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Micro Analysis of Socio-Economic Condition of Jute Industry Workers in

Hooghly District, West Bengal.

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Social and Economic
Development in India
Problems and Prospects

Mumtaj Ahmad
Tariq M Usmani
Shamsul Haque Siddiqui
Pasarul Islam

Brown Book Publications

New Delhi
Social and Economic Development in India:
Problems and Prospects
Mumtaj Ahmad • Tariq M Usmani
•Shamsul Haque Siddiqui • Pasarul Islam
©Editors
First Edition 2019
ISBN: 978-93-87497-82-5
2TKEGC

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may

be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
without the prior permission of the copyright owner.

Printed by
Brown Books
Opposite Blind School, Quila Road,
Shamshad Market, Aligarh (U.P.) 202002
Mobile: +91 9818897975
E-mail:brownbookpublications@gmail.com
Website:www.brownbooks.in
 Contents

• Foreword .................................................................................. iii

• Acknowledgements ................................................................... v
• List of Contributors ................................................................. ix

• Introduction .............................................................................. 1

1. Looking into Muslim Women Empowerment in West

Bengal: A Narrative of their Situational Existence ........... 9
Prof. Shamsul Haque Siddiqui and Hasibur Rahaman
2. Present Scenario of Housing Condition among Rural
Households in Murshidabad district of West Bengal:
A Block wise Analysis .......................................................... 23
Dr. Mumtaj Ahmad and Md. Ali Jinnah
3. Child Workers as Anti-Slavery Society in India: A
Case Study of Moradabad District, Uttar Pradesh .......... 42
Dr. Mumtaj Ahmad and Pasarul Islam
4. A Relational Approach towards Determinants of
Economic and Health Conditions in Murshidabad
District, West Bengal............................................................. 54
Dr. Sabbir Ahmed and Prof. Syed Waseem Ahmad Ashraf
5. Causes and Motives of Migration of Slum-Dwellers: A
Case Study of Civil Line area of Aligarh City, Uttar
Pradesh .................................................................................... 74
Joveriya and Dr. Mumtaj Ahmad
6. Quality of Census Data in India: An insight of chang-
ing course of reliability ........................................................ 85
Rabiul Ansary and Dr.Mumtaj Ahmad
viii

7. Female Beedi Workers and their Socio-Economic and

Health Conditions; A Case Study of Sandila
(Hardoi, UP) .......................................................................... 107
Dr. Mansoor Alam Siddiqui, Mohammad Nafees, Zeba Khanam
and Ruksar Anjum
8. Speech Disabled Population in India: A Spatial
Analysis ................................................................................. 131
Dilshad Ariz
9. Socio- Economic Status and Health Risks among the
Female Bidi Workers: A Micro level Analysis ............... 140
Nilofer Wahid and Md Areful Hoque
10. An Analysis of Spatial Variation in Access to Basic
Urban Amenities in Western Uttar Pradesh, India ....... 156
Mariya and Joveriya
11. Women Empowerment in India .................................. 169
Shezad Ahmed
12. Assessment of Basic Amenities in Slum Areas of
Kolkata ................................................................................... 183
Md Akhtarul Hoque
13. Growth and Development of Handicraft Sector in
Jammu and Kashmir ........................................................... 197
Abdul Hamid Mir
14. Status of Housing and Basic Amenities of Kaimur
District, Bihar: A Micro level Analysis ........................... 206
Enayat Bano
15. Micro Analysis of Socio-Economic Condition of Jute
Industry Workers in Hooghly district, West Bengal .... 215
Dr. Mahjabeen and Md. Aaquib
16. Socio-Economic Condition of Tea Garden Workers in
North Bengal, India ............................................................. 239
Md. Faiyaz Afzal and Md. Aftab Alam
Micro Analysis of Socio-Economic
Condition of Jute Industry
Workers in Hooghly district,
West Bengal

Dr. Mahjabeen* and Md. Aaquib**

Introduction

Jute commonly known as Golden Fibre of India is an

integral part of the Indian textile industry. It is naturally
occurring fibre commonly grown in Bangladesh, India,
Myanmar, Vietnam and Nepal. It is very essential material
for packaging with a number of diversified uses. Its main
characteristic is being an environmental friendly resource,
which has increased its potential and scope for the utilization
in Jute Industry. One of the interesting facts about jute
cultivation in India is that it occupies only 0.5 percent of total
geographical area of the country and in respect of total
cropped area it shares only 1.5 percent, in spite of this it
plays a dominant role in overall economy of the Country.
According to statistics, it alone employs about 4 million
people globally. India accounts for about 70 percent of world
production of jute and is the largest jute producer in the
world. Being the largest producer of jute goods in the world
it plays an important role in the economy of the country. It

