FOAMING CAPACITY OF DIFFERENT WASHING SOAPS

Submitted by:
Siddartha Jung Shahi Thakuri (Roll No:06)
Naresh Rokaya (Roll No:19)
Abhi Bist (Roll No:28)

Submitted to:
Vishwa Niketan Secondary School Tripureshwor, Kathmandu
 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
This project entitled “FOAMING CAPACITY OF DIFFERENT
WASHING SOAPS” by Mr. Siddartha Jung Shahi Thakuri (Roll no.
6), Mr. Naresh Rokaya (Roll no.19), Mr. Abhi Bist (Roll no.28) of
Vishwa Niketan Secondary School, Tripureshwor, Kathmandu
prepared under the supervision of Mr. Deepak Gaire for the
partial fulfillment of prerequisite of chemistry of class 11 has
been accepted .

Head of Department
Department of chemistry
Vishwa Niketan Secondary school
Tripureshwor , Kathmandu

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 DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the project work entitled “FOAMING
CAPACITY OF DIFFERENT SOAPS” submitted to the Department
of chemistry ,Vishwa Niketan Secondary School ,Tripureshwor ,
Kathmandu is an original piece of work carried out under the
supervision of Mr. Deepak Gaire , Department of chemistry,Vishwa
Niketan Secondary School, Tripureshwor Kathmandu and is
submitted for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for
chemistry of grade 11 . This project has not been submitted
elsewhere for the award of any degree.

Signatrure:
Name of students : Siddartha Jung Shahi Thakuri ,
Naresh Rokaya , Abhi Bist
Date: March,2024

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is our great pleasure to acknowledge the contribution made

by various person in the preparation of this project. In the
accomplishment of this project successfully, many people have
best owned upon me their heart pledge support, this time we
are utilizing thank all the people who have been concerned with
this project. We would like to thank our chemistry teacher Mr.
Deepak Gaire and Mr. Sikhar Joshi whose valuable guidance has
been the ones that helped us patch this project and make it full
proof success. Their suggestions and instruction have served as
the major contributor towards the completion of the project .
Then we would like to thank all the helping hands with valuable
guidance.

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 ABSTRACT
The study investigates the foaming capacity of various soaps
commonly used in households. The foaming capacity is an
essential characteristics of soaps, as it relates to their
effectiveness in cleaning. In this experiment, four different soaps
were selected, and their foaming capacities were compared
using a standardized method. The results indicates that the
foaming capacity varies significantly among the soaps tested.
Factors such as the type of the presence of additives like glycerin
or fragrance are likely contributors to these difference.
Understanding the foaming capacity of different soaps can help
consumers make informed choices based on their cleaning
needs and preferences.

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 TABLES OF CONTENT

1. CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL……..i
2. DECLARATION…………………………ii
3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………iii
4. ABSTRACT………………………………iv
5. AIM……………………………………….1
6. EXPERIMENT………………………...2-4
i.SOAPS
ii.PREPARATIONS OF SOAPS
iii.TYPES OF SOAPS
7. MATERIALS REQUIRED……………5
i.APPARATUS
ii.CHEMICALS
8. THEORY……………………………………6
9. PROCEDURE…………………………….7
10. OBSERVATION TABLE ………………8
11. CONCLUSION…………………………..9
12. RESULT…………………………………10
13. BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………..11

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 AIM
Aim is to investigate foaming capacity of different washing
soaps. Soaps and detergent are cleaning ingredients that are
able to remove oil particles from the surface because of their
unique properties.

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 EXPERIMENT
i. SOAPS
Soap is a salt of fatty acid used in a variety of cleansing and
lubricating products. In a domestic setting, soaps are surfactants
usually used for washing, bathing, etc. In industrial settings,
soaps are used for thickness, components of some lubricants
and precursors to catalysts.

When used for cleaning, soap solubilizes particles and grime,

which can then be separated from the article being cleaned. In
hand washing, as a surfactant, when lathered with water, soap
kills microorganisms by disorganing their membrane lipid bilayer
and denaturing their proteins. It also emulsifies oils, enabling
them to be covered always by removing water.

ii. PREPARATION OF SOAPS

Typically, soap is a fatty acid as we said earlier there can be
different fatty acids used such as stearic acid, palmitic acid and
many more with the mixture of sodium or potassium salt. For
laundry soap a high percentage of sodium is used and potassium
salt is used for bathing soap. Acid supplies animal fat and
vegetable oil for glycerol and ester

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 Compounds. For preparing soap, sodium hydroxide is heated ,
glycerol and fatty acid produces sodium salt. The preparation of
soap is known as ‘saponification’.
Vegetable oil /animal oil +sodium hydroxide glycerol+ sodium salt Of Fatty acid

The mixture is heated a certain temperature, after a while the soap

forms a layer at the top and all the glycerin gets settled down. Then
we take the glycerin out of it through the bottom part itself and the
soap is collected from the above. Then it is cooled for a while.

iii. TYPES OF SOAPS

The type of fatty acid and length of the carbon chain determines
the unique properties of various soaps. Animal fats or tallow fats
give primarily sodium stearate (18 carbons) which is very hard or
insoluble. As a matter of fat, Zinc stearate is used in talcum
powders because it is water repellent. Coconut oil is a source of
lauric acid (12carbons) which can be made into sodium laurate.
This soap is very soluble and will lather easily even in a sea
water. Fatty acid with only 10 or fewer carbons are not used as a
soap because they irritate the skin and have objectionable
Oduors. General overall hydrolysis reaction:
Fat + NaOH glycerol+ sodium salt

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Although the reaction is shown as one step reaction, it is in fact
two steps. The net effects as that the ester bonds all broken . The
glycerol turns back into an alcohol. The fatty acid turned into a
salt due to the presence of a basic solution of NaOH. In the
carboxyl group, one oxygen now has a negative charge that
attracts the positive sodium ion. A molecule of soap consists of
two parts:
a) Alkyl group=it is oil soluble
b) carboxylic group=it is water soluble

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 MATERIALS REQUIRED
i. APPARATUS REQUIRED
a) Four 100ml conical flask
b) Four 20ml test tubes
c) Bunsen Burner
d) Test tube stand
e) Stop watch

ii. CHEMICALS

a) Four samples of soap

b) Distilled water

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 THEORY
There is no quantitative method for the determination of
foaming capacity of soap. The foaming capacity of soap depends
upon the concentration of soap in the sample. Solutions of
different soap are prepared by dissolving their equal weights in
equal volumes of distilled water.

These solutions are shaken vigorously to produce foam and then

they are allowed to stand. Times taken for the disappearance of
foam in a given sample of soap, greater is it’s foaming capacity.

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 PROCEDURE
❖ Four conical flasks (100ml) are taken and numbered 1 to 4.
❖ In each of these flasks equal amounts of the given samples
of a soap shaving are taken and 50 ml of distilled water was
added.
❖ Each conical flask is heated few minutes to dissolve all the
soap completely.
❖ In a test tube stand four test tubes are taken and numbered
1 to 4.
❖ 1 ml of the four soap solutions is then poured in the test
tubes of corresponding number.
❖ 10 ml of distilled water is then added to each test tube.
❖ Test tube number 1 is shaken vigorously 5 times. The foam
would be formed in the empty space above the container.
❖ Stop watch is started immediately and the time taken for the
disappearance of foam is noted.
❖ Same procedure is done on the remaining 3 test tubes.
❖ The lesser the time taken for the disappearance of the foam,
the lowers is the foaming capacity.

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 OBSERVATION
❖ Amount of each soap sample taken =5ml
❖ Amount of distilled water taken =50ml
❖ Volume of each soap sample taken =1 ml
❖ Volume of distilled water taken =10ml
S. No Soap Volume of Volume of Time taken
Sample soap distilled for
solution water displacement
of foam
1 Pooja 1ml 10ml 9.58 hrs.
2 Wheel 1ml 10ml 8.00 hrs.
3 Tide 1ml 10ml 7.30 hrs.
4 Dhoni 1ml 10ml 9.00 hrs.

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 CONCLUSION
The soap for which the time taken for the disappearance of
foam is highest has the maximum foaming capacity and it is the
best quality soap among the soap tested.

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 RESULT
Foaming capacity of different samples of soap taken in order:
1) Pooja
2) Dhoni
3) Wheel
4) Tide

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY
❖www.google.com
❖www.projectforchemistry.com
❖ www.chemistrylovers.com
❖Comprehensive Practical book

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