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OHF.:>511<>07

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WOHQGZ\HPE\ ^EPPHFWZE

EFJDO

:>:5
 JEJ H ^GO@EBWCWEO

5.5 Ceter
Ceter Jgceieo
Jgceieom
m
Cefuo (sgemress) e`eceb tufjubeo jgrjuome (Eomhdspgrfeg) yeom `epet tufjub
`gomeo jehi pe`e chomiuomeo ceut `eomiec (]dd` gt ec. 5818). \gfue cefuo e`eceb
tufjubeo jgrjhkh setu (fdodidthc) yeom fgfpuoyeh eier, rhfpeom(rbhzdfe), `euo, juome

`eo
`eo ju
jueb
eb sgp
sgpgrt
grthh bebeco
coye
ye `g
`gom
omeo
eo tu
tufj
fjub
ubeo
eo jg
jgrp
rpgf
gfju
jucu
cub
b yeom
yeom tu
tufj
fjub
ub `h `eret
`eret
(Pdfchosdo
(Pdfchosdo,, 58=0
58=0). ). Cefuo
Cefuo sgoeothese
sgoeothese fgfjgotui befpereo pgrfe`eoh
pgrfe`eoh `h ceut yeom
`epet tgr`hrh `erh setu spglhgs (fdodspgshahl9 jeoyei tgr`epet `h `egreb tgfpgretg) eteu
cgjhb `erh setu spglhgs (fucthspglhahl9 jeoyei tgr`epet `h `egreb trdphs) yeom sgceokutoye
`hsg
`hsgju
jutt pe
pe`e
`eom
om cefuo
cefuo.. Fgou
Fgouru
rutt \b
\bgp
gppe
per`
r` gt ec (588
(5881)
1),, Gi
Gids
dshst
hstgf
gf pe
pe`e
`eom
om ce
cefu
fuo
o
fgrupeieo gidshstgf pgshshr yeom `htufjubh dcgb cefuo sgjemeh vgmgtesh yeom `dfhoeo
sgrte fefpu bh`up sglere pgrfeogo `h jeweb pgrfuieeo ehr ceut.
Gidshstgf pe`eom cefuo fgrupeieo suetu gidshstgf yeom idfpcgis `eo fgfpuoyeh
auomsh `eo feoaeet yeom seomet peothom jemh pgrehreo whceyeb pgshshr. \glere teisdodfh

cefuo (sgemress) tgrfesui `ecef igcdfpdi

igcdfpdi Eomhdspgrfeg
Eomhdspgrfeg yeom bh`upoye
bh`upoye tgrjetes
tgrjetes `h
chomiuomeo ceut yeom ufufoye bh`up `h pgrehreo `eomiec whceyeb pgshshr. @hstrhjush
cefuo seometceb cues, `erh `egreb pgrehreo `eomiec \gceo`he jeru sefpeh ig Earhie. @erh
5: mgogre yeom tgceb `higoec, = mgogre `heotereoye jgre`e `eo tgrsgjer `h whceyeb trdphs
(@go Bertdm, 58=>). @hvgrshtes tgrthommh heceb `h `egreb Ho`d ^eshahi Jeret. Idfuohtes
cefuo `h whceyeb hoh fgfpuoyeh `hvgrshtes yeom cgjhb idfpcgis `hjeo`hom yeom jgre`e
`h `egreb sg`eom (^dhogr & Zdjgrt., 5821).
\uetu yeom seomet hrdohs khie ihte pgrbethieo auomsh cefuo yeom jgmhtu pgothom tgteph
`h shsh ceho pgrbetheo ihte tgrbe`ep gidshstgf hoh seomet iureom. Ihte fgchbet `ue bec