* Assistant Professor, Women’s College, AMU, Aligarh

**Research Scholar, Department of Geography, AMU, Aligarh
218 Social and Economic Development in India

supports the large number of working population both from

the primary and secondary sectors, thus making the jute
industry as labour intensive industry. Out of 92 jute mills of
India 67 are in the State of West Bengal (Office of the Jute
Commissioner). In West Bengal Jute Industry alone employs
about 2.3 lakh directly and more than 40 lakh persons
indirectly (Kundu 1994). Jute Industry from its beginning
was wholly and solely dependent on workers as being labour
intensive industry. It produces about 1567 thousand tons of
jute products per annum and export 197 thousand tons
having the value of Rs.19554 million per annum. The driving
forces for high concentration of jute mills in Hooghly region
are the fertile lands of Ganga and Brahmaputra delta,
Ranigan jcoal fields, abundance of water available for
processing, high atmospheric humidity, nearest ports of
Kolkata and Haldia, and good road connectivity. And these
very factors were responsible for the growth and
development of jute Milles in the Hooghly region. On the
other hand the early arrival of the British merchant under
the aegis of the east India Company in Kolkata helped in
setting up this industry here.
The reasons for the flourish of the industry in Hooghly
region are high density of population in west Bengal and in
the neighbouring parts of Jharkhand, Bihar & Uttar Pradesh
which provide abundant cheap labour for the jute industry.
Bangladeshi refugees due to their poor background
satisfactorily working on meagre earning (Uttam 2013) This
Industry acted as a magnet with both push and pull factors
for those whose socio-economic conditions were far behind
the middle class people of Hooghly District. Besides,
illiteracy, low agricultural productivity, poverty, high growth
rate of population, employment opportunities became to
tools for the development of the industry in Hooghly Region.
Jute Industry in India has a good scope in respect of
employment creation directly or in directly. Most of the
 Micro Analysis of Socio-Economic Condition of Jute Industry 219

workers are either working on temporary basis or on the

daily basis (Ranita 2016). It has the potential to stabilize the
socio-economic conditions of the workers provided the
government to take steps for its growth and development
through proper planning and policy implications.

Objectives of the Study

The objectives of the study are;
1. To find out the demographic characteristics of the jute
mills workers.
2. To analyse the socio-economic conditions of the jute
industry workers.
3. To suggest remedial measures for the betterment based
on observation and the suggestion of mill workers.

Data Base and Methodology

The present study is based on both secondary and
primary sources of data. Primary data has been collected
through field survey with the help of structured
questionnaire. Simple random sampling technique has been
applied for the collection of data for the study. Out of eleven
jute mills five mills i.e., about 50 percent have been
taken into consideration in the survey from three
sub-divisions. About 2 percent of workers were interviewed
i.e., 230 out 11500 with simple random sampling technique.
Similarly, secondary data has been taken from Office of the
Jute Commissioner, Kolkata.

The name of the selected jute mills are mentioned

below;
1. Ganges Jute Pvt.Ltd.
2. The Ganges Manufacturing Co.Ltd.
3. The Shyamnagar North Jute Factory.
220 Social and Economic Development in India

4. Angus Jute Works.

5. Wellington Jute Mill.

Limitations of the Study

The following problems were faced while conducting the
survey;
a). Due to paucity of time I was bounded to limit the
number of mills.
b). The sample comprised of only 230 workers households
which is not supposed to be large number in comparison
to the total workers of the selected mills.
c). Many a time the respondents had a suspicious attitude
and not cooperative as they thought that the survey was
useless and they will not get any benefit from it.
d). Question related with income and diseases remain
unanswered because of afraid of taxation and hesitation
to reveal diseases.
e). Many of them had been so disillusioned by the
unfulfilled promises of politicians, welfare groups and
the govt. officials that they could not accept the reason
for my coming.
f). Their extra generosity, sometimes consumed my more
time than usual.

