Art Pamphlet G 8 - 12 EDITED

MASANSA
COMBINED
SCHOOL
ART & DESIGN – GRADES 8 -12
SIMPLIFIED NOTES |BY Mr. Bwalya A

GRADE 8
1. INTRODUCTION TO ART
What is Art? – It is expressing one’s ideas through drawing, sculpturing or painting.

- It is using shapes, lines and Colours to express your thoughts.
- It is wasting space beautifully.
- It is the creation of beautiful things.
- It is superior skill learnt by study, observation and practice.
- It is the expression of creative skill and imagination.
What is Visual Art? - It is Art that can be appreciated by seeing and touching e.g. Paintings, mosaics, etc.
Why is Visual Art important? – It decorates the environment,
- Communicates messages, etc.
Define Fine art. The Art taught or learnt for knowledge e.g. Art taught in class.
Crafts: it is the art of producing usable and non-usable (decorative) items from natural and artificial materials.
Design: Art of deliberate planning by organizing elements to come up with meaningful feelings on a background like paper, metal,
cloth, wall, etc.
Visual Elements of Art: these are small components put together to make an artwork. E.g. line, shape, form, space, value, texture,
colour.
 Line: it is a mark between two points made by a writing tool.
o Variety of lines:
 Zigzag for zips, thunder, blades, etc.
 Jagged
 Dotted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 Spiral for springs, etc.
 Angry
 Dancing for branches, etc.
Page 1 of 31
Prepared by: Bwalya A – PCAs DEPARTMENT (Art and Design Section), Masansa Secondary School.
 Thin
 Thick
 Hard
 Soft lines
 Vertical, parallel and diagonal lines.

 Shape: it is an area enclosed by a line (it is two-dimensional)
o Types of shapes:
 Organic (irregular); based on natural forms such as plants, animals, clouds, waves. Outlines may be curved or
angular or combination of curves and angles.
 Geometric (regular); these are constructed by human beings for a specific purpose. E.g. circle, rectangle, triangle,
square.
 Form: it is an object with three-dimensions (it has length, width and height)
 Space: it is the area between or around objects.
 Value: it is the lightness or darkness of a shade or colour.
 Texture: it is the roughness or smoothness. The way something looks like.
 Colour: the way something looks when light strikes it.
Page 2 of 31
o Types shading:-
 Pointillism / stippling /dot
 Hatching (line)
 Cross-hatching (Cross-line)
 Smudging (Continuous)
 Scribbling (Textured)
 Smash (Painting and applying water)