fgo`eser, 5) sgjereo `eo cueseo gidshstgf pe`eom cefuo `h Ho`dogshe9 sgrte :) thomiet
igruseieo gidshstgf pe`eom cefuo `h Ho`dogshe. Kewejeo yeom ihte `epetieo e`eceb
sgjereo sglere iuechtetha, teph cueseo th`ei pgroeb ihte `epetieo. E`epuo kewejeo yeom
ig`ue keomeo berep eieo e`e pgokgceseo uotui sidp oeshdoec.
@erh
@erh be
besh
shcc pgog
pgogch
chthe
theo
o CH^H
CH^H,, `ece
`ecef
f th
thme
me te
tebu
buo
o tg
tgrei
reibh
bhrr id
ido`
o`hsh
hsh pe`e
pe`eom
om ce
cefu
fuo
o `h
Ho`dogshe fgomecefh igoehieo sgiechmus pgouruoeo. ^e`e :>57, tutupeo fgolepeh 01
pgrsgo, pe`e :>51 fgolepeh <=,12 pgrsgo, `eo pe`e :>5= fgolepeh 0:,:< pgrsgo. Aeite
tgrsgjut, fgouokuiieo jebwe pe`eom cefuo Ho`dogshe `ecef thme tebuo tgreibhr `ecef
ido`hsh th`ei sgbet. \gjemeh sufjgr `eye pgshshr `eo pgouokeom shstgf igbh`upeo `eo
seomet
seomet jgrpgr
jgrpgreo
eo pgo
pgotho
thom
m `ecef
`ecef `hoefh
`hoefhie
ie pgs
pgshshr
hshr `eo ceut.
ceut. Feie
Feie `er
`erhh htu
htu,, ihte
ihte berus
berus
fgceiuieo upeye rgbejhctesh.
5.: Zufuseo
Zufuseo Fes
Feseceb
eceb
e. Epe sseke
eke eeole
olefeo
feo tgrb
tgrbe`e
e`ep
p gidshst
gidshstgf
gf ce
cefuo
fuo44
j. Jemehfeoe pgfgchbereeo `eo rgbejhihtesh gidshstgf cefuo4

5.< Pukueo
Pukueo
e. Wotui fgoef
fgoefjeb
jeb hcf
hcfu
u `eo hoadrf
hoadrfesh
esh fgom
fgomgoeh
goeh rgb
rgbejhcht
ejhchtesh
esh gidshtgf
gidshtgf cef
cefuo
uo
j. \eceb setu pgomefpub fete iucheb rgbejhchtesh gidshstgf
 JEJ HH ^GFJEBE\EO