Study Area
District Hooghly (Hugli) the industrial capital of West
Bengal, situated on the western bank of the river Hooghly,
inherited the name from HOGLA a tall reed, which grows
in abundance on the river bank.The district has a
geographical area of 3149 sq. km (Census, 2011). Hooghly is
extended between 22°38’32‘‘N to 23°01’20‘‘N latitudes and
between 870 39’32‘‘E and 88030’15‘‘E longitudes. It is bounded
on the east by the meandering river Bhagirathi (Hooghly).
The adjoining districts are Bankura and Bardhawan in the
 Micro Analysis of Socio-Economic Condition of Jute Industry 221

north, Nadia & 24th pargana in the east, Howrah in the south
and Pachim Medinipure in the west. The district Hooghly
falls under the Burdawan Division of West Bengal. The
district has four sub-divisions namely: 1. Sadar, 2.
Chandannagar, 3. Srirampure 4. Arambag.
The total population of the Hooghly district according
to 2011 census is 5,519,145 persons, (5041976 in 2001), with a
decadal growth rate of 9.49 percent (2001-2011). According
to the census of 2011 in the district of the total population
2,152,870 persons are comes under the working class (Main
and Marginal) which is 39.01 percent of total population.
Among which 31.07 percent are main workers and 7.94
percent are marginal workers. Rest of the population that is
60.99 percent are non-workers (including dependent
population). In the total working population 12.06 percent
contributes by cultivators along with 27.10 percent as
agricultural labours, 5.19 percent as working in household
industry and rest of 55.65 percent in other working categories.

Figure 1: Location Map of Hooghly District

222 Social and Economic Development in India

Result and Discussion

In this section several attempts has been made to
highlight the socio-economic profile of the jute industrial
workers. 230 mill workers have been interviewed in order
to identify their socio-economic status in the society. A
number of questions have been asked to the workers from
the questionnaire for the personal observations of the subject.
As the variables has been selected in order to find out their
socio-economic profile. These variables includes Age, Sex,
Caste, Religion, Marital Status, Migratory status, Nature of
Work, Type of Employment, Monthly Income, Housing
Status, Housing Type, Health problems etc.

Population Composition
Population composition of human population is one of
the basic demographic characteristics. A change in sex
composition largely reflects the socio-economic and cultural
pattern of a society in different ways.
Table 1: Sex Compositionof jute industry workers in
Hooghly district
Sex Total Percentage
Males 570 52.69
Females 512 47.31
Source: Based on Surveyed Household, 2017.

The table 1 reveals that the sex composition of the jute

industrial workers households, out of 230 sample of
households, the total population has dominance of male over
female in number, by constituting about 52.69 percent and
47.31 percent males and females respectively, which is
normally represent the world scenario of over dominance
of male over female in number.
 Micro Analysis of Socio-Economic Condition of Jute Industry 223

Age Structure
The number or proportion of individuals in each age
group within a population. It is mainly used (with other
factors) to calculate future changes in age structure and
population size. It strongly influences the rate of growth and
has profound effects on the social and economic condition
under which a population lives.
Table 2: Age Structureof jute industry workers in
Hooghly district
Age-group Total Percentage
0-4 59 5.45
5-9 104 9.61
10-14 73 6.75
15-19 113 10.45
20-24 114 10.55
25-29 95 8.78
30-34 117 10.81
35-39 106 9.80
40-44 69 6.37
45-49 78 7.20
50-54 53 4.90
55-59 37 3.41
60+ 64 5.91
Source: Based on Surveyed Household, 2017.
224 Social and Economic Development in India

AGE-GROUP
6% 22%

0-14

15-59
72% 60+

Figure 2: Age Composition of Respondents

Above data shows that 5.45 percent of population

belongs to under 5 age-group and 21.81 percent to the
under 15 year age-group comprising nearly 1/4 th
of population which is young and unproductive and
most expensive, as it is to be provided with food, clothing,
education and medical on the other hand partially active or
old age group above 60+ comprises 5.91 percent which
occupies very little per cent (Figure 2). The major proportion
is composed of working class about 72 percent on which both
the unproductive and dependent population relay.

Caste Composition
As India is a country where caste system strongly prevails
and which shows the status of community and working nature
of the community and determined the genres de vie.
The present study reveals that the majority of working
community of jute workers belongs to the Other Backward
Caste (OBC) with larger proportion i.e.50 percentand about
1/3rd that is 34.78 percent population belongs to general caste
and SC comprises 13.05 percent and 2.17 percent ST are
working in these mills. Among these OBC’s about 3/4th is
muslim population (Table 3).
 Micro Analysis of Socio-Economic Condition of Jute Industry 225

Table 3: Caste Compositionof jute industry workers in

Hooghly district

Caste Total Percentage

General 80 34.78
OBC 115 50.00
SC 30 13.05
ST 5 2.17

Source: Based on Surveyed Household, 2017.

