SECTION-C

Note: Short answer type questions. Attempt any twelve questions out of fifteen
questions. (12x5=60)
Q.21 Explain Tractor indicators, safe tractor operating procedure. (CO1)
Q.22 Compare dual tyre system with tandem tyre system. (Co3)
Q.23 Describe tractor tyre tread design terms along with sketch. (CO3)
Q.24 Explain the maintenance checks before starting the engine. (CO3)
Q.25 Describe Draw bar working application with sketch. (CO2)
Q.26 Describe the dept control, position control and draft control. (CO1)
Q.27 Write the five function of chassis Frame in Tractor. (CO2)
Q.28 Describe special five selection criteria for tractor. (CO1)
Q.29 Enlist various forces acting on tractor. (CO1)
Q.30 Draw the layout of independent drive PTO shaft. (CO3)
Q.31 Give the effects of under-inflating on tyre and its working. (CO3)
Q.32 Describe concept of double clutch system. (CO2)
Q.33 Explain working principle of hydraulic system. (CO2)
Q.34 Describe the five qualities of steering system. (CO4)
Q.35 Compare dual tyre system with tendamtyre system. (CO4)

ANS 21: Tractor indicators

Figure Gauge/Indicator
# Light
1 Fuel Level Gauge
2 Left Turn Indicator
3 Tachometer
4 Right Turn Indicator
5 Engine Coolant
Temperature Gauge
6 Service Alert Indicator
7 Hydraulic Oil
Temperature
8 Electrohydraulic Hitch
Indicator
9 Neutral Indicator
10 High Exhaust
Temperature Indicator
11 Exhaust Filter
Indicator
12 Exhaust Filter Disabled
Indicator
13 Engine Air Cleaner
Restriction Indicator
14 Engine Information
Indicator
15 Transmission
Information Indicator
16 Information Display
Description
Indicates amount of fuel remaining in tank.
Flashes when turn signal switch is switched to left-hand side.
Indicates engine speed, revolutions per minute (RPM).
Flashes when turn signal switch is switched to right-hand side.
Indicates engine coolant temperature. Red area indicates overheat (coola
too low, dirty radiator, or clogged screen). SHUT OFF engine IMMEDI
prevent damage. If necessary, have John Deere dealer diagnose vehicle.
Illuminates when a malfunction occurs (review error message in Inform
Display). If necessary, have John Deere dealer diagnose vehicle.
Illuminates when hydraulic oil overheats (review error message in Infor
Display). If necessary, have John Deere dealer diagnose vehicle.
Illuminates when hitch malfunction occurs (review error message in Inf
Display). If necessary, have John Deere dealer diagnose vehicle.
Illuminates when transmission reverser (if equipped) in neutral position
when operator improperly shifted reverse. If necessary cycle reverser le
neutral. If flashing and Transmission Information indicator are illuminat
same time, this indicates a malfunction (review error message in Inform
Display). If necessary, have John Deere dealer diagnose vehicle.
Illuminates when the presence of temperatures inside the exhaust filter a
active filter cleaning to occur.
Illuminates when soot level in the filter are high and exhaust filter clean
needed.
Illuminates when the exhaust filter cleaning switch had been disabled.
Illuminates when air cleaner element clogged (clean or replace element)
necessary, have John Deere dealer diagnose vehicle.
Illuminates when engine malfunction occurs (check oil level and review
message in Information Display). If necessary, have John Deere dealer d
vehicle.
Illuminates when transmission malfunction occurs (review error messag
Information Display). If necessary, have John Deere dealer diagnose veh
Displays speedometer, hour meter, transmission speed selection (Hi, Lo
Figure Gauge/Indicator Description
# Light

equipped), PTO Speed, diagnostic trouble codes, and on-board diagnost

information.

17 Trailer 2 Indicator Starts flashing when trailer turn-signal or hazard warning lights are swit

18 Charging System Illuminates when alternator malfunction occurs. If necessary, have John
Indicator dealer diagnose vehicle.