ART PRINCIPLES: these are additional guidelines used in creating and artwork.
 Rhythm: it is the regular repetition of lines, shapes or values in a drawing.
 Pattern: the repetition of lines shapes or values to create a design in a drawing.
 Movement: the way eyes sweep or moves over an artwork.
 Balance: the arrangement of elements in an artwork / equalizing visual elements in a work of art.
o Types of Balance:-
 Symmetrical: when two sides of an artwork are the same e.g. Human head or body.
 Asymmetrical: when two sides of an artwork are different but still balance.
Page 3 of 31
 Radial: lines, shapes spread out from a Centre point. Symmetrical Asymmetrical (Spiral)
 Proportion: this is the relationship of one object to another in size, shape, amount, number or degree as it actually appears.
o Exaggerated proportion: it is when the normal look of something is changed but can still be recognized.
o Distorted proportion: it is the changing of the normal look of something so much that you cannot recognize it.
Page 4 of 31
 Variety: having different types of Colours, shapes, lines or objects in an artwork. Variety prevents artworks from being boring.
 Emphasis (Dominance): it is drawing greater attention or importance to certain areas or objects in artworks. It is the centre
of interest.
Page 5 of 31
 Contrast: it is a great difference between two objects in an artwork. It adds excitement and interest to artworks.
 Unity: it is when the art elements and art principles work well together as a team. E.g. A human figure with an orange cap
and collar, blue T-Shirt, orange skirt and blue pair of shoes.
Perspective: it is creating distance or depth on a flat surface / it is showing form on a flat surface.
Types of perspective:-
 Linear: this is where lines are used to show depth or distance.
Page 6 of 31
 One point perspective: this is where there is one angle or varnishing point from which we must draw our shape /
object/ picture.
o How to draw using one-point perspective.
 Two-point perspective: this is where there are two angles or varnishing points from which we must draw our
shape / object/ picture.
Page 7 of 31
 Design perspective: it the creation of an illusion of depth on a flat surface by the use of art elements thus,
colour, value, line, shape, space, form and texture.
In other ways, the following are the known types of perspective:
 Aerial or Bird view: this is drawing things that are below the viewer.
 Foreshortening: showing less distance than in reality.
 Overlapping: objects seeming to be blocking each other. (see two-point perspective above)
Page 8 of 31
 Frog view (drawing things above): drawing objects above the viewer. (see two-point perspective above)
2. DRAWING AND PAINTING
a. Drawing (Composition): it is the process of making pictures with the use of a drawing tool or media such as pencil, pen, etc.
i. Importance of drawing:
a. For quick record or sketch of things you see and want to remember.
b. To explore, plan and try out ideas for paintings, posters, sculptures and other kind of artworks.
ii. Tools (drawing media): these are objects that make marks when pressure is applied to them e.g. Pencil, brushes, pens, etc.
iii. Types of pencils:-
a. B – pencils thus, soft pencils (B, 2B, 3B, 4B,5B, 6B)
b. H, HB – pencils thus, hard pencils (H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H, 8H, 9H)
iv. How pencils work:-
a. B, 2B and 3B are medium soft pencils and 4B, 5B and 6B are soft pencils used for fine Art reproduction.
b. HB are medium hard pencils and 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H, 8H and 9H are hard pencils all used for technical
reproduction.
v. Stages of Drawing (Studies): a study is a detailed drawing.
1. Identify what you want to draw.
a. What type of drawing will you create?
b. What type of drawing tools and materials will you be using?
2. Sketch. This is visual brainstorming. Do a number of sketches of the object you want to draw.
3. Research. Use reference books, a nature walk or photos from magazines to develop your ideas.
4. Selection. Choose the best of what you planned or sketched.
5. Refine. Eliminate or remove sketches that you do not want refine those that you want to keep.
6. Production. From the final sketches, start your final drawing considering the art elements and principles.
7. Complete (whole work). Make a final artwork thus, shading and others.
8. Evaluate. Evaluate your drawing by seeing how you used the art elements and principles, cleanliness and so on.
Page 9 of 31
b. Colour: it is the way something looks when light strikes it.
i. Types of Colours:-
a. Primary Colours: Red, Blue and Yellow.
i. Secondary Colours:-Orange= (Red + Yellow); Green= (Yellow + Blue) and Violet = (Blue + Red).
b. Intermediate / Tertiary Colours:
i. Red- Orange (Red + Orange)
ii. Red – Violet (Red + Violet),
iii. Yellow – Orange (Yellow + Orange)
iv. Yellow – Green (Yellow + Green)
v. Blue – Green (Blue + Green)
vi. Violet – Blue (Blue + Violet)
c. Complementary Colours: Colours opposite one another on the Colour Wheel. E.g. complementary colour of
blue is Orange
d. Warm Colours (Red, Orange and Yellow): Colours that remind us of things that are warm. E.g. sun or fire,
happy moods.
e. Cool Colours (Blue, Purple and Green): Colours that remind us of things that are cool such as day with no sun,
cool rain, sad moods, etc.
c. Drawing and painting from observation: this is the composition of an object depicting even the smallest of its details. E.g. Trees,
flowers, fruits, twigs, logs, etc.
d. Drawing and painting from Still life: this is the composition of a group of objects assembled indoors that are not alive and cannot
move or it is the drawing of a group of motionless items. In this kind of drawing, small details are overlooked.
e. Figure drawing: the drawing of parts of the human body such as sketches, feet, palm, fingers, figures in action.
f. Imaginative composition: the drawing of a picture from the ability to create something new. It involves drawing something you
have not seen but coming from the mind such as at the river, harvesting, street vending, etc. Fantasy is also imaginative as one
imagines things to be a certain way e.g. singing with Angels in Heaven.
Page 10 of 31
3. PATTERN MAKING: a pattern is the repletion of an image many times. Patterns are designed to decorate objects.
a. Types of patterns:-
i. Boarders
ii. Geometrical
iii. Alternating (changing)
iv. Overlapping
v. Random
vi. Regular (equal space and equal rows)
Patterns can be created in Batik (fabric work where wax is used as a resisting agent), Tie and Dye, Fabric Printing and
decorations.
4. CONSTRUCTIONAL CRAFTS: the art of making various items by building up.
a. Weaving, plaiting and knotting patterns.
i. Weaving: the art of making fabric by interlacing two sets of parallel threads or fibres (warp and weft) held at right angles to
each other on a supporting frame called a loom , which is a frame on which weaving is created.
a. Warp: it is thread which forms the frame.