Education
The socio-economic development of the society depends
upon the educational status of the society as education
determines the quality of life of people, their behaviour and
genres de vie and reflects the socio-economic and cultural
setup of community and as well as nation.

Literacy Status
Literacy has been defined as the ability to read and write
with understanding; it is one of the main tool which
transform the society from backward to the modernity.
Table 4: Literacy Status of jute industry workers in
Hooghly district.

Status Total Percentage

Literate 647 59.80
Illiterate 435 40.20

Source: Based on Surveyed Household, 2017.

226 Social and Economic Development in India

LITERACY STATUS OF POPULATION

40%

60%

LITERATE ILLITRATE

Figure 3: Literacy Status of Respondents

Only about 60 percent of the population is literate, which

is far-far lower than District, State and National level, while
40.20 percent of them are illiterate (Figure 3).

Level of Education
Table 5: Level of Education of jute industry workers in
Hooghly district
Level of Education Percentage
Primary( i-v) 17
Middle(vi-viii) 22.4
High(ix-x) 32.46
Higher Secondary(xi-xii) 20.24
Higher Education 7.90
Source: Based on Surveyed Household, 2017.
 Micro Analysis of Socio-Economic Condition of Jute Industry 227

Among the literate population, there is 32.46 percent

workers completed their secondary (ix-x) education, 22.40
percent are middle school attendees, 20.24 percent are higher
secondary and 17.00 percent have primary education. On
the other hand, only 7.90 percent of population having only
qualification above than +2 including graduation and others
(Table 5).

Migratory Status
Table 6: Migratory status of jute industry workers
in Hooghly district
Status Total Percentage
Migrated 149 64.79
Non-migrated 81 35.21
Source: Based on Surveyed Household, 2017.

Till now apart from the old days migratory status reveals
that working class especially from the states of BIHAR,
ORRISSA, ANDHRA PRADEH, UTTAR PRADESH, which
constitute64.79 percent of the workers and 35.21 percent of
them are permanent settlers of the area (Table 6).

Nature of work
Table 7: Nature of work of jute industry workers in
Hooghly district
Nature of Work Total Percentage
Skilled 59 25.65
Semi-skilled 145 63.05
Unskilled 26 11.30
Source: Based on Surveyed Household, 2017.
228 Social and Economic Development in India

According to above maintain table() and data we can

clearly have the observation that among the total workers
59 percent are skilled workers, and 14.5 percent & 26 percent
in proportion are semi-skilled and unskilled workers
respectively (Table 7).

Type of Employment
Table 8: Type of employment of jute industry workers in
Hooghly district
Satus Total Percentage
Parmanent 131 56.95
Temporary 99 43.05
Source: Based on Surveyed Household, 2017.

TYPE OF EMPLOYMENT

43%

57%

PARMANENT
TEMPORARY

Figure 4: Type of Employment

Among the total working community 56.95 percent of

workers are permanent, while 43.05 percent are still working
on temporary basis which is a great concern with the jute
industry because type of employment is directly related to
the pay level (Table 8 and Figure 4).
 Micro Analysis of Socio-Economic Condition of Jute Industry 229

Monthly Income
Income determines the means of the way of living,
housing conditions, food habits etc.
Table 9: Monthly income of jute industry workers in
Hooghly District
Income (Rs) Total Percentage
Up to 5000 02 0.85
5000-7000 41 17.85
7000-9000 93 40.45
9000-11000 75 32.60
11000-13000 16 6.95
13000+ 3 1.30

Source: Based on Surveyed Household, 2017.

Above table clarifies that only 0.85 percent of the

workers living with support of only up to 5000 Rs/month,
17.85 percent are earn between Rs 5000-Rs 7000 monthly,
40.45 percent of workers are comes under the group of Rs
7000-Rs 9000/month income which constitutes the major
proportion, while Rs 9000-Rs 11000 per month income make
by 32.60 percent of workers, above Rs 11000 monthly income
consists very low proportion i.e. Rs 11000-Rs 13000 & 13000+
are 6.95 percent & 1.30 percent respectively (Table 9).

Housing Status
One of the primary needs of life in any given society is
shelter. The status and condition of the housing is directly
related with the socio-economic condition of the workers and
variation in income.
230 Social and Economic Development in India

Table 10: Housing Status of jute industry workers in

Hooghly district.