Cefuo eteu sgemress fgrupeieo tufjubeo jgrjuome yeom sgpgouboye fgoygsuehieo

`hrh `gomeo bh`up tgrjgoef `ecef ceut. Pufjubeo hoh tgr`hrh `erh rbhzdfg (rhfpeom),
`euo
`euo,, `eo
`eo ei
eier
er.. Zbhz
Zbhzdf
dfgg fg
fgru
rupe
peie
ieo
o je
jete
teom
om yeom
yeom tg
tgrj
rjgo
goef
ef `e
`eo
o fg
fgre
reye
yef
f sgler
sgleree
fgo`eter,
fgo`eter, sgrte jgrjuiu-j
jgrjuiu-juiu.
uiu. ^e`e juiu
juiu-juiu
-juiu tgrsgjut tufjub jeteom pgo`gi
pgo`gi yeom
tgmei igetes, jgr`euo `eo jgrjuome, sgrte tufjub eier. Zbhzdfg `eo eier hohceb yeom
jgrauomsh uotui fgoebeo bgfpeseo dfjei `eo erus. Cefuo sgjemheo jgser jgrufeb
`ue, yehtu `ecef setu tufjubeo beoye e`e setu juome keoteo seke eteu setu juome jgthoe
seke. \hstgf pgfjheieo jgrshaet ibes iergoe fefpu fgceiuieo pgoygrjuieo `h `ecef ehr
(by`rdpbhcdus pdcchoethdo) `eo jueboye kume tgrjgoef `h `ecef ehr (Eziej, :>>1).
^e`eom
^e`eom cefuo e`eceb tgfpet hieo fgoler
fgolerhh feieo
feieoeo,
eo, bejhtet pgfjhjhteo
pgfjhjhteo `eo sgjemeh
sgjemeh
stejhchsetdr sujstret (Beywdd` gt ec., 58879 Bgffhome eo` @uertg, :>>>9 Qescgt gt ec.,
:>>8). Oefuo `gfhiheo eithvhtes eotrdpdmgohi sgrhom fgfpgomerubh drmeohsfg yeom
jgrpgreo fgokefho echreo gogrmh sgjemeh `eser `erh kerhom feieoeo pe`e gidshstgf
pe`eom cefuo `eo jgr`efpei shmohahieo tgrbe`ep stejhchtes thomiet trdahi pe`e shstgf
gidcdmh `h whceyeb pgrehreo pgshshr ((Butdfd eo` ^grhsthwe`y, 58819 @eu`h gt ec.,:>5:).
@ecef bec hoh `hjutubieo stretgmh idosgrvesh uotui igjgrceokuteo sufjgr`eye hieo (Mgcc
eo` ]bhtthomtdo, :>>:). Jgriehteo `gomeo igjgre`eeo pe`eom cefuo pe`e shstgf gidcdmh
`h whceyeb pgrehreo pgshshr th`ei `epet `hmeothieo `gomeo shstgf jeru yeom `higfjeomieo
sgpgrth pgomgfjeomeo ergec ju`h`eye rufput ceut (Gicñae gt ec., :>>1).
^grtuf
^grtufjub
jubeo
eo `eo igp
igpe`e
e`eteo
teo cefuo
cefuo seomet
seomet `hp
`hpgom
gomeru
erubh
bh dcgb
dcgb pdc
pdcee pes
peseom
eom surut,
surut,
turjh`htes,
turjh`htes, sechohtes `eo tgfpgretur
tgfpgretur pgrehreo. Igmheteo feoushe `h whcey
whceyeb
eb pgshshr sgpgrth
pgrhieoeo, pgfjeomuoeo pgrufebeo, pgcejubeo `eo rgirgesh, jehi ceomsuom feupuo
th`ei
th`ei ceomsu
ceomsuom
om kum
kumee `ep
`epet
et fgfpgo
fgfpgomer
merubh
ubh gishstg
gishstgosh
osh cefuo
cefuo.. Aeu
Aeuoe
oe yeom
yeom jgresd
jgresdshe
shesh
sh
`gomeo cefuo jheseoye sgoshtha dcgb e`eoye shctesh `eo rgo`eboye ie`er dishmgo tgrcerut
eihjet thommhoye JD@ `h `egreb cefuo. Dcgb iergoe htu sgmece jgotui pgrujebeo `h
whceye
whceyeb
b pgshsh
pgshshrr eih
eihjet
jet eithvh
eithvhtes
tes feoush
feoushee yeom
yeom th`
th`ei
ei tgri
tgridot
dotrdc
rdc `epet
`epet fgo
fgohfj
hfjuci
ucieo
eo
meommueo auomsh shstgf gidcdmh pe`eom cefuo. Agodfgoe hoh eieo jgrpgomerub tgrbe`ep
bhceomoye uosur chomiuomeo sgpgrth `egreb pgfhkebeo, oursgry mrduo` jemh hieo feupuo
u`eom.
Cefuo ie`eom-ie`eom fgfjgotui suetu idfuohtes yeom fgrupeieo bejhtet jemh
jgrjemeh kgohs bgweo ceut. Idfuohtes cefuo hoh kume `epet fgfpgrcefjet mgreieo ehr.
jebieo e`e kgohs cefuo yeom `epet `hidosufsh jemh pgo`u`ui sgihter peoteh. Igjgre`eeo
gidshst
gidshstgf
gf pe`
pe`eom
eom cef
cefuo
uo feshb
feshb jgcuf
jgcuf jeo
jeoyei
yei `hi
`higoe
goecc jeh
jehi
i pe`
pe`ee ieceom
ieceomeo
eo ei`
ei`gfh
gfhsh
sh
feupuo fesyereiet ufuf, khie `hjeo`homieo `gomeo gidshstgf ceho sgpgrth gidshstgf
tgrufoj
tgrufoju
u ier
iereom
eom `eo gid
gidshst
shstgf
gf feomrd
feomrdvg,
vg, fgsihp
fgsihpuo
uo `heote
`heotere
re gidshst
gidshstgf
gf tgrsgju
tgrsgjutt `h
ieweseo pgshshr fgrupeieo setu igsetueo shstgf `ecef fgokeceoieo auomsh gidcdmhsoye.
:.5 Eolefeo Pgrbe`ep Gidshstgf Cefuo