Page 11 of 31
b. Weft: it is thread woven in and out of the warp threads.
For warp and weft, you can use ribbon, wool, grass, wire, string, etc.
ii. Macramé: the art of tying knots. Out of this, you can create jewelry, pot hangers or wall hangings. Materials may include
clay beads, feathers, bones, etc.
iii. Plaiting: the art of interlacing strings to create belts, hand traps, etc.
iv. Modeling: a process in which a soft, pliable material is built up and shaped to create a sculpture. A sketch for a sculpture is
called a Marquette.
v. Papier Mache’: the art of creating craft work out of paper pulp (soaked and pound paper) or paper strips and glue.
vi. Construction: the art of creating objects such as dolls, soft toys and cars as well as puppets.
vii. Picture making: the art of making pictures
a. Montage (funny art): a composition or design created by gluing a variety of pieces of photographs from
magazines or newspapers to a flat surface.
b. Collage: it is the creation of pictures by gluing pieces of paper scraps, magazines, papers, newspapers, fabric,
wood, string or found objects to a hard flat surface. The inverter was Pablo Picasso.
c. Frieze: a broad band sculpted or painted decoration.
viii. Book craft: the art of making books.
ix. Carving: the creation of a sculpture through cutting or chipping a form (object or shape) from a block or mass material.
Natural materials such as wood, clay, stone, borne or horn might be used. Tools like long nail, screw driver, file, mallet (wood
hammer), copying saw, knife, chisel, hand saw.
x. General crafts: the art of creating objects from various resources such as egg decoration, twig decoration, necklace and
bungles.
5. LETTERING AND POSTER DESIGNING
Lettering is the use of written word to communicate something.
Page 12 of 31
GRADE 9
1. DRAWING AND PAINTING
a. Colour:
i. Colour Schemes: these are plans for using Colours.
ii. Monochromatic: it is the use of one colour and values, tints and tones of that colour.
iii. Analogous: Colours found next to one another on the colour wheel. Yellow, Orange, Green.
iv. Complementary: Colours opposite one another on the colour wheel. Blue – Orange; Green – Red.
v. Colour triads: it is the use of three Colours e.g. Red, Yellow, Blue (primary triads) and Green, Orange, Purple (as secondary triads.)
vi. Warm colours: they are bright Colours (Red, Orange, Yellow)
vii. Cool Colours: they are dull Colours (Blue, Purple, Green)
viii. Neutral Colours: Colours that can be applied on all the Colours (black, white, brown, beige and grey)
b. Drawing and painting from nature: drawing and painting pictures based on natural objects such as landscape, tree trunks, logs,
twigs and fruits.
c. Still Life: painting pictures like bottles, boxes, kitchen utensils, skull bones, and simple machine parts.
d. Figure drawing: portraits, person in action, silhouette.
e. Imaginative composition: festivals, traditional dances, ceremonies, population concerns, contemporary (present / current) life.
2. PATTERN AND DESIGN
a. Types of pattern:
i. Random
ii. regular,
iii. alternating,
iv. counter change
v. block stencil
vi. Intaglio printing (a type of printing in which the design is engraved). Usually a metal printing block is used.
vii. Tie and dye
viii. Batik
Page 13 of 31
3. CONTRUCTIONAL CRAFTS
a. Weaving, plaiting and knotting patterns: creation of the following: - mats, hand bags, folders, ropes, door / table mats, macramé.
b. Modeling and molding:
i. Preparation of clay
a. Kneading (squeezing clay with hands)
b. Wedging (shaping clay)
ii. Methods:-
a. Coil
b. Pinch
c. Plunge (dropping)
d. Slab (portioning)
c. Construction and Assemblage: process of joining a variety of materials together to make a sculpture. This can be done by gluing,
tying, nailing, welding or joining.
i. Tools and materials: tape, wood / twigs, pair of scissors, hand saw, knife, string, plastic bottles, tins, paper, wire, screws or
nails, wood glue, boxes.
ii. Steps:
1. Select an object / shape for a sculpture and sketch it.
2. Look for materials.
3. Create your sculpture by joining the found objects together.
d. Picture making:
i. Mosaic: a drawing or composition using small pieces of paper, glass, stones or tiles glued to a flat, hard surface.
a. Steps:
1. Have a clear idea of the picture you want to make and suggest the Colours.
2. Cut and glue the pieces on to the flat surface.
b. Types of mosaic are seed, paper, bead, glass, and stone.
e. Book craft: book binding
f. Carving: (see grade 8 work)
Page 14 of 31
g. General craft: projects to deal with in grade 9 are gourd cutting and decoration, staining glass, junk or piece of sculpture decorations.
h. Lettering:
i. Types of letters (capital /block and small / lower)
ii. Letter styles (Calibri, times new roman )
i. Poster designing
i. A poster is an artwork that communicates a message.
1. Steps
a. Choose a topic e.g. (substance abuse, corruption, population concern, environmental concern, human rights)
and think about a slogan.
b. Make idea sketches for images in a sketchbook.
c. Develop one sketch and add a slogan to it.
d. Use paint to add final Colours to the shapes.
e. Finish off the lettering.
j. Computer Aided Design (CAD): the art of drawing using the computer. One can design logos, emblems, lettering and card.
i. Logo: it is a visual symbol that identifies a business, club, person or group. It is often made up of symbols, shapes and words.
1. Steps:
a. Think about an item used by the club.
b. Make sample designs.
c. Think about the balance of black and white.
d. Choose the best and develop it.
e. Use a pen, ink or paint to finish it.
ii. Emblem: it is a symbol that represents an organization.
4. ENTREPRENEURESHIP IN ART AND DESIGN (These are businesses, taking up financial risks in the hope of profit)
a. Project work: for one to come up with a project, the following must be considered:-
i. Identify the needs of the local market.
ii. Demonstrate or show economic use of resources / materials.
Page 15 of 31
GRADE 10
1. HISTORY OF ZAMBIAN ART
1.1. Crafts: this is the art of creating things for use or decoration. E.g. traditional crafts, basketry, mat making, fish traps, animal nets / traps.
1.2. Prominent Zambian Visual Artists (Important Zambian Artists)
1.2.1. History of prominent (famous or important) Zambian Visual Artists
NAME OF ARTIST LIFE HISTORY TECHNIQUES OF ART WORKS DONE
nd
Henry Tayari Born in Serenje on 22 Nov. 1943 Painting, 1. The Graduate at the University of Zambia.
Printmaking, 2. The Bull (along Kenneth Kaunda International
Sculpturing, raconteur (skillful teller), airport road)
lecturing. 3. Destiny (events to happen to a person)
4. Mother Afrika (wood cut)
5. Huge Bird Sculpture ( at Kapiri Railway Station)
6. Established a School of fine Arts in Zambia.
7. Formed the “Visual Arts Council.”
Akwila Simpasa Born in Ndola, Copper belt in 1945 Visual Artist 1. The Freedom Statue
Graphic Designer
Sculpture
Godfrey Setti Painting
Printmaking
Writing on people busy with their
daily lives.
Shadreck Simukanga Born in Ndola, Zambia. Painter Served as Visual Arts Council (VAC) vice
Teacher of Art Chairperson.
Sharing his knowledge and skills.
Inspiring others.
1.3. Traditional Decorations: this is the art of decorations according to traditions like, wall decorations, traditional attire, bead work,
creative needle work, etc.
Page 16 of 31
1.4. Musical Instruments and Equipment: as an artist, one should know the materials used for making musical instruments and how they
are used e.g. Kalimba, Xylophone, Flute, etc.
1.5. Secular Religious and Functional Items: these are items used in the community e.g. Hoe / axe/ adze handles, cooking sticks, masks,
mortar and pestles.
1.6. Traditional bodily / Ornaments: these are features of identity worn or put around the bodies. E.g. Tattoos, traditional ornaments,
traditional attire.
1.7. Sculpture: the art of making (creating) three dimensional representatives / artwork that has height, width and depth.
i. Types of Sculpture:-
a. Free standing: a sculpture that can stand without any supporting material.
b. Relief: a sculpture attached to a background such as a door, wall, etc.
i. Materials to be used are stones, wood and fire clay (Terracotta)
1.8. Rock painting: the application of ink or paint on rocks. Artists of this kind of art were the Bushmen.
i. Types of painting
a. Naturalistic: - based on real / natural things.
b. Schematic: - based on symbols / simplified work.
c. Realistic: based on exactly the way something might look like.
1.9. Pottery: this is the art of creating objects out of clay. E.g. Bowls, cups, plates or pots.
i. Types of pottery:-
a. Traditional pottery: works of clay done by local people.
a. How to prepare clay
ii. Dry method:-
a. Collect clay and slake it (make it loose) to remove impurities such as leaves, twigs, stones
or other rubbish. Push it through a screen, which turns it into a fine powder needed for
the next step.
b. Put the slaked clay into a large container so that it wets.
Page 17 of 31
c. Take the clay out of the container and wedge it on a board or hard clean surface. Wedging
is pressing both hands on the clay to remove the air bubbles and giving it an even
consistency (making it pliable.)
d. Form the wedge clay into a ball and wrap it (cover it) in a plastic and put it in an airtight
container so that it does not dry out.
iii. Wet method:-
a. Collect clay and break it into small pieces and place them into a large container, cover the
clay with water and continue to break up the clay with a large stick so that it remains
without lamps.
b. Take a piece of mesh screen and press the runny wet clay through the screen, to remove
impurities.
c. Spread the runny clay about 3 cm thick onto a large piece of plastic or hardboard and let it
dry in the air until it has formed a thick, stiff clay.
d. Form the clay into a ball, wrap it in a plastic and store it in an airtight container so that the
clay does not dry out.
b. Glazing: this is the application of a shiny coat to a fired pottery. It makes the piece shinny.
c. Firing / kilns: these are ovens for burning pottery.
i. Types of kilns
a. Modern kilns: powered by electricity and it is reliable.
b. Traditional kiln: it is just dug or built.
Types of traditional kilns
- Open firing: it is where a pit is dug for firing.
How artifacts are fired