Housing Status Total Percentage

Own 51 22.17
Company 142 61.73
Rented 37 16.1

Source: Based on Surveyed Household, 2017.

The above table shows that 62 percent of the workers

are living in the companies’ quarter provided by employer
while around 22 percent of them are having their own houses
and 16 percent are living in the rented houses (Table 10).

Pic 1: During Data Collection Pic 2: Open Bathing Area for workers
 Micro Analysis of Socio-Economic Condition of Jute Industry 231

Pic 3: Staff Quarter Pic 4: Workers House

Pic 5: Open Drainage System Pic 6: Drinking Water Facility

Type of Houses
The housing condition is govern by the income, outer
and inner environment etc.On the basis of housing material
there are number of types of houses.
Table 11:Type of housesof jute industry workers in
Hooghly district
House Type Total Percentage
Pakka 102 44.35
Semi-pakka 128 55.65

Source: Based on Surveyed Household, 2017.

232 Social and Economic Development in India

My finding reveals that about 56 percent of houses of

workers are pakka while around 44 percent are semi-pakka.
But houses in boththe cases are in very poor conditions (Table
11).

Sources of Drinking Water

Table 12: Sources of drinking waterof jute industry
workers in Hooghly district
Source Total Percentage
Company 151 65.65
Private 30 13.05
Public/Govt. 49 21.30
Source: Based on Surveyed Household, 2017.

SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER

21%

13%
66%

COMPANY
PRIVATE
GOVERNMENT

Figure 5: Source of Drinking Water

Above data shows that 66 percent of the households are

getting drinking water access facilities provided by the
respective company, while 22 percent having their own
means of water, and 13 percent households fulfilled their
water requirement from the public system provided by the
government (Table 12 and Figure 5).
 Micro Analysis of Socio-Economic Condition of Jute Industry 233

Type of Latrine
Table 13: Type of Latrine of jute industry workers in
Hooghly district
Type of Latrine Total Percentage
Private 72 31.30
Public 158 68.70
Source: Based on Surveyed Household, 2017.

The facility of latrine in the households of the mill

workers are mostly of the public type which constitute more
than 65 percent, in the mill quarters where community latrine
are the only facility available. Sulabh Sawachalaya is also
constructed in the mill areas under various schemes for the
mill workers (Table 13).

Health Problems
Table 14: Health Problems of jute industry workers in
Hooghly district.

Name of Diseases Total Percentage

Back Pain 69 40.30
Respiratory
Problems 22 14.76
Skin Diseases 37 24.83
Hearing Problems 5 3.35
Others Diseases 16 10.73
Source: Based on Surveyed Household, 2017.
234 Social and Economic Development in India

Figure 6: Health Problems

As par nature of the hard work from weight lifting to

operating heavy machinery and dust of jute Mesta there are
number of diseases in the mill workers. Almost half the jute
mill workers in my study are found suffering with back pain
problems followed by Skin and respiratory diseases.

Conclusions
The main conclusion that arises from the foregoing
analysis is that of jute mill workers are very poor due to
various socio-economic and cultural factors which are
operating in the society and are responsible for resultant
conditions of workers. They are mention and discuss below;

Income
Low wages is one of the important factors which is
responsible for the socio- economic condition of the workers.
It varies from sections to sections and from time to time. Low
wages are such a determining factor that inequality in its
distribution creates a gap between ‘Haves and Haves not’
among the socio economic condition of workers. Low wage
and non-secure works give birth to poverty. One of the
important causes for low wages is the temporary type of
 Micro Analysis of Socio-Economic Condition of Jute Industry 235

employment. Standard of living and housing conditions are

determined by low wages. Large proportion of workers are
working onRs 7000-9000 per month while in BADLI it is Rs
275- Rs 345.new vacancies are only in temporary and done
only on Rs 256 per day.

Employment
The bulk of population indulging in the jute industry as
employs but the major problem is permanency of works
nature, data revels that almost 2/5 th of total workers are
still working on temporary basis called as BADLI &JUGAD.

Housing
Housing condition are in very poor state about 2/3 rd
of mill workers are living in the company houses which are
mostly semi pukka and in very bad condition. No allowances
are given by company for the maintenance of the houses by
company.

Education
The educational status of the people in mill area are also
not good it make 60-40 ratio of literate and illiterate and
educated up to secondary classes only. Lack of awareness
and rigid mentality is the social cause behind the story on
one hand and lack of educational qualification of parents on
the other hand.