Jeoyei igmhet
Jeoyei igmheteo
eo pgfj
pgfjeomuo
eomuoeo
eo `h whceyeb
whceyeb pgshsh
pgshshrr tgceb fgomdrjeoieo
fgomdrjeoieo gidshstgf
pe`eom cefuo, sgpgrth igmheteo rgicefesh uotui pgfjeomuoeo ieweseo ho`ustrh eteu
pgcejubeo tgroyete fgourut `ete yeom `hpgrdcgb tgceb tgrke`h pgomureomeo tgrbe`ep
cueseo ieweseo pe`eom cefuo, \gbhomme pgrtufjubeo, prd`uish eteupuo jhdfeseoye
eieo fgomecefh pgoyusuteo.
Jeoy
Jeoyei
ei ig
igmh
mhet
eteo
eo et
eteu
eu prds
prdsgs
gs,, je
jehi
hi ec
ecef
efhh feup
feupuo
uo dc
dcgb
gb ei
eith
thvh
vhte
tess feou
feoushe
she ye
yeom
om
fgomeolef igceomsuomeo gidshstgf cefuo. Gidshstgf cefuo su`eb jeoyei tgreolef
tgrfesu
tgrfesui
i `h Ho`do
Ho`dogshe
gshe jehi
jehi sgle
sglere
re ecefh
ecefh feupuo
feupuo dcg
dcgb
b eit
eithaht
hahtes
es feoush
feoushe.
e. Jgse
Jgseroy
royee
pgomerub tgrbe`ep hotgmrhtes sufjgr`eye, fgsihpuo sglere merhs jgser th`ei `higtebuh,

oefuo `ep
oefuo `epet
et `hpeo`
`hpeo`eom
eom `h cuer
cuer jetes
jetes igshoe
igshoefj
fjuom
uomeo
eo jhdcdm
jhdcdmh.
h. ^grhie
^grhieoeo
oeo ceut
ceut yeom
yeom
fgyg`h
fgyg`heie
eieo
o cgjhb
cgjhb `erh
`erh 1> % prd
prdtgh
tgho
o bgw
bgweoh
eoh yeo
yeom
m `hj
`hjutu
utubie
bieoo `ec
`ecef
ef fgo
fgouu feieoe
feieoeoo
fesyereiet peoteh, sgjemheo tgrmeotuom pe`e gidshstgf cefuo uotui prd`uithahtes `eo
pgfgchbereeoye. \gceho htu igruseieo pe`eom cefuo dcgb feoushe eihjet pgferihreo
pgrebu yeom th`ei tgridotrdc (\eomekh, 5880).
5880).
Eolefe
Eolefeo-e
o-eole
olefeo
feo ecef
ecefhh tgrbe`
tgrbe`ep
ep gid
gidshst
shstgf
gf cef
cefuo
uo jgrupe
jgrupe eomho
eomho tdp
tdpeo,
eo, shi
shicdo
cdo
(tgrutefe `h ^bhchphoe), mgcdfjeom peseom, igmheteo muouom jgreph jeweb ceut, hotgreish
pdpucesh `eo idfuohtes (pgfeomse `eo pgrsehomeo), pgrmgreieo sg`hfgo `eo
igfuomihoeo befe `eo pgoyeiht, vgrtgjrete pgfeomse cefuo sgpgrth seph ceut. @heotere

bgweo hovgrtgjrete, jucu jejh e`eceb pgfeieo cefuo yeom utefe. Fgsihpuo `efpei `erh
pgfeieo hoh beoye sgtgfpet, tgteph khie tgrke`h cg`eieo pdpucesh pgfeieo tgrsgjut eieo
tgrke`h
tgrke`h igruse
igruseieo
ieo jgret.
jgret. Mgreieo
Mgreieo peshr
peshr kume
kume fgfpgo
fgfpgomer
merubh
ubh sgjereo
sgjereo cefuo.
cefuo. Jhc
Jhcee ehr
fgoke`h igrub iergoe sg`hfgo, cefuo eieo jgrmgsgr ig tgfpet yeom cgjhb `ecef yeom
th`ei fgfuomihoieo uotui `epet jgrtebeo bh`up (\eomekh, 5880).
Eolefeo igruseieo gidshstgf pe`eom cefuo `h pgrehreo pgshshr jgresec `erh eithvhtes
fesyer
fesyereie
eiett `ec
`ecef
ef fgo
fgomgi
mgispc
spcdet
detesh
esh sufjgr
sufjgr`ey
`eyee gidshst
gidshstgf
gf pe`eom
pe`eom cef
cefuo
uo `gomeo
`gomeo
fgommuoeie
fgommuoeieo
o pdtesshuf
pdtesshuf sheoh`
sheoh`e,
e, sejht `eo mergom sgrte pgfju
pgfjueomeo
eomeo chfjeb ho`u
ho`ustrh
strh
pgomdcebeo hieo, sefpeb rufeb teomme
teomme `eo peser tre`hshdoec.