19 MFWD Engaged Illuminates when mechanical front-wheel drive is engaged.

Indicator

20 PTO Engaged Illuminates when rear PTO is engaged.

Indicator

21 High Beam Indicator Illuminates when the headlights are switched on high beam.

22 Differential Lock Illuminates when differential lock in engaged.

Indicator

23 Park Brake Indicator Illuminates when park brake is engaged.

24 Vehicle Indicator Starts flashing when vehicle turn-signal or hazard warning lights are sw

25 Trailer 1 Indicator Starts flashing when trailer turn-signal or hazard warning lights are swit

26 STOP Indicator Illuminates when a serious malfunction occurs. SHUT OFF engine
IMMEDIATELY and determine cause (review error message in Inform
Display). If necessary, have John Deere dealer diagnose vehicle.

27 Vehicle Information Shows Hi/ Lo (If equipped). When in diagnostic mode, display shows n
Display controller (i.e. ECU) that is experiencing fault.

28 PTO Icon Illuminates when PTO speed is selected.

29 Hour Meter Icon Illuminates when engine hours are being displayed at (27).

30 Vehicle Information Shows vehicle wheel speed, engine hours, PTO speed, and diagnostic co
Display information.

 safe tractor operating procedure.

PRE-OPERATIONAL SAFETY CHECKS

 Locate and ensure you are familiar with all machine operations and
controls.
 Ensure all guards are fitted, secure and functional. Do not operate if
guards are missing or faulty.
 Ensure the seatbelt, roll over protective structure (ROPS), falling
objects protective structure (FOPS) (where fitted) and power take-off
(PTO) guard are in sound condition.
 Ensure the 3 point linkage, pneumatic and hydraulic systems are
functioning.
 Use only implements that meet the manufacturer’s
recommendations.
 Before starting the tractor, ensure all levers are in their neutral
positions, the parking brake is engaged and the clutch and PTO are
disengaged.
 Ensure you are trained and competent and if driving on public roads,
appropriately licensed.
 If the tractor is used on public roads, ensure all lights and warning
devices are functioning and the vehicle is registered.

OPERATIONAL SAFETY CHECKS

 Pull only from the drawbar or hitch.
 Drive at speed slow enough to keep control over unexpected
hazards.
 Always reverse when going up a steep slope. Avoid slopes that are
too steep for safe operation.
 Ensure no person or animal is endangered when operating
equipment.
 Ensure bucket (if fitted) is raised above line of sight.

ENDING OPERATIONS AND CLEANING UP

 When stopping the tractor:
- Park on even ground, disengage the PTO and lower all implements.
- Place all control levers in their neutral positions, apply the parking
brake, turn off the engine and remove the keys.
- Ensure the tractor has come to a complete stop before dismounting.
 Remove any foreign material from in and around engine and
implement parts.
 Keep the work area or implement shed in a safe, clean and tidy
condition.

POTENTIAL HAZARDS
 Hair/clothing getting caught in moving machine parts.
 Noise.
 Rollover.

DON’T
 Do not use faulty equipment. Report suspect machinery
immediately.
 Never start or operate levers from anywhere other than the seat.
 Do not operate or idle engine in a non-ventilated area.
 Do not operate near ditches, holes or embankments, which may
collapse under the tractor’s weight.
 Do not operate on excessively steep terrain.
 Do not allow any person other than the driver to ride on the tractor.
 Do not dismount while the engine is running unless the tractor has
completely stopped, the transmission is in park position and the parking
brake is fully engaged.
ANS 22 Compare dual tyre system with tandem tyre system
A dual-tyre axle and a tandem axle trailer are both types of configurations
commonly used in trailers for transportation purposes. Here are the key
differences between the two:

Dual-Tyre Axle:
- In a dual-tyre axle configuration, each axle has two tires on each side,
resulting in a total of four tires per axle.
- Dual-tyre axles are used to distribute the weight of the trailer more
evenly and to provide better stability and load-bearing capacity.
- This configuration is often used in heavy-duty trailers and vehicles to
support heavier loads and to improve traction and braking performance.
- Dual-tyre axles are commonly found on trucks, trailers, and other large
vehicles that need to carry substantial weights.
Tandem Axle Trailer:
- A tandem axle trailer refers to a trailer that has two axles placed close
together, typically with two tires on each side of each axle, resulting in a
total of four tires per axle.
- Tandem axle trailers are designed to distribute the weight of the trailer
more evenly and to improve stability during towing.
- This configuration is often used in trailers for various purposes, such as
cargo trailers, utility trailers, boat trailers, and RV trailers.
- Tandem axle trailers are popular for their balance of load-bearing
capacity, stability, and manoeuvrability.
ANS 23 : Describe tractor tyre tread design terms along with sketch.