1. Place objects to be fired in ground and cover them with layers of cow dung if
available or a lot of dry tree barks. Some can be placed at the bottom of the pit
Page 18 of 31
and around the objects.Firing is done for two (2) hours with a continuation of
adding cow dung or dried barks.
c. Galvanized Iron Rubbish Bin Saw Dust Kiln: This is a punched or drilled bin. Holes are
punched randomly all over it.
 Make a mixture of 30% coarse dry saw dust and 70% of fine saw dust.
 Place it on the bottom of the bin and around the pottery.
 Prepare a layer of saw dust and dried grass then lit the fire to burn the
objects.
 Summary of pottery process:
i.Prepare clay
ii.Pottery making techniques:-
a. Pinch method:- this is making a hole on the top by pushing both thumbs into the clay.
b. Coil method: - this is where you make an object by cycling a roll of clay.
c. Slab method:-this is when you make an object using flat pieces of clay.
d. Thrown method:- this type of method works for all of the methods above (a, b and )
d. Uses of pottery: for reserving food, candle holders, plates, cups, etc.
Page 19 of 31
2. DESIGN ON PAPER:
2.1. Elements of Design: these are small blocks that make up the perfect art works. Therefore, the following are the
elements: - line, shape, colour, space, mass, texture, volume, tone and pattern.
2.2. Principles of Design: these are guidelines on how to arrange the elements of art. That is, arrangement, balance,
variety, emphasis, perspective.
2.3. Symbols: it is a mark such as a letter, figure or sign that represents a real object or idea.
2.3.1. Logo: it is a company identity.
2.3.2. Emblem: an identity/symbol for schools, football teams.