:.: ^gfgchbereo @eo Zgbejhchtesh Gidshstgf Cefuo

 Cefuo
Cefuo fgfgme
fgfgmeom
om pgreoe
pgreoeo
o pgotho
pgothom
m pe`
pe`ee auomsh
auomsh-auo
-auomsh
msh jhd
jhdcdm
cdmhs
hs `eo ahhshi
ahhshi `erh
`erh
chomiuomeo peoteh pgshshr (Pbeygr gt ec. 58=79 Pbdrbeum 5821). ]eceupuo `gfhiheo,
fgohomieto
fgohomietoye
ye eithvhtes
eithvhtes pgfjeomuo
pgfjeomuoeo
eo `h chom
chomiuom
iuomeo
eo pgshshr eieo jgr`ef
jgr`efpei
pei tgrbe`
tgrbe`ep
ep
prd`uithvhtes sufjgr`eye pgshshr. Cefuo, sgiech rusei eteu tgrmeommu, th`ei eieo jehi
igfjech sgpgrth pe`e teoefeo `h `eret (Adosgle, 582=). Iergoe pe`eom cefuo fuomiho

eieo rusei eihjet

eihjet eithv
eithvhtes
htes pgfjeomuo
pgfjeomuoeo
eo `h `egreb peoteh, fgtd`g-fg
fgtd`g-fgtd`g
td`g berus `hjuet
`hjuet
uotui
uotui fgomu
fgomureomh
reomh `efpei
`efpei pgfj
pgfjeomuo
eomuoeo
eo `eo pgomm
pgommuoeeo
uoeeo cefuo uotui
uotuifgoste
fgostejhcieo
jhcieo
sujtre
sujtrett yeom
yeom `epet
`epet jgrmuo
jgrmuoee pe`e
pe`e oev
oevhme
hmesh
sh pgc
pgceye
eyereo
reo fhs
fhseco
ecoye.
ye. @hpgrc
@hpgrcuie
uieo
o tho`ei
tho`eieo
eo
rgbejhchtesh sufjgr `eye beyeth cefuo pe`e spgshgs Becdpbhce sphoucdse iergoe rgo`eboye
igrepeteo spgshgs `eo e`eoye eithvhtes feoushe yeom fgrusei idfuohtes cefuo.
Fgrukui pe`e igoyeteeo jebwe pe`eom cefuo fgo`epet tgieoeo meommueo utefe
`erhh eit
`er eithvh
hvhtes
tes feo
feoush
ushee feie
feie uotui
uotui rgbejh
rgbejhcht
chtesho
eshoye
ye `ep
`epet
et `hc
`hceis
eiseoe
eoeieo
ieo fgc
fgcecu
ecuhh `ue
pgo`gieteo; yeioh; 5) rgbejhchtesh cuoei (sdat rgbejhchtethdo), `eo :) rgbejhchtesh igres
(ber` rgbejhchtethdo).