R-1/R-1W (Ag) Tires

R-1/R-1W tires are also known as agricultural or ag tires. As their name

implies, they’re commonly found on the farm. R-1/R-1W tires feature a
deep bar-lug tread with angles between 23 and 45 degrees (or curved lugs
that combine two angles to get the best of both worlds). These tires excel
on soft surfaces—like fields of corn, soybeans, and wheat—delivering
superb traction, self cleaning, and reliable performance when working on
rough, uneven terrain.

The “W” in R-1W tires stands for “wet,” which, not coincidentally is
where they excel. R-1W tires feature a 20% deeper bar-lug tread pattern
than that of R-1 tires, which makes them ideal for use in heavy, wet, and
muddy soils.
R-1 and R-1W tires are available in a variety of construction types,
including bias-ply options like the Alliance FarmPro II, higher-performing
radials such as Alliance Agri Star II, and high-tech tires like the Alliance
Airflo+ 354—which is able to carry 40% more load than a traditional
radial at the same air pressure (or carry the same load at 40% less air
pressure).

agriflex_354_15_view

R-2 (Rice/Cane) Tires

374R-2 tires, like the Alliance Agri Star 374, feature a bar-lug tread similar
to that of R-1 and R-1W tires but have at least double the tread depth of an
R-1 tire. The extra tread depth allows R-2 tires to operate in extremely wet
terrain, such as muddy sugar cane fields and the standing water found in
rice paddies—hence the “rice/cane tire” moniker commonly given to them.
R-3 (Turf) Tires
9-Mighty_Mow_30R-3 tires, like the Galaxy Mighty Mow, often also go
by the name of turf tires. R-3 tires are intended for work on lawns, grass,
or forage crops and strike a balance between the need for traction and the
need to not tear up or leave tracks behind. The tread of an R-3 tire is
designed with blocks or buttons and high rubber-to-void ratios which
allows the tire to float on the surface of the turf, unlike the bar lugs of R-
1/R-1W and R-2 tires which dig into the ground for traction.

R-4 (Industrial) Tires

1-Galaxy_Beefy_Baby_II_30_viewR-4 tires—such as the Galaxy Beefy

Baby—are jacks of all trades, which is why they frequently come as
standard equipment on compact chore tractors. R-4 tires feature a bar-lug
tread pattern like R-1/R-1W and R-2 tires, although it’s often straight
across the tire so it's less aggressive, and the tread depth is generally only
about 70% that of an R-1 tire.

The tread pattern of an R-4 tire allows it to operate on a diverse range of

surfaces. However, where they truly shine is on hard ground like asphalt,
concrete, and gravel. R-4 tires are often referred to as industrial tires and
are regularly made with harder rubber compounds to increase longevity
when working on hard, abrasive surfaces in everything from light
construction or municipal use to chores around the farm.

Q.24 Explain the maintenance checks before starting the engine

ANS
1. Check all fluid levels

 Engine oil
 Coolant
 Fuel
 Hydraulic fluid
 Other fluids

Check underneath the tractor. Do you see any leaks or puddles of fluid that have
accumulated?

2. Tires and wheels

 Properly inflated. Check the operator’s manual

 Check tires for cuts or breaks in the tread or sidewalls
 Observe lug nuts and see if they appear tight

3. Batteries

 Securely held down

 Connections are clean
 Electrolyte level is good

4. General Condition

 Cracked or broken parts

 Leaking or damaged hoses
 All shields are in place
 Loose parts, bolts, or nuts
 SMV emblem is in place, clean, and unfaded
 Steps are clean of any grease or mud
Once in the operator seat:

1. Check the seatbelt to see if it is functioning.

2. After starting the tractor, observe the engine oil pressure gauge and make
sure there is oil pressure in the engine.
3. Turn on the lights and flashers. Walk around the tractor and see if all the lights
and flashers are functioning.
Q.26. Describe the dept control, position control and draft control

Position control: In this system, constant depth of ploughing is maintained by

automatic adjustment of draft of tractor. In this system the control valve can be
operated directly by the driver to raise lower or hold an implement, mounted on
the linkage at any chosen height.

Draft control: In this system, the working depth of any implement can be
controlled continuously without the need for a depth wheel on the implement.
The hydraulic control valve reacts to changes in the loading in either the top or
lower links which arc due to changes in the draft or pull required by the
implement. If any implement goes too deep its draft increases. This increase is
sensed through the top link or lower links. The control system then raises the
implement until the draft is back to the present level and the implement is at the
original depth again using the draft control system.

Automatic depth control is controlled by a microprocessor in the tractor

cab, sensors on the implement frame and power beyond valving for
hydraulic corrections to maintain a given tool penetration.

Q.27 Write the five function of chassis Frame in Tractor.

Ans various functions of tractor chassis are listed below:

• The load of assemblies like engine, transmission, steering etc is aptly
supported by chassis frame design.
• The rear and front wheels are connected to each other using tractor
chassis.
• The load of implements is also carried easily by this frame.
• The working on an uneven field normally causes more load production.
This extra load is managed by the frame efficiently.
• The load incurred when tractor is working on the field along with an
implement is also managed by this frame.
• The load produced by sudden application of brakes or acceleration is also
managed.
• The cornering forces are nicely negotiated by these frames.

Q28 Describe special five selection criteria for tractor

A The tractor should be selected based on the following factors :
1. Land holding:
Under a single cropping pattern, it is normally recommended to consider 1
hp for every 2 hectares of land. In other words, one tractor 20-25 hp is
suitable for 40 hectares farm.
2. Cropping pattern:
Generally 1.5 hectare/hp been recommended where adequate irrigation
facilities are available and more than one crop is taken. So a 30-35 hp
tractor is suitable for 40 hectares farm.
3. Soil conditions:
A tractor with less wheel base, higher ground clearance and low overall
weight may work successfully in lighter soil but it will not be able to give
sufficient depth in black cotton soil.
4. Climatic conditions:
For very hot zone and desert area, air cooled engines are preferred over
water cooled engines. Similarly for higher altitude, air cooled engines are
preferred because water is liable to be frozen at higher altitude.
5. Repairing facilities:
It should be ensured that the tractor to be purchased has a dealer at near by
place with all the technical skills for repair and maintenance of machine.
6. Running cost:
Tractors with less specific fuel consumption should be preferred over
others so that running cost may be less.
7. Initial cost and resale value:
While keeping the resale value in mind, the initial cost should not be very
high, otherwise higher amount of interest will have to be paid.
Q.29 Enlist various forces acting on tractor.
Ans we assume that the forces acting on the tractor are: the gravity force,
the forces of the three-point hitch, the frictional forces and the normal
forces from the ground. The frictional and normal forces are considered to
be unknown parameters and are sought from the equilibrium state
equations given by Euler’s laws of motion. Euler’s laws of motion provide
six independent equations. The number of unknown forces is seven;
therefore, the equilibrium state equations form an underdetermined system
without a unique solution. Therefore, it is necessary to find the seventh
equation or reduce the number of unknown parameters. This problem is
solved by approximating the wheels as ideal non-oscillating harmonic
oscillators. These oscillators push the tractor with four normal forces,
which depend on three independent parameters. These parameters describe
the roll, pitch and average compression of the oscillators. This allows one
to reduce the number of independent parameters and solve the system of
equations. Finally, the limit for the high wheel stiffnesses is made and the
individual forces acting on the wheels are explicitly expressed.

Q.30 Draw the layout of independent drive PTO shaft.

Q.31 Give the effects of under-inflating on tyre and its working.

Ans Under-Inflated Tyres: A Hidden Danger

Under-inflated tires, those with insufficient air pressure, are a significant
hazard on the road. Many drivers tend to overlook the importance of
maintaining the right tire pressure, not realizing the potential
consequences. Here are a few ways under-inflated tires can affect your
vehicle:

Reduced Fuel Efficiency:

Under-inflated tires increase rolling resistance, making your engine work
harder to move the vehicle. This results in decreased fuel efficiency,
costing you more money at the gas pump.

Uneven Tire Wear:

Insufficient air pressure causes uneven wear on the tire treads, reducing
their lifespan. Unevenly worn tires can lead to a loss of traction, especially
in wet or slippery conditions, increasing the risk of accidents.
Poor Handling:
Under-inflated tires compromise the vehicle's stability and handling. In
emergency situations, such as sudden turns or braking, the lack of proper
tire pressure can make it difficult for the driver to maintain control,
potentially causing a collision.

Increased Stopping Distance:

With under-inflated tires, your vehicle's braking efficiency is
compromised. It takes longer for the car to come to a complete stop,
increasing the chances of rear-ending another vehicle or failing to stop in
time to avoid an obstacle.

Blowouts:
Under-inflated tires generate more heat, which can lead to tire blowouts. A
blowout at high speeds can result in the driver losing control of the
vehicle, leading to a catastrophic accident.

Q.32 Describe concept of double clutch system. (

Ans A dual-clutch transmission (DCT) (sometimes referred to as a twin-
clutch transmission) is a type of multi-speed vehicle transmission system,
that uses two separate clutches for odd and even gear sets.[1] The design is
often similar to two separate manual transmissions with their respective
clutches contained within one housing, and working as one unit.[2][3] In
car and truck applications, the DCT functions as an automatic
transmission, requiring no driver input to change gears.

The first DCT to reach production was the Easidrive automatic

transmission introduced on the 1961 Hillman Minx mid-size car. This was
followed by various eastern European tractors through the 1970s (using
manual operation via a single clutch pedal), then the Porsche 962 C racing
car in 1985. The first DCT of the modern era was used in the 2003
Volkswagen Golf R32. Since the late 2000s, DCTs have become
increasingly widespread, and have supplanted hydraulic automatic
transmissions in various models of cars.

More generally, a transmission with several clutches can be called a multi

clutch transmission. For example, the Koenigsegg Jesko has a transmission
with one clutch per gear,[4] making up for a total of 7 clutches.[5]

Q.33 Explain working principle of hydraulic system.

Ans
Hydraulic systems work based on the principle of Pascal’s law, developed
in the 17th century by French mathematician and scientist Blaise Pascal.
Pascal’s law states that pressure applied to an enclosed fluid will be
transmitted without a change to every point of the fluid and to the walls of
the container. The pressure at any point in the fluid is equal in all
directions.

Engineers use Pascal’s law to design hydraulic systems to convert

mechanical energy to fluid power. The key components in a hydraulic
system are – the pump, motor, valves, hoses, filter, and reservoir.

Q.34 Describe the five qualities of steering system.

Ans Less farmer fatigue
Trying to drive a tractor along straight lines all day is incredibly tiring,
which is why farmers who work without autosteer systems quickly get
fatigued and the quality of their work gets worse. Automatic steering
prevents this.
No overlap between passes
No matter how hard you try, it’s impossible to avoid overlap when guiding
a tractor manually. Even a small overlap of a few inches can add up if
there are hundreds of rows on your field. Using an autosteer system allows
you to eliminate overlaps and gaps between rows.
Lower expenses
Automatic steering systems allow farmers to save a significant amount of
money by reducing the usage of resources. For instance, since autosteer
systems eliminate overlaps during agricultural operations, farmers use less
fuel and time to cover each section of the field. Plus, they allow agriculture
professionals to use less fertilizers, pesticides, seeds, etc. For instance,
farmers can save around 120 euro per hectare by installing a FieldBee
automatic steering system on their tractors. Similarly, economists from the
University of Kentucky have found that the use of autosteer tractor
guidance on farms increased net returns by up to $3.35 per acre.
Reduced use of chemicals
Overuse of fertilizers and pesticides is a common issue many farmers
battle. By reducing the amount of chemicals used in your fields you can
save money, make your operation more eco-friendly, and improve yields,
as each plant will get the precise amount of fertilizer, herbicide, etc.
necessary.
Final thoughts
Today, automatic steering systems are not optional, they are a must for
every farmer who wants to stay competitive and keep costs low. Learn
about affordable autosteer solutions from FieldBee and improve the way
you farm today.

SECTION-D
Note: Long answer type questions. Attempt any two questions out of three
questions. (2x10=20)
Q.36 Describe the working of hydraulic control levers, other uses of
hydraulic control system. (CO2)
Working principle: The working principle of hydraulic system is based on
pascal's law. This law states that the pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is
transmitted equally in all directions. Small force acting on small area can
produce higher force on a surface of larger area

BASIC COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMM 9 L 27 pascal law

The basic components are:

(i) Hydraulic pump

(ii) Hydraulic cylinder and piston

(iii) Hydraulic tank

(iv) Control valve

(v) Safety valve

(vi) Hose pipe and fittings and

(vii) Lifting arms.

Operation: The hydraulic pump draws up oil from the oil reservoir and sends it
to the control valve under high pressure. From the M 9 L 27 systemcontrol
valve, the oil goes to the hydraulic cylinder to operate the piston, which in turn,
raises the lifting arms. The lifting arms are attached with implements. The
hydraulic pump is operated by suitable gears, connected with engine.
There are two types of arrangements for storing hydraulic oil in the system:

(i) There is a common oil reservoir for hydraulic system and the transmission
system in some tractors,

(ii) There is a special tank for hydraulic oil. It is separate from the transmission
chamber.

Hydraulic pump: There are several types of hydraulic pump, such as gear pump,
plunger pump, vane pump, and screw pump. Gear pump is widely used in
tractors. Gear pump can flow a bigger amount of oil, compared to plunger
pump. The oil pressure in the pump varies from 150 to 200 kg/cm2.Schema

Hydraulic cylinder: It is a bigger size cylinder, fitted with a piston and a

connecting rod. It is also called ram cylinder. The connecting rod transmits
power from the piston to the lifting arms. Piston moves in the hydraulic cylinder
and causes reciprocating motion in the cylinder. The lifting arms are raised by
the hydraulic pressure while raising the implement but it is lowered by its own
weight.

Hydraulic tank: Hydraulic tank is used for storing hydraulic oil for the system.
In some tractors, transmission chamber itself works as a hydraulic tank and
same oil is used for transmission system as well as hydraulic system. In some
tractors, separate tank is there for hydraulic oil.

Control valve: Control valve is a type of valve, which controls the movement of
hydraulic oil to have desired direction, magnitude and speed of lifting. Thus the
control valve is to perform three functions:

(1) to change the direction of lifting

(2) to change the power of lifting and

(3) to change the speed of lifting.

Oil filter: It is small filter, located at a convenient position in the passage of the
oil.

TYPES OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

There are three important methods in hydraulic control system:

(i) Position control

(ii) Draft control

(iii) Mixed control.

Position control: In this system, constant depth of ploughing is maintained by

automatic adjustment of draft of tractor. In this system the control valve can be
operated directly by the driver to raise lower or hold an implement, mounted on
the linkage at any chosen height.

Draft control: In this system, the working depth of any implement can be
controlled continuously without the need for a depth wheel on the implement.
The hydraulic control valve reacts to changes in the loading in either the top or
lower links which arc due to changes in the draft or pull required by the
implement. If any implement goes too deep its draft increases. This increase is
sensed through the top link or lower links. The control system then raises the
implement until the draft is back to the present level and the implement is at the
original depth again using the draft control system.
Q.37 Explain periodic maintenance procedure of tractor, faults and
rectification. (CO4)
ANS Periodic maintenance practices on a tractor can help ensure its proper
functioning and extend its lifespan. Here are six essential maintenance
practices:

Regular Oil Changes: Changing the engine oil and oil filter at
recommended intervals is crucial for maintaining proper lubrication and
preventing engine damage. Consult the tractor's manual for the
manufacturer's recommendations on oil change frequency.
Air Filter Cleaning/Replacement: The air filter prevents dust and debris
from entering the engine. Cleaning or replacing the air filter periodically,
especially in dusty environments, helps maintain optimal engine
performance and fuel efficiency.
Fuel Filter Replacement: The fuel filter removes impurities from the fuel
before it reaches the engine. Over time, the filter can become clogged,
affecting fuel flow and engine performance. Regularly replacing the fuel
filter helps ensure a clean fuel supply.
Tire Maintenance: Check tire pressure regularly and adjust it as needed.
Proper tire inflation ensures good traction, reduces soil compaction, and
promotes fuel efficiency. Inspect tires for signs of wear and replace them
when necessary.
Battery Maintenance: Check the battery's terminals for corrosion and clean
them if needed. Ensure the battery is securely mounted and its connections
are tight. Periodically test the battery's voltage and charge it as necessary
to maintain optimal performance.
Inspection and Lubrication: Conduct regular inspections of the tractor's
components, including belts, hoses, bearings, and moving parts. Look for
signs of wear, damage, or loose connections. Lubricate moving parts
according to the manufacturer's recommendations to reduce friction and
prevent premature wear.
It's important to consult the specific tractor model's manual for detailed
maintenance instructions tailored to that particular machine. Following the
recommended maintenance schedule will help keep your tractor in good
working condition and minimize the risk of breakdowns or costly repairs

Q.38 Explain working, limitation and applications of Fork Lift Truck

OR Crane with figure.
ANS Forklift is a small industrial vehicle, having a power operated forked
platform attached at the front that can be raised and lowered for insertion
under a cargo to lift or move it. Forklifts serve the needs of various
industries including warehouses and other large storage facilities.

Forklifts are powered by electric battery or combustion engines. Some

Forklifts allow the operators to sit while driving and operating the machine
while others require the operator to stand. It is being extensively used
throughout the industry for transporting materials and goods.

Let’s discuss the key Components of Forklift, Forklift Mechanism, and its
Applications in detail.
Key Components of Forklift You Need To Know
Forklift consists of variety of components required to handle the task
effectively. From Truck Frame, power source to counterweight are
essential for the forklift to function efficiently.

Truck Frame
Truck Frame is the most vital component which forms the base of the
machine. All of the key components of the forklift including wheels,
counterweight and mast are attached to the truck frame.
Forklift_Truck frame

Counterweight
The Counterweight is a cast iron weight attached to the rear part of the
forklift. The aim of the counterweight is to counter balance the load that is
being lifted. On Electric Forklift, Counterweight is fixed to the lead-acid
battery.

Forklift

Power Source
The forklift’s power source consists of an internal combustion engine. The
engine can be fueled by LPG, CNG, diesel and natural gas. Electric
Forklifts derive power from fuel cells or Lead Acid Batteries.

Forklift battery power

Carriage
The carriage serves as the base to the forklift. The Carriage is fixed on
mast rails so that it can be easily moved upward and downwardMast
The Mast is a vertical part that lifts up and pushes down the loads. The
Mast component consists of Interlocking Rails that offers horizontal
control. Like Carriage, Mast may be equipped with rollers.
How a Forklift Works?
Forklifts derive their power from two entwining mechanisms:
A Pair Of Hydraulic Cylinders
A Pair Of Roller Chain Pulleys
Controls
forklift hydrolic cylinder

Lifting Mechanism: Hydraulic Cylinders

The lift handle is attached to an electrical air pump at the base of the
forklift. Once the handle is pressed, it triggers the air pump that draws the
outside air through a filter and forces it into a tube reaching to the
hydraulic cylinders.

A hydraulic cylinder comprise of a hollow tube closed at one end with a

flexible lubricated piston fitting into the other. Air gets entrapped through
the base of the cylinder that allows gasses to enter without leaking them
out.

The volume of gas in the cylinder raises the pressure inside it. The
pressure applied to the area of the piston head generates an upward force.
This force causes the piston to move up, increasing the volume of the gas
and minimizing the pressure. It creates physical equilibrium at the forklift
height and an equivalent force from the Gas and the Forklift’s Load.

To Elevate The Load

The Operator pushes the handle in a forward direction, signaling the
forklift to pump excess air to the cylinders.

To Lower the load

The operator pulls the handle in backward direction that signals a special
valve to discharge gas from cylinders.