2.4. Cards: this is the making of Birthday, Valentine, Christmas Cards and many more.
2.5. Posters: Artworks that communicate a message. This is done through adverts, future events, etc.
2.6. Lettering: Good Handwriting/ Calligraphy
2.6.1. Types of lettering:-
2.6.1.1. Lower case (small letters)
2.6.1.2. Upper case (capital letters)
2.7. Printmaking: the method of repeatedly transfer of an original image from a prepared surface to another surface.
2.7.1. Materials used are motif (small design), plate or stencil and fabric.
3. CRAFTS
3.1. Picture making: the art of making or creating pictures using different forms. E.g. Collage and montage.
3.1.1. Collage: it is the art of creating or making pictures by gluing pieces of scrap paper, photographs, wool,
string or found objects on a hard flat surface.
Steps:
a. Draw your sketch (plan) in a sketchbook.
b. Choose materials to use.
c. Use glue to stick or glue your materials onto a hard surface.
3.1.2. Montage (funny art): this is a composition of making pictures by gluing pieces of different papers on a
flat, hard surface.
Steps: (do as in 3.1.1. above)
3.2. Papier Mache’: the art of creating or making objects using pulp (pound paper) and paper strips
3.2.1. Pulp: it is the soaked and pounded paper.
Page 20 of 31
3.2.2. Types of paper Mache’
a. Pulp and strip methods.
i. In pulp method, pound paper is used to make sculptures or objects
while in strip method strips or pieces of paper are used to make a
sculpture.
3.3. Jewelry: the art of making objects to beautify the body. E.g. Neck less, bungles, etc.
3.3.1. Types of jewellery: string, woven, flat and netted bead works.
3.4. Stitchery: the art of composing pictures using a needle.
3.5. Toy making: the art of making small objects like puppets/Muppets and marionettes (puppet worked by string).
3.6. Fabric work: the art of printing on fabric or clothe.
3.6.1. Materials needed are: - motif, wax for batik (method of producing coloured designs on textiles using
wax as a resisting agent.)
3.7. Sculpture: the art of making free-standing and relief artifacts.
3.7.1. Types of sculpture: wood, metal, plaster of Paris (mixture of lime and sand or cement.)
3.8. The Potter’s wheel: it is a wheel used for shaping clay according to one wants it to be.
4. DRAWING AND PAINTING FROM OBSERVATION: (Drawing objects and show even the smallest details)
4.1. Natural Objects: these are objects that God created e.g. leaf, bark, branch, twig, bone, foliage, stone, tree,
trunk, etc.
4.2. Man-made: objects made by human beings such as shoe, bottle, boxes, house, tins, etc.
4.3. Rural / Urban Settings: drawings that show either a village or urban set up.
5. STILL LIFE DRAWING: The art of drawing motionless objects.
5.1. Natural objects: e.g. Bones, skull, stone, plank, log, etc.
5.2. Man-made: e.g. parts of simple machines like a wheelbarrow, bicycle, various types of bottles and drapery
(Clothe, curtain hanging in loose folds)
5.3. Traditional: e.g. baskets, traditional stools, gourds, wooden plates, walking sticks, etc.
6. DRAWING AND PAINTING FROM A LIVING PERSON:
6.1. Figure drawing: drawing of human body parts such as hand, arm, foot, eye, nose, ear, mouth.
7. COMPOSITION IN COLOUR:
7.1. Imaginative Composition: composing or drawing picture stories through mental thinking. A theme is given or a
story is narrated or read. Such themes may include; water and sanitation, traditional ceremonies, cross-cutting
issues like Environmental education, HIV/AIDS, national heritage.
Page 21 of 31
GRADE 11
1. DESIGN ON PAPER
1.1. Symbols: these are letters, figures or signs that represent a real object or idea.
1.1.1. Logo: it is an identity for Company, Association or Organization.
1.1.2. Emblem: An identity for institutions such as Schools, Colleges and Universities.
1.2. Cards: it is the making of post, Christmas, valentine, anniversary and birthday cards
1.3. Posters: artworks that communicate a message. They are done through being given a theme or topic such as substance abuse, child
labour, gender violence, advertisement, etc.
1.4. Lettering:
1.4.1. Calligraphy (as defined in previous grades)
1.5. Printmaking: the method of repeatedly transfer of an original image from a prepared surface to another surface.
1.5.1. Block printing: the art of coming up with a print by using a motif.
2. AFRICAN ART HISTORY
2.1. Types of African art:
2.1.1. Sculpture (three dimension art works – has length, width and breadth): e.g. Stone, wood, clay or terracotta, metal, bronze,
gold, copper.
2.1.2. Crafts (a skill of making things by hands): e.g. Bungles, ingot or block.
3. SCULPTURE:
3.1. Traditional African Sculptures:
AREA TYPES OF SCULPTURE
West Africa Metal. Stone. Wood.
Central southern Africa Stone. Wood.
North Africa Metal. Stone.
From the above table, the common type of sculpture in all areas is STONE.METAL is found in West Africa and North Africa only; WOOD is common
for West Africa and Central Africa. The area withal the sculptures is West Africa.
Page 22 of 31
4. CRAFTS: The art of making usable and decorative objects
4.1. Picture making
4.1.1. Mosaic: a drawing using small pieces of paper, glass, stones or tiles glued to a flat hard surface. Glue and cement are used for sticking.
This was first used in the decoration of Christian churches in parts of Europe in the 4 th century.
4.1.1.1. Steps for creating a mosaic:
4.1.1.2. Have a clear idea of the picture you want to make and decide the colour.
4.1.1.3. Glue the on a flat hard surface making sure you leave a small space between the shapes.
4.1.2. Frieze: a sculpted or painted decoration around a wall.
4.2. Papier Mache’:- mashed paper or soaked and pound paper.
4.2.1. You can create puppets, toys, animal shapes, etc.
How to prepare pulp:
i. Shred newspapers, paper towels or tissue paper into tiny pieces and soak them in water overnight.
ii. Pound the soaked paper and mix it with glue.
4.3 . Jewelry: Creation of body ornaments.
4.3.1 Bone jewelry: You can make beads, bangles, bracelets.
4.3.2 Metal jewelry: cans, tins, bottle tops.
4.3.3 Paper jewelry: beads.
4.4 . Weaving: The art of making fabric by interlacing two sets of parallel threads or fibres [warp and weft] held at right angles to each
other on a supporting called a LOOM.
4.5 Fabric printing: the art of making prints on cloth.
4.5.1 Motif: small design for printing.
4.5.2 Relief printing: printing from raised images.
4.6 Sculpture: the art of making three dimension representations.
4.6.1 Types of sculptures:
4.6.1.1 Stone, metal, plaster of Paris, cement, fibre glass.
4.7 Ceramics: creation of objects out of clay and heat them.
4.7.1 Traditional methods:-
Page 23 of 31
4.7.2 Pinch
4.7.3 Coil
4.7.4 Slab
4.7.2 The potter’s wheel (a wheel for shaping objects)
4.7.2.1 Throwing
4.7.2.2 Decorations
4.7.2.3 Kilns
4.7.2.4 Glazes
4.7.2.5 Firing
4.8 Masks: face decorations
4.8.1 Types of masks:-
4.8.1.1 Wood and paper mashed
4.9 Mobile and stables: free moving objects such as man-made, natural objects like shells, piece of wood.
5. DRAWING AND PAINTING FROM OBSERVATION (drawing showing all the details.)
5.1. Natural objects: flowers, snail shells, branch, bone, foliage, animal skull, ant eaten wood, tree, pods, root
5.2. Rural setting: chicken run, at the river side, granary.
6. DRAWING AND PAINTING OF A LIVING PERSON ((based on human figures), head, bust (head, should and chest)/torso (unfinished work),
ear, palm, fingers, the whole body.
7. STILL LIFE DRAWING (drawing of a group of motionless objects without considering the smallest details).
7.1. Natural objects: vegetables, fruits, stone, wood, etc.
7.2. Man-made: parts of machine, various types of utensils, various types of clothe drapery (folded clothe).
7.3. Traditional objects: baskets, gourds, smoking pipe, clay pots, winnower, stools, etc.
8. COMPOSITION IN COLOUR (painting pictures)
8.1. Imaginative composition: drawing based on a
8.1.1. given theme or topic e.g. given text, narrated story or
8.1.2. cross cutting issues such as substance abuse ,child trafficking also
8.1.3. abstract themes (topics difficult to understand )
Page 24 of 31
8.1.4. National heritage
8.1.5. Contemporary issues (current issues).
8.1.6. Domestic violence.
Page 25 of 31
GRADE 12
1. WORLD ART HISTORY

