Le-1.

The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Part-1
1.Explain the theme of Frederic Sorrieu’s paintings.

Ans: 1.In 1848, Frederic Sorrieu, a French artist, prepared a series of four
prints visualizing his dream of a world made up of ‘democratic and social
Republics’.

2. The first print of the series, shows the peoples of Europe and America-
men and women of all ages and social classes-marching in a long train and
offering homage to the statue of Liberty as they pass by it.
3. A female figure was shown with the torch of Enlightenment in one hand
and the Charter of the Rights of Man in the other.

4. On the earth in the foreground of the image lie the shattered remains of
the symbols of absolutist institutions.

5. In Sorrieu’s utopian vision, the peoples of the world are grouped as

distinct nations and are identified through their flags and national costume.

6. From the heavens above, Christ, saints and angels gaze upon the scene.
They have been used by the artist to symbolize fraternity among the nations
of the world.

2.Explain any three features of the ‘Nation-State’ that emerged in

Europe in the twentieth century.

Ans: 1. The concept and practices of a modern state with sovereign

centralized power developed in Europe.

2. Nation-State was supposed to be a state where majority of its citizens

shared common identity and history.

3. Nations began to be personified i.e. they were represented as a person

which characteristics that identified their nations. Mainly female figures
were used to portray the nation.

3.When did the first clear-cut expression of nationalism come in

France? How did the French Revolution lead to the transfer of
sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens? Explain.

(OR)

What was the major change that occurred in the political and
constitutional scenario due to French Revolution in Europe? Explain.
Ans: The First clear cut expression of nationalism came in France with the
French Revolution in 1789. French Revolution led to the transfer of
sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens.

1. The introduction of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen)

emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a
constitution.

2. A new French flag, the tricolor, was chosen to replace the former royal
standard.

3. The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and
renamed ‘the National Assembly’.

4. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all
in the name of the nation.

5.A centralized administrative system was put in place and it formulated

uniform laws for all citizens within its territory.

6. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished.

7. Regional dialects were discouraged and French was declared as the

common language of the nation.

4. How was the idea of Nationalism carried abroad?

Ans: 1.The news of the events in France reached the different cities of
Europe.

2. Students and other members of educated middle class began setting up

Jacobin clubs.

3.French armies occupied Holand, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy

in the 1790s under Napoleon.

4. With the outbreak of revolutionary was the French armies began to carry
the idea of Nationalism abroad.

5.. Explain the provisions of the Napoleon Civil Code,1804.

(Or)

Explain the revolutionary principles incorporated by Napoleon in the

administration of France during his reign.

(Or)
What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative
system more efficient in the territories ruled by him?

Ans: 1. Napoleon introduced the Napoleonic Code which did away with all
privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured
the right to property.

2. In many parts of Europe like in the Dutch Republic, Switzerland, Italy

and Germany, he simplified the administrative divisions, abolished the
feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.

3. Napoleon removed the guild restrictions from the towns.

4. Transport and communication systems were improved.

5. Peasants, workers, new businessmen, artisans enjoyed a new found

freedom.

6. Uniform laws, standardized weights and measures and a common

national currency was introduced to facilitate the movement and exchange
of goods and capital from one region to another.

6. Explain any four reasons how the initial enthusiasm of the people of
France soon turned to hostility after Napoleon’s takeover of France.

(Or)

What were the reactions of the local population to the French rule in
the areas they conquered?

Ans: 1. Initially, in many places such as Holland and Switzerland, as well as

in certain cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies
were welcomed as harbingers of liberty.

2. But soon the local population turned to hostility because they were
loosing political freedom.

3. Increased taxation, censorship and forced conscription into the French

armies to conquer the rest of Europe, all seemed to outweighed the
advantage of the administrative changes.