:.:.5 Zgbejhchtesh Cuoei

Zgbejhchtesh cuoei jgrigoeo `gomeo pgoeommuceomeo eier feseceb, `gomeo esufsh
khie eier feseceb `epet `hetesh, feie ecef eieo fgfpuoyeh igsgfpeteo uotui
fgrgbejhchtesh `hrhoye sgo`hrh sglere ecefh. Zgbejhchtesh cuoei cgjhb fgogieoieo pe`e
pgomgo`echeo pgrhceiu feoushe. Zgbejhchtesh cuoei jhse fgoleiup bec-bec sgjemeh
jgrhiut;
e. Igjhke
Igjhkeieo
ieo `eo stretg
stretgmh
mh pgomgc
pgomgcdce
dceeo.
eo. @ecef pgo
pgomgc
mgcdce
dceeo
eo chomi
chomiuom
uomeo
eo `hpgrc
`hpgrcuie
uieo
o
igjhkeieo `eo stretgmh yeom kgces uotui fgoke`h elueo pgceiseoeeo dcgb pere
pgfeomiu igpgothomeo (steig bdc`grs).
bdc`grs).

j. ^goye`ereo fesyereiet (^ujchl ewergogss). ^goye`ereo fesyereiet `epet

`hceiseoeie
`hceiseoeieo
o `gomeo
`gomeo jgrje
jgrjemeh
meh pgo`gieteo
pgo`gieteo sgpgrt
sgpgrth;
h; -Iefpeoyg
-Iefpeoyg pgoy
pgoye`ereo
e`ereo cgwet
fg`he gcgitrdohi (tgcgvhsh, re`hd), eteupuo cgwet fg`he lgtei (idreo, fekeceb, `cc)
-^goygjereo jgrjemeh fetgrh iefpeoyg sgpgrth; pdstgr, sthligr, acygr, jddicgt, `eo
ceho-ceho
ceho-ceho pgomhiutsg
pgomhiutsgrteeo
rteeo tdidb
tdidb fesyer
fesyereiet
eiet (sgpgrt
(sgpgrthh pgkej
pgkejet
et pgfgr
pgfgrhoteb
hoteb,, tdidb
tdidb
emefe, tdidb weohte, sgohfeo, `cc) `ecef pgoygjercueseo jebeo pgoye`ereo.
l. ^go`h`hieo
^go`h`hieo.. ^go`h
^go`h`hieo
`hieo fgomgo
fgomgoeh
eh chomi
chomiuome
uomeo
o tgrfes
tgrfesui
ui pgot
pgothomo
homoye
ye fgcgsterhieo
fgcgsterhieo
chomiuomeo pe`eom cefuo. ^go`h`hieo `epet `hsefpehieo cgwet kecur pgo`h`hieo
adrfec `eo odo-adrfec

`. ^gomg
^gomgfjeo
fjeomeo
meo rhsgt. Z
Zhsgt
hsgt `hpgr
`hpgrcuieo
cuieo u
uotui
otui fg
fgo`ep
o`epetieo
etieo hoad
hoadrfesh
rfesh yeom
yeom eiuret
uotui fgo`eserh pgomefjhceo igputuseo `ecef pgomgcdceeo chomiuomeo.
:.:.: Zgbejhchtesh Igres
Zgbejhctesh
Zgbejhctesh igres fgoyeomiu
fgoyeomiutt igmheteo
igmheteo ceomsuom
ceomsuom pgrjehieo
pgrjehieo chom
chomiuom
iuomeo
eo `h
cepeomeo. Hoh `epet `hceiseoeieo fhsecoye `gomeo rgbejhchtesh chomiuomeo eteu `gomeo
treospceotesh
treospceotesh cefuo `h chomiuomeo
chomiuomeo yeom pgrcu `hrgbejhchtesh.
`hrgbejhchtesh. ^goeoefeo cefuo yeom

`higoe
`higoecc `go
`gomeo
meo "tr
"treosp
eospceo
ceotes
tesh"
h" fgrupe
fgrupeieo
ieo seceb
seceb setu ler
leree uot
uotui
ui fgf
fgfpgr
pgrjehi
jehihh
eteufgomgfjechieo bejhtet yeom tgceb fgomecefh igruseieo. ^grtefe `hfuceh dcgb
E``y
E``y teb
tebuo
uo 580=
580= pe`e
pe`e kgohs
kgohs [dstgre
[dstgre ferhoe,
ferhoe, Aus
Ausss & Igccy
Igccy pe`e
pe`e kgohs
kgohs Pbecce
Pbecceshe
she
tgstu`houf `eo Becd`ucg wrhmbthh (^bhcchps, 58=0), `eo kgohs Pbecceshe tgstu`houf dcgb
Pbdrbeum (Pbdrbeum, 58=0). Kgohs ceho yeom sgrhom `hmuoeieo `ecef treospceotesh
ibusus
ibususoye
oye `h cuer
cuer ogm
ogmgrh
grh e`e
e`eceb
ceb kgohs-k
kgohs-kgoh
gohss [dstgr
[dstgree fer
ferhoe
hoe,, Becd
Becd `u cg wrhmbt
wrhmbthh,
hh,
Pbecesshe tgstu`houf, \yrhomd`huf ahchadrfg, `eo Zupphe ferhthfe (^bhcchps, 582>).
\g`eomieo `h Ho`dogshe e`eceb kgohs Lyfd`dlge rdtuo`ete `eo Pbecesshe bgfprhlbhh
(Eziej, 582=, 5822).