1.1. Famous Movements in Art.
1.1.1. Gothic Art: (Art in the form of Architecture) developed in Western Europe between twelfth and sixteenth centuries. Describe the
characteristics of Gothic Art. State the masters of Gothic art.
Masters
Giotto Italian, born: 1266  Painting  Life of the Virgin Mary.
Died: 1337  sculpturing  Life of Christ.
Botticelli Italian, born: 1445  Painting  Adoration of the Magi.
Died: 1510  Birth of Venus.
 Primavera (hard, light colour wood of Central
American tree.)
1.1.2. Renaissance Art: (Re-Birth of Art). Describe the history of renaissance Art. State the significance of renaissance Art. List the masters
of renaissance Art.
Masters
Michelangelo Italian Born: 1475  Painting  All sorts / kinds of drawings, studies of anatomy
Died: 1564  Sculpturing and architectural plans and elevations.
 Architecture  Designed St. Peter’s Basilica.
 Poetry  Painted the Judgment Day.
Leonardo Da Vinci Italian Born: 1452  Painting  Inspired many to the development of modern
Died: 1519  Sculpturing science.
 Architecting
 Engineering
 Scientist
Page 26 of 31
1.1.3. Contemporary art (modern): the type of art based on the use of any material an artist might come across. Paintings and sculpture are
methods mostly used. Demonstrate an understanding of techniques of contemporary Art. Apply techniques of the various Art
movements.
Master s

Pablo Picasso Spanish Born: 1881  Sculpturing  Pioneered modern art movement (Cubism).
th
(Artist of the 20 Died: 1973  Construction  Developed assemblage.
Century)  Pictorial  Inverted collage.
Vincent Van Gogh From The Netherlands  Painting with brush strokes and  Became leader in the development of
(Pastor, self-taught Born: 1853 brilliant Colours. expressionism in painting.
artist) Died: 1890
Kandinsky Russian (Moscow) Born: 1866  Painting  Helped in the development of abstract art.
Died: 1944  Dealt with naturalistic artworks.
2. DESIGN ON PAPER
2.1. Symbols:
2.1.1. Logo: It is an identifying symbol for Companies, Associations and Organization.
2.1.2. Emblem: It is a representation of institutions such as Universities, Colleges, Schools (badges) and Churches.
2.2. Cards: The Art of making decorative cards for valentine, anniversary, birthday and charismas
2.3. Posters: Large pictures or notices for decoration or advertisement. E.g. Future events, Advertisements.
2.4. Lettering: A character representing one or more sounds.
2.4.1. Types of letters: Lower (small letters) and Upper Case (capital letters.)
2.5. Printmaking: A process in which an artist repeatedly transfers an original image from one prepared surface to another.
2.5.1. Techniques used in printmaking.
2.5.1.1. Relief: printing from raised images.
2.5.1.2. Intaglio: engraved design.
2.5.1.3. Lithography: printing from a flat metal.
Page 27 of 31
2.5.1.4. Screen printing: the art of forcing onto a surface through a prepared screen of fine material so as to create a picture or pattern.
3. CRAFTS: (Things made by hands)

3.1. Picture making: the art of creating pictures in two dimensional.
3.1.1. Montage: a technique of producing a picture, film by piecing together separate sections.
3.1.2. Collage: form of art in which various materials such as photographs and pieces of paper or fabric are arranged and stuck to a backing.
3.1.3. Frieze: a broad horizontal band of sculptured or painted decoration.
3.1.4. Mosaic: picture or pattern produced by arranging together small pieces of coloured stones, tiles or glass.
3.2. Papier Mache (mashed paper): a malleable mixture of paper and glue that becomes hard when dry used to make boxes, ornaments, etc.
3.3. Jewellery: art of making body ornaments or decorations.
3.3.1. Types of jewellery:
3.3.1.1. Bone: (worked on by carving, incising, painting, wiring and varnishing.)
3.3.1.2. Metal: ( done by bending and joining)
3.3.1.3. Paper: (done by texturing and painting.)
3.4. Stitchery and Applique: (done batik, tie and dye, stitches, needle and threads.)
4. DRAWING AND PAINTING FROM OBSERVATION
4.1. Natural objects: (crops, floral, branch, tree, trunk, bone structure, stone.)
4.2. Man-made objects: (worn shoe, machine parts, parts of the building.)
Page 28 of 31
4.3. Rural/ Urban settings: ( kraal, borehole, hand pump, a hut, fire place)
5. DRAWING AND PAINTING FROM A LIVING PERSON
5.1. Figure drawing: (in action)
6. STILL LIFE
6.1. Natural objects: (vegetables, fruits, roots, stone, wood, grass, flowers.)
6.2. Man-made: (parts of machine, various types of tins, bottles and vessels, various types of clothing materials, crumpled paper.)
6.3. Traditional: (basket, clay pots, gourds, clay plates, traditional stools, winnower, combs.)
7. COMPOSITION IN COLOUR
7.1. Imaginative composition: (stories narrated stories, read, abstract themes, national heritage, national concerns, stylized pictures on various
themes.)
8. ENTREPRENEURESHIP
8.1. Project work. (An enterprise carefully planned to achieve a particular aim.)
8.1.1. How to go a about a research in art and design:
8.1.1.1. Identify a project.
8.1.1.2. Research about the project.
8.1.1.3. Select and develop a solution to the project.
8.1.1.4. Demonstrate economic use of resources.
8.1.1.5. Practice quality workmanship in making projects for community
8.1.1.6. Calculate the cost of a product.
8.1.1.7. Demonstrate marketing skills.
Page 29 of 31
HOW TO WRITE A PROJECT REPORT FOR
1. INTRODUCTION: Write brief notes on the project you are making. You can also define the kind of project / course work.
2. MATERIALS: List all the materials you would use in order to complete your project.
3. PROCEDURE: This is where you state steps that you followed when coming up with the project.
4. PROBLEMS FACED: You discuss the problems faced during your project / course work.
5. CONCLUTION: You summarize the issue of your task.
SAMPLE OF PROJECT WRITING.
Introduction:
My report is based on e.g. Papier Mache’, which is a French name meaning mashed or chewed paper. This will include materials used, procedure,
problems faced during the course work and the conclusion will sum up the course work.
Materials:
For my project to be completed I used newspapers / egg trays, wires, boom paste, glue, sand paper for smoothening, water, mortar and pestle , paint
and varnish.
Procedure
Firstly or initially, I thought of what to make, which was a sculpture of an elephant.
I sketched different drawings of the same animal in my sketchbook and later chose the best of them. (You draw the best picture you chose.)
Page 30 of 31
I took wires and made an armature, which is a frame on which mashed paper would be glued. At the same time I took the papers, which I tore and
soaked in a bucket of a mixture of water and boom paste and left the mixture overnight.
The next day I removed the soaked paper from the bucket and started pounding it in a mortar using a pestle until it became clay like, which is known
as pulp (mashed paper).
After finishing preparing the pulp, I began sticking it onto the armature using glue.
When the project dried up, I painted and varnished it.
Problems faced
During my course or project work, I faced problems such as time, which was not enough for me although was given a year before because most of the
work was done during working days. Most of the times I was disturbed by class work as well as co-curricular activities.
Conclusion
In summary / conclusion/ all in all/Finally I would say that objects made of papier mache’ are light and even durable especially when varnish has been
applied.
Page 31 of 31

Art Pamphlet G 8 - 12 EDITED

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Art Pamphlet G 8 - 12 EDITED

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Art Pamphlet G 8 - 12 EDITED

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MASANSA

SIMPLIFIED NOTES |BY Mr. Bwalya A

What is Art? – It is expressing one’s ideas through drawing, sculpturing or painting.

 Vertical, parallel and diagonal lines.

 Space: it is the area between or around objects.

 Value: it is the lightness or darkness of a shade or colour.

 Texture: it is the roughness or smoothness. The way something looks like.

 Colour: the way something looks when light strikes it.

 Pointillism / stippling /dot

 Smash (Painting and applying water)

 Linear: this is where lines are used to show depth or distance.

o How to draw using one-point perspective.

In other ways, the following are the known types of perspective:

 Foreshortening: showing less distance than in reality.

iii. Alternating (changing)

vi. Regular (equal space and equal rows)

a. Warp: it is thread which forms the frame.

How artifacts are fired

2.3.2. Emblem: an identity/symbol for schools, football teams.

1. WORLD ART HISTORY

NAME OF ARTIST LIFE HISTORY TECHNIQUES OF ART WORKS DONE

3. CRAFTS: (Things made by hands)

SAMPLE OF PROJECT WRITING.

Firstly or initially, I thought of what to make, which was a sculpture of an elephant.

When the project dried up, I painted and varnished it.

You might also like