4. People were called upon to supply soldiers and the forced recruitment in
rural areas caused widespread anger.

7. “The Habsburg Empire that ruled over Austria-Hungary, was a

patchwork of many different regions and peoples”. Justify the
statement with suitable examples.
Ans: 1. The Habsburg Empire included the Alpine regions – the Tyrol,
Austria and Sudetenland – as well as Bohemin where the aristocracy was
predominantly German speaking.

2. It also included the Italian speaking provinces of Lombardy and

Venetia.

3. In Hungary half of the population spoke Magyar while the other half
spoke a variety of dialects.

4.In Galicia the aristocracy spoke Polish.

5. Besides these dominant groups there also lived a mass of subject peasant
peoples Bohemians and Slovaks to the north, Slovenes in Carniola, Croats
to the south and Roumans to the east in Transylvania.

6. The only tie binding these diverse groups was a common allegiance to the
emperor.

8. Explain the major political features of mid-eighteenth century,

Europe.

(Or)

“Till mid eighteenth century there were no nation states in Europe”.

Support the statement with four examples.

Ans: 1. Even the large countries like Germany, Italy and Switzerland were
divided into small kingdoms.

2. Eastern and Central Europe were under the autocratic monarchies

within the territories, having diverse people.

3.They did not see themselves as sharing a collective identity or a common

culture.

4. Often the people spoke different languages and belonged to different

ethnic groups.

4. The Habsburg Empire that ruled over Austria-Hungary, for example, was
a patchwork of many different regions and peoples.

5.Such difference did not easily promote a sense of political unity.

6.The only tie binding these diverse groups together was a common
allegiance to the emperor.

9. Explain the social composition of the mid-eighteenth century,

Europe.
Ans: 1. Socially and politically, the landed aristocracy was a dominant class
in the continent.

2. They owned estates in the countryside and also the town houses.

3. This powerful aristocracy was however, numerically a small group.

4. The majority of the population was made up of the peasantry.

5. The growth of industrial production and trade gave rise to commercial

classes.

6. Their existence was based on production for the market.

7. In the wake of industrialization new social groups such as working class

population and middle class came into being.

10. Explain liberalism in political and economic fields prevailing in

Europe in the 19th century.

(Or)

Ideas of National unity in early 19th century Europe was closely allied
with the ideology of liberalism. Explain.

Ans: 1. The ideology of liberalism was an important factor which promoted

the sense of nationalism and the nation-state. The term, liberalism has been
derived from the Latin word, ‘liber’ meaning ‘free’. Different people
interpreted the meaning of liberalism differently in their own ways.

2. For the new middle classes liberalism stod for the freedom of the
individual and equality of all before the law.

3. Politically, it meant the concept of government by consent.

4. For some, it meant having the right of private property.

5. In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets. The
traders demanded free movement of goods and capital.

11. Narrate the condition the reviewed as obstacles to economic

exchange and growth by the new commercial classes.

(Or)

Why did the new commercial classes argue for a unified economic
territory?

Ans: 1. In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets
and the abolition of restrictions on movement of goods and capital.
2. During the 19th century this was a strong demand of the emerging middle
class.

3. In the German speaking regions the first half of the 19 th century

Napoleons administrative measures had created a confederation of 39
states.

4. Each of these possessed its own currency, weights and measures.

5. A merchant travelling in 1833 from Hamburg to Nuremberg to sell his

goods would have to pass through 11 customs barriers and pay a custom
duties of 5% at each one of them.

6. Duties were often levied according to the weight or measurement of the

goods.

7. Each region had its own system of weights and measures and this
involved time consuming calculation.

8. The measure of cloth (elle) in each region stood for a different length.

9.All these were viewed as obstacle to the economic exchange and growth for
the new commercial classes.

10. So they argued for the creation of a unified economic territory.

12. What was elle?

Ans: Elle was the measure of cloth. It was different for each of the 39 states
of German confederation.

13. When and why was the zollverein formed?

Ans: Zollverein, a customs union was formed in 1834. Prussia took the
initiative to form it and most of the German states joined it. It was formed to
abolish tariff barriers which was hindering movement of goods, peoples and
capital. It created a network of railways which further stimulated mobility,
harnessed economic interests to national unification.

14. How did the Treaty of Vienna (1815) come into being?

Ans: Representatives of the European powers- Britain, Russia, Prussia and

Austria met at Vienna in 1815. They had defeated Napoleon collectively and
wanted to draw up a settlement for Europe. The Congress was hosted by the
Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich. The object of Treaty of Vienna was to
undo most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the
Napoleonic wars.
15. Explain any three provisions of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815.

(Or)

Describe in brief about the features of the ‘Vienna Treaty of 1815’.

Ans: 1. The basic objective of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 was to undo most
of the changes that had come about in Europe.

2. The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French
Revolution, was restored to power and France lost the territories it had
annexed under Napoleon.

3. A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent the

French expansion in future. Thus, the kingdom of the Netherlands, which
included Belgium, was set up in the north and Genoa was added to
Piedmont in the south.

4. Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while
Austria was given control of northern Italy.

5. The German Confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon

was left untouched.

16. Explain any three beliefs of the conservative regimes set up in

Europe following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815.

Ans: The conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic. Following

were the features of these regimes.

1. They were intolerant to criticism.

2. They sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic

government.

3. Most of them imposed censorship laws to control the ideas of liberty and
freedom associated with the French revolution.

17. Who was Giuseppe Mazzini? Explain his role in the unification of
Italy.

(Or)

How did Mazzini realize that creation of nation-state was a necessary

step in freedom struggle? Explain.

Ans: Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary.

1. He became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari.

2. He attempted a revolution in Liguria but was captured and sent into exile
in 1831.

3. He subseqauently founded two secret societies –

a) Young Italy in Marseilles

b) Young Europe in Berne

4. The societies had a vast base with members from many countries like
Poland, France, Italy and the German States.

5. Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of
mankind. So Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and
kingdoms. It had to be forged into a single unified Republic within a wider
alliance of nations. Thus unification alone could be the basis of Italian
liberty.

6. Following his model, secret societies were set up in Germany, France,

Switzerland and Poland. Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and his
vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives.

18.Women and non propertied men organised opposition movement

throughout the 19th and early 20th century demanding equal political
rights?

Ans. Equality before law did not necessarily stand for universal suffrage.

1. In revolutionary France, the right to vote and to get elected was

granted exclusively to property owning men.
2. Men without property and all women were excluded from political
rights.
3. For a brief period under the Jacobins all adult males enjoyed suffrage.
4. The Napoleonic code limited suffrage and reduced woman to the
status of a minor, subject to the authority of fathers and husbands.
5. Throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries women and
non propertied men organised opposition movements demanding
equal political rights.

19. What is conservatism and write a note on belief of conservatives?

Ans. 1. A political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition,

established institutions and customs and preferred gradual development to
quick change is called conservatism.

2. Following the defeat of napoleon in 1815, European governments were

driven by a spirit of conservatism.
3. Conservatives believed that established, traditional institutions of state
and society- like the family of monarchy, the church, social hierarchies,
property and the family- should be preserved.

4. Most conservatives, did not propose a return to the society of pre

revolutionary days.

5. They realised that modernisation could infact strengthen traditional

institutions like the monarchy and make the state power more effective and
strong

6. A modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the

abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic
monarchies of Europe

20.Write a note on the revolutionary and the ideas during the years
following 1815?

Ans)1. During the year following 1815 , the fear of repression drove many
liberal nationalists underground

2. Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train

revolutionaries and spread their ideas.

3.Revolutionaries opposed monarchical forms that had been established

after the Vienna congress and fought for liberty and freedom

4.They also saw the creation of Nation States as a necessary part of this
struggle for freedom

21.Who led the revolutionary moment against the conservative regimes

in regions of Europe like Italian,german,ottoman empire, Ireland and
Poland?

Ans. 1. These revolutionaries are led by the liberal nationalists belonging

the educated middle class elite, among whom were professors, school
teachers,clerks, members of the commercial middle classes.