Age Structure
The number or proportion of individuals in each age
group within a population. It is mainly used (with other
factors) to calculate future changes in age structure and
population size. It strongly influence the rate of growth and
has profound effects on the social and economic condition
under which a population lives. About 2/6 th of the
population are burden on the working community as they
236 Social and Economic Development in India

are totally dependent for all their necessities on them. This

large number of dependent population in itself creates social
as well as economical disparities among the working class.
Migration
Migration is the main cause of growing these mills.
Mindset of migrated workers in the region creating lots of
problem in many ways and also cut the jobs for local people
by working on low wages.
Sanitary
Water scarcity is another problem in the mill area. About
80 percent households fetch water from out of their house
premises from company and municipal supply. Since proper
disposal facility of solid waste is not available, thus open
drainage are all over speeded with solid waste. On the other
hand public latrine are in very bad condition can be said
like open defecation.
Health
Where there is health there is money, this phrase is
totally applicable here in the way that the health condition
is greatly affected by the nature of work in mill as well as by
the unhygienic surroundings. Firstly the low wages and the
non-permanency of work stopped workers to care about
themselves on the preliminary stage of diseases.Secondly,
various sanitary problem as mention in above discussion
leads to the various health problems. Workers are suffering
basically from back pain due to hard nature of work they
are doing in the mills.

Political Interventions
Last but not the least, the most dangerous one for the
mills and workers are the BANDH, HADTAL by various
organizations and some times by worker union and
sometime by leading political parties which is always on the
 Micro Analysis of Socio-Economic Condition of Jute Industry 237

peak in West Bengal than other states. By this whole working

community and their allied are getting disturbed. Long
duration of bandh create social tensions in the life of workers
and economical problems too.
In west Bengal alone there are 13 jute mills are closed
down in which there is a huge intervention of political parties
in the shadow of union of workers and sometime workers
under their influence.
After the long discussion I concluded that quality of life
of the mill workers is very poor both socially and
economically and most of them are living in very unhygienic
condition which leads to the various problems. Their
pre-condition, illiteracy, lack of awareness, lack of company
& govt. efforts together causes their present disturbing socio
economic condition.
Though having disturbing daily basis problem in their
life, these mill workers are very optimistic towards the life
and they do believe that in near future these problems will
be sought out and will have peaceful life without any “if”
and “but”.

Suggestions
• Generation of new jobs by introduction of new
machinery can give boosts the permanency.
• There should be introduction of govt. Act for raised the
wages as par wages are fixed with collaboration of
workers represented i.e. union, company management
and govt. officers keeping the present status and today’s
costly life.
• Awareness programs about education and its
importance and establishment of new school in mill
areas with emphasis on women study.
• Sanitary problems should be minimizing by joint effort
of company with municipality and built-up new public
 238 Social and Economic Development in India

latrine under SAWACH BHARAT ABHIYAN &

SULABH SAWACHALAYA etc.
• Proper maintenance of houses by company should be
done time to time, otherwise allowance for the
maintenance should beprovided by company.
• If company positively handle and cooperate with the
requirement and demand than only the abrupt BANDH
& HADTAL will reduce.

References
Kundu. G, (1994), “Changes In the Working and Living
Conditions of Workers In Jute Industry In West Bengal (1980 to 1992):
A Study”, Thesis submitted to the University of Burdwan.
Ghosh.R, (2016),a study of Birla jute mill of west Bengal,
international journal of applied science,2(10),603-606.
Paul, U. (2013). A study of socio economic status of workers in
the unorganized powerloom sector of West Bengal, 2(2), 65–73.
Ferendes, L., (1997), producing workers: The politics of Gender,
Class and culture in Calcutta Jute Mills.
Gautam,A., (2011) Geography of Resource, loyal book depot
publisher,ISBIN-13: 1234567161900
T.Ghosh, (1983), Handbook on jute, FAO publication.
Sridhar Hajra, (1978) Jute Industry: Problems and Prospects..
Mishra and Puri: Indian economy, Himalayan publication.
Hussain M, (2014), Human geographyrawat publications, ISBN-
13: 978-8131609408.
Hussain M, Geography of India, a publication by Tata. McGraw
hill policing company limited, New Delhi, 2009.
www.jute commi.org (Govt.of India, ministry of textile)
www.world jute.com
www.national jute board.com

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