:.:.< Fgtd`g Preospceotesh/^goeoefeo

Preospceotesh/^goeoefeo Cefuo
^goeoefeo cefuo yeom `higoec `gomeo "treospceotesh" fgrupeieo seceb setu
leree uo
ler uotu
tui
i fgfp
fgfpgr
grje
jehi
hihh et
eteu
eu fg
fgom
omgf
gfjec
jechi
hieo
eo bejh
bejhtet
tet yeom
yeom tg
tgce
ceb
b fgom
fgomec
ecef
efhh
igrusei
igruseieo.
eo. Ler
Leree hoh tgc
tgceb
eb jeo
jeoyei
yei `hc
`hceiu
eiuieo
ieo dcg
dcgb
b per
peree ebc
ebchh `h cuer
cuer ogmgrh
ogmgrh `gomeo
`gomeo
fgtd`g `eo kgohs yeom jgrjg`e. ^grtefe `hfuceh dcgb E``y tebuo 580= pe`e kgohs
[dstgree ferhoe
[dstgr ferhoe,, Auss & Igccy pe`e kgohs Pbecceshe
Pbecceshe tgstu`houf
tgstu`houf `eo Becd`
Becd`ucg
ucg wrhmbthh
(^bhcchps,
(^bhcchps, 58=0
58=0),
), `eo kgohs Pbecc
Pbecceshe
eshe tgstu`
tgstu`houf
houf dcgbPbdrbeum
dcgbPbdrbeum (Pbd
(Pbdrbeum
rbeum,, 58=0
58=0).
).
Fgourut Eziej (5888), jebwe fgtd`g pgoeoefeo eteu treospceotesh yeom pgroeb
`hceiuieo dcgb E``y, Juribd @dbgfy, Igccy, Pbdrbeum & ^bhcchps (^bhcchps 582>)

e`eceb;; Fgtd`
e`eceb Fgtd`gg pgfjh
pgfjhjhteo
jhteo/pgfjg
/pgfjgohbeo
ohbeo (\gg`/ \gg`hom),
\gg`hom), Fgtd`g
Fgtd`g "sprhm
"sprhm"" `gomeo
`gomeo
keomier eteu teope keomier (\prhms eolbdrg` eo` uoeolbdrg`) Fgtd`g "pcum" (^cum),
(Od. 5 e`eceb pgoeoefeo (pceothom), Od.: `eo < e`eceb treospceotesh (treospceotethdo)
 JEJ HHH ^GOWPW^
<.5 Igshfpuceo
@erh feieceb hoh feie jhse `hshfpucieo jebwe;
e. Jeo
Jeoyei
yei igmhete
igmheteo
o pgf
pgfjeo
jeomuo
muoeo
eo `h whcey
whceyeb
eb pgs
pgshsh
hshrr tgc
tgceb
eb fgomdrje
fgomdrjeoie
oieo
o gid
gidshst
shstgf
gf
pe`eom cefuo, sgpgrth igmheteo rgicefesh uotui pgfjeomuoeo ieweseo ho`ustrh eteu

pgcejubeo tgroyete fgourut `ete yeom `hpgrdcgb tgceb tgrke`h pgomureomeo tgrbe`ep
cueseo ieweseo pe`eom cefuo, \gbhomme pgrtufjubeo, prd`uish eteupuo jhdfeseoye
eieo fgomecefh pgoyusuteo. Jeoyei igmheteo eteu prdsgs, jehi ecefh feupuo dcgb
eithvhtes feoushe yeom fgomeolef igceomsuomeo gidshstgf cefuo
j. Zgbejhchtesh cefuo `epet `hceiseoeieo `gomeo `ue pgo`gieteo yehtu 5) Zgbejhchtesh
Cuoei `eo :) Zgbejhchtesh Igres `eo kume jhse `hceiuieo pgoeoefeo cefuo.
 @EAPEZ ^W\PEIE

Eprheoh, B. C. :>55. Eolefeo `eo Zgbejhchtesh ^e`eom Cefuo.

