. To apologise in advance for being impolite or
interrupting someone:
i. “실례합니다” → “실례합니다” comes
from the verb “실례하다” which means “to
do sth. impolite”
ii. “실례지만…” → “Excuse me, but…”.
“실례지만” combines “실례 (impolite
act)” and “지만 (a conjunctive ending)”
c. To squeeze/move past someone/a crowd:
i. “잠시만요” → “Only a brief moment”.
It can also be used when asking someone to
wait for something
6. Intro to Verbs
a. What is a “verb”?
A verb is a word that indicates a physical action,
mental action, or state of being.
E.g. “to go”, “to think”, or “to be”.
Verbs are usually conjugated.
E.g. “to go”: “I go”. “You went”, or “He will go”.
All unconjugated Korean verbs end with “-다”.
 “To go” → “가다”

 “To eat” → “먹다”

 “To like” → “좋아하다”

  “To see” → “보다”
 “To be” → “이다”. “이다” is NOT an action verb
because it does not do any action, rather, it is a
descriptive verb.
 In Korean, all verbs are conjugated the same
regardless of WHO or WHAT is carrying or
receiving the action
English Korean
I swim 저는 수영해요
Billy swims 빌리는 수영해요
 In Korean, verbs are conjugated based on WHEN the

action is being carried out

English Korean
I swim 저는 수영해요
I swam 저는 수영했어요
I will swim 저는 수영할 거예요
I am swimming 저는 수영할 고 있어요
 “가다” → “가요”
 “먹다” → “먹어요”
 “좋아하다” → “좋아해요”
 “보다” → “봐요”
 “이다” → “이에요”/“예요”
 Korean uses “S.O.V. Sentence Structure”
I.e. Subject - Object - Verb
E.g. I pizza eat
 “I go.” → “저는 가요.”

 “I eat 피자 (pizza).” → “저는 피자를 먹어요.”

 “I like 김치(kimchi).” → “저는 김치를 좋아해요.”

 “I see 빌리(Billy).” → “저는 빌리를 봐요.”

 “I am [name].” → “저는 [name]이에요.”

 “를” is an “Object Marker”, that is, it identifies or

highlights the object (person or thing to which a

specified action or feeling is directed) of a verb. “를”
is used after a vowel, while “을” is used after a
consonant
7. I Want…
a. To want to do sth.:
i. “Verb Stem + 고 싶다” → A verb stem is
an unconjugated verb without the “-다”
E.g. “가다” → “가”, “먹다” → “먹”
(NOT “먹어”), “보다” → “보”(NOT “봐”)
E.g. “가다” → “가고 싶다”, “먹다” →
“먹고 싶다”, “보다” → “보고 싶다”
“싶다” is a verb itself and should be
conjugated. Therefore, “싶다” → “싶어요”
E.g. “가다” → “가고 싶어요”, “먹다” →
“먹고 싶어요”, “보다” → “보고 싶어요”
 “저는 티비를 보고 싶어요” → “I want to watch

TV”
 “저는 나가고 싶어요” → “I want to go out”
 “티비” → “TV”, “television”

 “나가다” → “to go out(side)”

b. To want sth.
i. Noun +을/를 가지고 싶다: “가지다” means
“to have” or “to carry something around”. “
가지고 싶다” means “to want to have”. “
가지다” can also be shortened to “갖다”
I.e. “가지고 싶다” → “갖고 싶다”
ii. “원하다(원해요)” is an (uncommon) way to
mean “to want sth.”
 “To want (to have)” ≠ “To want to do sth.”

 “저는 영화를 보고 싶어요” → “I want to watch a

movie”
 “네, 저는 팝콘을 먹고 싶어요” → “Yes, I want to

eat popcorn”
 “저는 팝콘을 가지고 싶어요” → “I want to

have(NOT eat) popcorn”

 “저는 핫도그를 가지고 싶어요” → “I want to

have(NOT eat) hotdogs”

 “영화” → “movie”

 “팝콘” → “popcorn”

 “핫도그” → “hotdog”

8. The Object Marker

a. What is the “Object Marker”?
It is a “particle” which attaches itself to a noun
that specifies that it is the receiver of the action.
 It implies WHO or WHAT is being affected by
the action.
 When the object ends in a vowel, attach “를”.
E.g. 피자를, 영화를.
 When the object ends in a consonant, attach “을”.

E.g. 팝콘을, 한글을.

 “저는 피자를 좋아해요.” → “I like pizza(object).”

 “저는 팝콘을 먹고 싶어요.” → “I want to eat

popcorn(object).”
 “저는 영화를 보고 싶어요.” → “I want to watch a

movie(object).”
 “저는 티비를 봐요.” → “I watch television(object).”

 “저는 김치를 만들고 싶어요.” → “I want to make

kimchi(object).”
 “저는 한글을 배우고 싶어요.” → “I want to learn

hangul(object).”
 “만들다” → “to make”

 “배우다” → “to learn”

9. The Topic Marker

a. What is the “Topic Marker”?
It is a “particle” which attaches itself to a noun
that specifies that it is the topic or the theme of
the conversation. It implies WHO or WHAT is
being talked about in the discussion.
 When the topic ends in a vowel, attach “는”.
E.g. 저는, 피자는.
 When the topic ends in a consonant, attach “은”.
E.g. 한글은, 티비는.
 “저는 현우예요. 음악을 좋아해요.” → “I(topic) am

Hyun-woo. [I] like music.”

 “저는 석진이에요. 스포츠를 좋아해요.” →

“I(topic) am Seok-jin. [I] like sports.”

 “음악” → “music”

 “스포츠” → “sports”

10. This & That

a. This:
i. “이” → It is used before a noun (with a
space) to and is used whenever an object is
close to the speaker. It is an adjective and
MUST be used before a noun.
E.g. “이 티비” → “this TV”, “이 영화” →
“this movie”.
ii. “이것” → “this (thing)”
“이” means “this”, while “것” means
“thing”. It is a noun and is usually used with
a particle. It is usually shortened to “이거”.
E.g. “이것은 티비예요” → “this(thing) is
a TV”, “이것은 영화예요” → “this(thing)
is a movie”.
b. That:
i. “그” → It is used before a noun (with a
space) to and is used whenever an object is
NOT close to the speaker, but close to the
 listener. It is an adjective and MUST be
used before a noun.
E.g. “그 티비” → “that TV”, “그 영화”
→ “that movie”
ii. “그것” → “that (thing)”
“그” means “that”, while “것” means
“thing”. It is a noun and is usually used with
a particle. It is usually shortened to “그거”.
E.g. “그것은 티비예요” → “that(thing) is
a TV”, “그것은 영화예요” →
“that(thing) is a movie”.
c. That (Over There):
i. “저” → It is used before a noun (with a
space) to and is used whenever an object is
NOT close to the speaker and the listener. It
is an adjective and MUST be used before a
noun.
E.g. “저 티비” → “that TV (over there)”,
“저 영화” → “that movie (over there)”
ii. “저것” → “that (thing) (over there)”
“저” means “that (over there)”, while “것”
means “thing”. It is a noun and is usually
used with a particle. It is usually shortened
to “저거”.
E.g. “저것은 티비예요” → “that(thing)
(over there) is a TV”, “저것은 영화예요”
→ “that(thing) (over there) is a movie”.
 “저는 그 케이크를 갖고 싶어요.” → “I want to
have that cake.”
 “이 케이크는 피자 케이크예요.” → “This cake is

pizza cake.”
 “저는 저 케이크를 먹고 싶어요.” → “I want to

eat that cake (over there).”

 “저 케이크는 피자 케이크예요.” → “That cake

(over there) is pizza cake.”

 “저는 그것을 갖고 싶어요.” → “I want to have

that thing.”
 “이것은 피자 케이크예요.” → “This thing is pizza

cake.”
 “저는 저것을 먹고 싶어요.” → “I want to eat that

thing (over there).”

 “저것은 피자 케이크예요.” → “That thing (over

there) is pizza cake.”

11. The “도” Particle
a. What is “도”?:
“도” is a particle which can mean “also”,
“even”, or “too”. It is attached directly after a
noun. It CANNOT be attached to unconjugated
verbs or phrases. It CANNOT be used on its
own. It CANNOT be attached to any other
particles.
E.g. “저도” → “even me”, “I also”, or “me
too”, “피자” → “even pizza”, “also pizza”, or
“pizza too”.
 E.g. “저도” or “저는”, NOT “저는도” or “
저도는”, “피자도” or “피자를”, NOT “
피자를도” or “피자도를”
 “저는 커피를 마시고 싶어요.” → “I want to drink

coffee.”
 “저도 커피를 마시고 싶어요.” → “I also want to

drink coffee.”
 “저는 커피를 좋아해요. 케이크도 좋아해요.” →

“I like coffee. [I] like cake too.”

 “저도 케이크를 좋아해요.” → “I also like cake.”

 “커피” → “coffee”

 “마시다” → “to drink”

12. Intro to Conjugation

a. Conjugation of Verbs:
i. Formal:
1. Present: “V + -ㅂ니다/C + 습니다”
2. Past: “ㅏ/ㅗ + -았습니다/V +
었습니다”
3. Future: “Verb Stem + 겠습니다”
ii. Informal
1. Present: “ㅏ/ㅗ + 아요/V + 어요”
2. Past: “ㅏ/ㅗ + -았어요/V + -었어요”
3. Future: “V + -ㄹ 거예요/C + -을
거예요”
iii. Casual:
1. Present: “ㅏ/ㅗ + -아/V + -어”
2. Past: “ㅏ/ㅗ + -았어/V + -었어”
 3. Future: “V + -ㄹ 거야/C + -을 거야”
b. The “요” Present Tense Conjugation:
i. Step 1: Get the verb stem
E.g. “앉다 (pronounced “안따”)” → “앉”
“먹다” → “먹”
“만들다” → “만들”
 “앉” → “to sit (down)”
ii. Step 2: If the previous syllable of the verb
stem contains “ㅏ” or “ㅗ”, attach “아”. If it
contains any other vowel, attach “어”.
E.g. “앉” contains “ㅏ”, so we attach “아”.
“먹” contains “ㅓ”, so we attach “어”.
“만들” contains “ㅡ”, so we attach “어”.
ii. Step 3: Attach “요”.
E.g. (앉 + 아) + 요 = “앉아요”
(먹 + 어) + 요 = “먹어요”
(만들 + 어) + 요 = “만들어요”
 When a verb stem ends with a vowel, and doesn’t
have a final consonant, the vowel combines with
“ㅏ” or “ㅓ” will combine into a final syllable.
E.g. “가다” → “가” → “(가 + 아) + 요 = 가요”
“보다” → “보” → “(보 + 아) + 요 = 봐요”
“마시다” → “마시” → “(마시 + 어) + 요 =
마셔요”
“배우다” → “배우” → “(배우 + 어) + 요 =
배워요”
 When a verb stem ends with just “ㅐ”, just add “요”.
E.g. “보내다” → “보내” → “보내 + 요 = 보내요”
 “보내다” → “to send”
 When a verb stem ends with just “ㅡ”, the “ㅡ” is
removed, (depending on the syllable right before the
last syllable of the verb stem) attach “ㅏ” or “ㅓ”,
then attach “요”.
E.g. “쓰다” → “쓰” → “ㅆ” → “(ㅆ + ㅓ) + 요 =
써요”
“바쁘다” → “바쁘” → “바ㅃ” → “(바ㅃ +
ㅏ) + 요 = 바빠요”
 “쓰다” → “to use”, “to write”
 “바쁘다” → “to be busy”
“바쁘다” is a descriptive verb — it describes things
— NOT an action verb as it is not necessarily doing
anything.
 When a verb stem ends with “르”, the “ㅡ” is
removed, then another “ㄹ” is added to the syllable
right before the last syllable of the verb stem,
(depending on the syllable right before the last
syllable of the verb stem) attach “ㅏ” or “ㅓ”, then
attach “요”.
E.g. “부르다” → “부르” → “부ㄹ” → “불ㄹ” →
“(불ㄹ + ㅓ) + 요 = 불러요”
 “부르다” → “to sing”, “to call”
 When a verb stem ends with “ㅎ”, the “ㅎ” is
removed, then attach “ㅐ”, then attach “요”.
“그렇다 (pronounced as “그러따”)” → “그렇” →
“그러” → (그러 + ㅐ) + 요 = “그래요”
 “그렇다” → “to be so”
 The verb “하다” or any verb that ends with “-하다”
gets conjugated into “해” or “-해”, then “요” is
attached.
E.g. “하다” → “해 + 요 = 해요”
“좋아하다” → “좋아해 + 요 = 좋아해요”
 “하다” → “to do”
 When a verb stem ends with “ㅂ”, remove the “ㅂ”,
attach “우”, attach “ㅓ”, attach “요”
E.g. “부럽다” → “부럽” → “부럽” → “부러” →
“부러우” → (부러우 + 어) + 요 = “부러워요”
“맵다” → “맵” → “매” → “매우” → (매우 +
어) + 요 = “매워요”
“춥다” → “춥” → “추” → “추우” → (추우
+ 어) + 요 = “추워요”
 “맵다” → “to be spicy”

Vocabulary List
1. 안녕 → Hello/Goodbye (casual)
2. 안녕하세요 → Hello (polite)
3. 안녕히 가세요 → Goodbye (to someone leaving)
(polite)
4. 안녕히 계세요 → Goodbye (to someone staying)
(polite)
5. 저 → I/me
6. 은/는 → topic marker
7. 이다 → to be/to equal to
8. 제 → my
9. 이름 → name
10. 반가워요 → Nice to meet you! (polite)
11. 반갑습니다 → Nice to meet you (formal)
12. 반갑다 → to be happy to see
13. 만나다 → to meet
14. 처음 뵙겠습니다 → Nice to meet you
(uncommon)
15. 네 → Yes/Alright/Okay/I understand
16. 아니요 → No
17. 고마워 → Thank you (casual)
18. 고마워요 → Thank you (polite)
19. 고맙습니다/감사합니다 → Thank you
(formal)
20. 감사하다/고맙다 → to be thankful/to be
grateful
21. 아니야 → It is not, You’re welcome (casual)
22. 아니에요 → It is not, You’re welcome (polite)
23. 아닙니다 → It is not, You’re welcome
(formal)
24. 아니다 → to not be
25. 천만에요 → You’re welcome (uncommon)
26. 여기요 → Here (polite)
27. 저기요 → (Over) There (polite)
28. 실례합니다 → Excuse me (formal)
29. 실례하다 → to do sth. impolite
30. 실례지만 → Excuse me, but
31. 실례 → impolite act
32. -지만 → a conjunctive ending
33. 잠시만요 → Only a brief moment
34. 가다 → to go
35. 먹다 → to eat
36. 좋아하다 → to like
37. 보다 → to see
38. 수영하다 → to swim
39. 피자 → pizza
40. 김치 → kimchi
41. 를/을 → object marker
42. -고 싶다 → to want (to do)
43. 티비 → TV/television”
44. 나가다 → to go out (side)
45. -을/를 가지고 싶다 → to want to have
46. 가지다/갖다 → to have
47. 원하다 → to want (uncommon)
48. 영화 → movie
49. 팝콘 → popcorn
50. 핫도그 → hotdog
51. 만들다 → to make
52. 배우다 → to learn
53. 음악 → music
54. 스포츠 → sports
55. 이 (adj.) → this
56. 이것 (noun) → this (thing)
57. 것 → thing
58. 그 (adj.) → that
59. 그것 (noun) → that (thing)
60. 저 (adj.) → that (over there)
61. 저것 → that (thing) (over there)
62. 도 → also/even/too
63. 커피 → coffee
64. 마시다 → to drink
65. 앉 → to sit (down)
66. 보내다 → to send
67. 쓰다 → to use/to write
68. 바쁘다 → to be busy
69. 부르다 → to sing/to call
70. 그렇다 → to be so
71. 하다 → to do
72. 요리(를) 하다 → to cook (lit. to do cooking)
73. 요리 → cooking
74. 맵다 → to be spicy
75. 부럽다 → to be jealous
76. 춥다 → to dance