Eziej, F.B.5888. Iglgpeteo tufjub `eo prd`uish cefuo `erh Pgcui Iute, Cdfjdi. @ecef;
^<D-CH
^<D -CH^H,
^H, @hoefh
@hoefhie
ie idf
idfuoh
uohtes
tes jhdcdm
jhdcdmhs
hs pe`
pe`ee gid
gidshst
shstgf
gf cef
cefuo
uo `h ^uc
^uceu
eu Cdfjdi
Cdfjdi,,
Jechtjeom Jhdcdmh Ceut, ^ustchjeomJhdcdmh Ceut-CH^H, Keierte.
@gwh
@gwh ^u^usp
spee \erh
\erh,, Fu
Fube
beff
ffe`e` [e[eho
hou`
u``h
`ho
o Cu
Cujh
jhs.
s. :>5=
:>5=.. ^GFE
^GFEOA OAEE
EEPE
PEO O LHPZ
LHPZE
E
CEO@\EP 2 WOPWI FGFGPEIEO ^GZ\GJEZEO CEFWO @H ]HCEXEB
^G\H
^G\H\H
\HZ
Z ^WCE
^WCEW WJ
JEP
EPEF
EF.. Kur
Kuroe
oecc G
Gom
omme
meod
od Qdc.
Qdc. : Od.
Od. 5; ^dch
^dchtg
tgio
iohi
hi Ogmg
Ogmgrh
rh Je
Jete
tef
f

Busoeyeth Berthoh, Xuoher Cgsterhoh. ^gfgteeo ^e`eom Cefuo \gjemeh ^gouokeom Gidwhsete
`h Iejupetgo Cdfjdi Phfur. Kuroec JhdcdmH Prdphs; Wohvgrshtes Befzeowe`h

^dho
^dhogr
gr,, H.Z.
H.Z. & M. ZdjgZdjgrt
rts.
s. 5821
5821 "E jrhg
jrhgaa rgvh
rgvhgw
gw da sgem
sgemre
ress
ssst
stu`
u`hg
hgss ho Eust
Eustre
rech
che.
e.
^rdl.Oethdoec ldoagrgolg eo` Ldestec Feoemgfgot. :, :0<-:02.

\eomekh, A. 5880. ^gomerub sg`hfgo `eser tgrbe`ep pgoygjereo, igpe`eteo, igeogieremefeo

`eo pgr
pgrtuf
tufjub
jubeo
eo pe`
pe`eom
eom Cef
Cefuo
uo `h ceut
ceut \gihter
\gihter ^uceu
^uceu Jer
Jereom
eom Cd
Cdfpd
fpd (@d
(@dltd
ltdrec
rec
`hssgrtethdo, Pgshs), ^rdmref ^esleserkeoe, Wohvgrshtes Beseou`ho. Wkuom ^eo`eom;
5:7 bec).

Peomig
Peomig,, Wfe
Wferr :>5
:>5>.
>. Gidshst
Gidshstgf
gf ^e`eom
^e`eom Cef
Cefuo.
uo. Kuroec
Kuroec Hcfheb
Hcfheb emrhjh
emrhjhsoh
sohss `eo ^gr
^grhie
hieoeo
oeo
Qdcufg < G`hsh 5; Pgroetg

]dd`, G. K. A., ].G. D`uf eo` K. L. [hgfeo. 5818, Hoacugolg da tbg sgemressgs do tbg
prd`ulthvhty da ldestec cemddos, cemuoe Ldstgres. Wo \hfpdshd Fgf. \hfp. Hotgro.
W.O.E.F. -WOG\LD, Fgxhld,@.A., Odv., 581=. pp 087 -7>: