Shiv Chhatrapati Shikshan Sanstha’s

SANT TUKARAM NATIONAL MODEL SCHOOL, LATUR

CLASS: IX TRIANGLES Sub: Mathematics

Content:

1) Introduction
2) Main concepts and Sub-concepts
3) Gist of the Lesson
4) Video
5) Activity
6) Mind Map
7) Bibliography
8) Question Bank

Introduction
Triangle
A closed figure with three sides is called a Triangle. It has three vertex, sides and
Angles.
 Types of Triangle
1. There are three types of triangles on the basis of the length of the sides.

Name of Triangle Property Image

Scalene Length of all sides are different

Isosceles Length of two sides are equal

Equilateral Length of all three sides are equal

2. There are three types of triangles on the basis of angles.

Name of
Property Image
Triangle

Acute All the three angles are less than 90°

Obtuse One angle is greater than 90°

Right One angle is equal to 90°

 Main concepts:
1) Congruence of Triangles
2) Criteria for Congruence of Triangles
3) Some Properties of a Triangle
4) Some More Criteria for Congruence of Triangles
5) Inequalities in a Triangle

Gist of the chapter:

Congruence
If the shape and size of two figures are same then these are called Congruent.
1. Two circles are congruent if their radii are same.

2. Two squares are congruent if their sides are equal.

Congruence of Triangles
A triangle will be congruent if its corresponding sides and angles are equal.
The symbol of congruent is “≅”.
 AB = DE, BC = EF, AC = DF
m∠A = m∠D, m∠B = m∠E, m∠C = m∠F
Here ∆ABC ≅ ∆DEF
Criteria for Congruence of Triangles
S.No. Rule Meaning Figure

SAS (Side-Angle- If the two sides and the including angle of

1. Side) Congruence one triangle is equal to another triangle
rule then they are called congruent triangles.

ASA (Angle-Side- If the two angles and the including side of

2. Angle) Congruence one triangle is equal to another triangle
rule then they are called congruent triangles.

If any two pairs of angles and a pair of the

AAS (Angle-Angle-
corresponding side is equal in two
3. Side) Congruence
triangles then these are called congruent
rule
triangles.

If all the three sides of a triangle are equal

SSS (Side-Side-Side) with the three corresponding sides of
4.
Congruence rule another triangle then these are called
congruent triangles.

RHS (Right angle- If there are two right-angled triangles then

5. Hypotenuse-Side) they will be congruent if their hypotenuse
Congruence rule and any one side are equal.

Remark
1. SSA and ASS do not show the congruency of triangles.
2. AAA is also not the right condition to prove that the triangles are congruent.
Example
Find the ∠P, ∠R, ∠N and ∠M if ∆LMN ≅ ∆PQR.
Solution
If ∆ LMN ≅ ∆PQR, then
∠L=∠P
∠M =∠Q
∠N =∠R
So,
∠L=∠P = 105°
∠M =∠Q = 45°
∠M + ∠N + ∠L = 180° (Sum of three angles of a triangle is 180°)
45° + 105° + ∠N = 180°
∠N = 180°- 45° + 105°
∠N = 30°
∠N = ∠R = 30°
Some Properties of a Triangle
If a triangle has two equal sides then it is called an Isosceles Triangle.
1. Two angles opposite to the two equal sides of an isosceles triangle are also equal.
2. Two sides opposite to the equal angles of the isosceles triangle are also equal.
This is the converse of the above theorem.
Inequalities in a Triangle

Theorem 1: In a given triangle if two sides are unequal then the angle opposite to
the longer side will be larger.
a > b, if and only if ∠A > ∠B
Longer sides correspond to larger angles.
Theorem 2: In the given triangle, the side opposite to the larger angle will always be
longer. This is the converse of above theorem.
Theorem 3: The sum of any two sides of a triangle will always be greater than the
third side.

Example
Show whether the inequality theorem is applicable to this triangle or not?
The three sides are given as 7, 8 and 9.
According to inequality theorem, the sum of any two sides of a triangle will always
be greater than the third side.
Let’s check it
7+8>9
8+9>7
9+7>8
This shows that this theorem is applicable to all the triangles irrespective of the type
of triangle.

Mind Map
Reference Books:

1)RD Sharma( Dhanpatrai Publication)

2)S.Chand

3.)Reliable

Video: https://youtu.be/WpWHYiRFFvk

Activity:

To verify experimentally the different criteria for congruency of triangles using

triangle cut outs.

QUESTION BANK

NCERT Solutions

EXERCISE:7.1
1.In quadrilateral ACBD, AC = AD and AB bisects ∠A (See the given figure).
Show that ΔABC ≅ ΔABD. What can you say about BC and BD?

ANSWER:

In ΓABC and ΓABD,

AC = AD (Given)

∠CAB = ∠DAB (AB bisects ∠A)

AB = AB (Common)

∴ ΓABC ≅ ΓABD (By SAS congruence rule)

∴ BC = BD (By CPCT)

Therefore, BC and BD are of equal lengths.

2.ABCD is a quadrilateral in which AD = BC and ∠DAB = ∠CBA (See the given

figure). Prove that

(i) ΔABD ≅ ΔBAC

(ii) BD = AC

(iii) ∠ABD = ∠BAC.

ANSWER:

In ΓABD and ΓBAC,

AD = BC (Given)

∠DAB = ∠CBA (Given)

AB = BA (Common)

∴ ΓABD ≅ ΓBAC (By SAS congruence rule)

∴ BD = AC (By CPCT)

And, ∠ABD = ∠BAC (By CPCT)

3.AD and BC are equal perpendiculars to a line segment AB (See the given
figure). Show that CD bisects AB.

ANSWER:

In ΓBOC and ΓAOD,

∠BOC = ∠AOD (Vertically opposite angles)

∠CBO = ∠DAO (Each 90º)

BC = AD (Given)

∴ ΓBOC ≅ ΓAOD (AAS congruence rule)

∴ BO = AO (By CPCT)

⇒ CD bisects AB.

4.l and m are two parallel lines intersected by another pair of parallel
lines p and q (see the given figure). Show that ΔABC ≅ ΔCDA.

ANSWER:

In ΓABC and ΓCDA,

∠BAC = ∠DCA (Alternate interior angles, as p || q)

AC = CA (Common)

∠BCA = ∠DAC (Alternate interior angles, as l || m)

∴ ΓABC ≅ ΓCDA (By ASA congruence rule)

5.Line l is the bisector of an angle ∠A and B is any point on l. BP and BQ are

perpendiculars from B to the arms of ∠A (see the given figure). Show that:

(i) ΔAPB ≅ ΔAQB

(ii) BP = BQ or B is equidistant from the arms of ∠A.

ANSWER:

In ΓAPB and ΓAQB,

∠APB = ∠AQB (Each 90º)

∠PAB = ∠QAB (l is the angle bisector of ∠A)

AB = AB (Common)

∴ ΓAPB ≅ ΓAQB (By AAS congruence rule)

∴ BP = BQ (By CPCT)

Or, it can be said that B is equidistant from the arms of ∠A.

6.In the given figure, AC = AE, AB = AD and ∠BAD = ∠EAC. Show that BC = DE.

ANSWER:

It is given that ∠BAD = ∠EAC

∠BAD + ∠DAC = ∠EAC + ∠DAC

∠BAC = ∠DAE

In ΓBAC and ΓDAE,

AB = AD (Given)

∠BAC = ∠DAE (Proved above)

AC = AE (Given)

∴ ΓBAC ≅ ΓDAE (By SAS congruence rule)

∴ BC = DE (By CPCT)

7.AB is a line segment and P is its mid-point. D and E are points on the same
side of AB such that ∠BAD = ∠ABE and ∠EPA = ∠DPB (See the given figure).
Show that

(i) ΔDAP ≅ ΔEBP

(ii) AD = BE

ANSWER:

It is given that ∠EPA = ∠DPB

⇒ ∠EPA + ∠DPE = ∠DPB + ∠DPE

⇒ ∠DPA = ∠EPB

In DAP and EBP,

∠DAP = ∠EBP (Given)

AP = BP (P is mid-point of AB)

∠DPA = ∠EPB (From above)

∴ ΓDAP ≅ ΓEBP (ASA congruence rule)

∴ AD = BE (By CPCT)

8.In right triangle ABC, right angled at C, M is the mid-point of hypotenuse AB.
C is joined to M and produced to a point D such that DM = CM. Point D is
joined to point B (see the given figure). Show that:

(i) ΔAMC ≅ ΔBMD

(ii) ∠DBC is a right angle.

(iii) ΔDBC ≅ ΔACB

(iv) CM = AB
ANSWER:

(i) In ΓAMC and ΓBMD,

AM = BM (M is the mid-point of AB)

∠AMC = ∠BMD (Vertically opposite angles)

CM = DM (Given)

∴ ΓAMC ≅ ΓBMD (By SAS congruence rule)

∴ AC = BD (By CPCT)

And, ∠ACM = ∠BDM (By CPCT)

(ii) ∠ACM = ∠BDM

However, ∠ACM and ∠BDM are alternate interior angles.

Since alternate angles are equal,

It can be said that DB || AC

⇒ ∠DBC + ∠ACB = 180º (Co-interior angles)

⇒ ∠DBC + 90º = 180º

⇒ ∠DBC = 90º

(iii) In ΓDBC and ΓACB,

DB = AC (Already proved)

∠DBC = ∠ACB (Each 90 )

BC = CB (Common)

∴ ΓDBC ≅ ΓACB (SAS congruence rule)

(iv) ΓDBC ≅ ΓACB

∴ AB = DC (By CPCT)

⇒ AB = 2 CM

∴ CM = AB
 EXERCISE:7.2

1.In an isosceles triangle ABC, with AB = AC, the bisectors of ∠B and ∠C

intersect each other at O. Join A to O. Show that:

(i) OB = OC (ii) AO bisects ∠A

ANSWER:

(i) It is given that in triangle ABC, AB = AC

⇒ ∠ACB = ∠ABC (Angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle are equal)

⇒ ∠ACB = ∠ABC

⇒ ∠OCB = ∠OBC

⇒ OB = OC (Sides opposite to equal angles of a triangle are also equal)

(ii) In ΓOAB and ΓOAC,

AO =AO (Common)

AB = AC (Given)

OB = OC (Proved above)

Therefore, ΓOAB ≅ ΓOAC (By SSS congruence rule)

⇒ ∠BAO = ∠CAO (CPCT)

⇒ AO bisects ∠A.

2.In ΔABC, AD is the perpendicular bisector of BC (see the given figure). Show
that ΔABC is an isosceles triangle in which AB = AC.
ANSWER:

In ΓADC and ΓADB,

AD = AD (Common)

∠ADC =∠ADB (Each 90º)

CD = BD (AD is the perpendicular bisector of BC)

∴ ΓADC ≅ ΓADB (By SAS congruence rule)

∴AB = AC (By CPCT)

Therefore, ABC is an isosceles triangle in which AB = AC.

3.ABC is an isosceles triangle in which altitudes BE and CF are drawn to equal

sides AC and AB respectively (see the given figure). Show that these altitudes
are equal.

ANSWER:

In ΓAEB and ΓAFC,

∠AEB and ∠AFC (Each 90º)

∠A = ∠A (Common angle)

AB = AC (Given)

∴ ΓAEB ≅ ΓAFC (By AAS congruence rule)

⇒ BE = CF (By CPCT)
4.ABC is a triangle in which altitudes BE and CF to sides AC and AB are equal
(see the given figure). Show that

(i) ABE ≅ ACF

(ii) AB = AC, i.e., ABC is an isosceles triangle.

ANSWER:

(i) In ΓABE and ΓACF,

∠AEB = ∠AFC (Each 90º)

∠A = ∠A (Common angle)

BE = CF (Given)

∴ ΓABE ≅ ΓACF (By AAS congruence rule)

(ii) It has already been proved that

ΓABE ≅ ΓACF

⇒ AB = AC (By CPCT)

5.ABC and DBC are two isosceles triangles on the same base BC (see the
given figure). Show that ∠ABD = ∠ACD.
ANSWER:

Let us join AD.

In ΓABD and ΓACD,

AB = AC (Given)

BD = CD (Given)

AD = AD (Common side)

∴ ΓABD ΓACD (By SSS congruence rule)

⇒ ∠ABD = ∠ACD (By CPCT)

6.ΔABC is an isosceles triangle in which AB = AC. Side BA is produced to D

such that AD = AB (see the given figure). Show that ∠BCD is a right angle.

ANSWER:

In ΓABC,

AB = AC (Given)

⇒ ∠ACB = ∠ABC (Angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle are also equal)

In ΓACD,

AC = AD

⇒ ∠ADC = ∠ACD (Angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle are also equal)

In ΓBCD,

∠ABC + ∠BCD + ∠ADC = 180º (Angle sum property of a triangle)

⇒ ∠ACB + ∠ACB +∠ACD + ∠ACD = 180º

⇒ 2(∠ACB + ∠ACD) = 180º

⇒ 2(∠BCD) = 180º
⇒ ∠BCD = 90º

7.ABC is a right angled triangle in which ∠A = 90º and AB = AC. Find ∠B and
∠C.
ANSWER:

It is given that

AB = AC

⇒ ∠C = ∠B (Angles opposite to equal sides are also equal)

In ΓABC,

∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180º (Angle sum property of a triangle)

⇒ 90º + ∠B + ∠C = 180º

⇒ 90º + ∠B + ∠B = 180º

⇒ 2 ∠B = 90º

⇒ ∠B = 45º

∴ ∠B = ∠C = 45º

8.Show that the angles of an equilateral triangle are 60º each.

ANSWER:

Let us consider that ABC is an equilateral triangle.

Therefore, AB = BC = AC

AB = AC
⇒ ∠C = ∠B (Angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle are equal)

Also,

AC = BC

⇒ ∠B = ∠A (Angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle are equal)

Therefore, we obtain

∠A = ∠B = ∠C

In ΓABC,

∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°

⇒ ∠A + ∠A + ∠A = 180°

⇒ 3∠A = 180°

⇒ ∠A = 60°

⇒ ∠A = ∠B = ∠C = 60°

Hence, in an equilateral triangle, all interior angles are of measure 60º.

EXERCISE 7.3

1.ΔABC and ΔDBC are two isosceles triangles on the same base BC and
vertices A and D are on the same side of BC (see the given figure). If AD is
extended to intersect BC at P, show that

(i) ΔABD ≅ ΔACD

(ii) ΔABP ≅ ΔACP

(iii) AP bisects ∠A as well as ∠D.

(iv) AP is the perpendicular bisector of BC.

ANSWER:

(i) In ΓABD and ΓACD,

AB = AC (Given)

BD = CD (Given)

AD = AD (Common)

∴ ΓABD ≅ ΓACD (By SSS congruence rule)

⇒ ∠BAD = ∠CAD (By CPCT)

⇒ ∠BAP = ∠CAP …. (1)

(ii) In ΓABP and ΓACP,

AB = AC (Given)

∠BAP = ∠CAP [From equation (1)]

AP = AP (Common)

∴ ΓABP ≅ ΓACP (By SAS congruence rule)

⇒ BP = CP (By CPCT) … (2)

(iii) From equation (1),

∠BAP = ∠CAP

Hence, AP bisects ∠A.

In ΓBDP and ΓCDP,

BD = CD (Given)

DP = DP (Common)

BP = CP [From equation (2)]

∴ ΓBDP ≅ ΓCDP (By S.S.S. Congruence rule)

⇒ ∠BDP = ∠CDP (By CPCT) … (3)

Hence, AP bisects ∠D.

(iv) ΓBDP ≅ ΓCDP

∴ ∠BPD = ∠CPD (By CPCT) …. (4)

∠BPD + ∠CPD = 180 (Linear pair angles)

∠BPD + ∠BPD = 180

2∠BPD = 180 [From equation (4)]

∠BPD = 90 … (5)

From equations (2) and (5), it can be said that AP is the perpendicular bisector of BC

2.AD is an altitude of an isosceles triangles ABC in which AB = AC. Show that

(i) AD bisects BC (ii) AD bisects ∠A.

ANSWER:

(i) In ΓBAD and ΓCAD,

∠ADB = ∠ADC (Each 90º as AD is an altitude)

AB = AC (Given)

AD = AD (Common)

∴ΓBAD ≅ ΓCAD (By RHS Congruence rule)

⇒ BD = CD (By CPCT)

Hence, AD bisects BC.

(ii) Also, by CPCT,

∠BAD = ∠CAD

Hence, AD bisects ∠A.

3.Two sides AB and BC and median AM of one triangle ABC are respectively
equal to sides PQ and QR and median PN of ΔPQR (see the given figure).
Show that:
(i) ΔABM ≅ ΔPQN

(ii) ΔABC ≅ ΔPQR

ANSWER:

(i) In ΓABC, AM is the median to BC.

∴ BM = BC

In ΓPQR, PN is the median to QR.

∴ QN = QR

However, BC = QR

∴ BC = QR

⇒ BM = QN … (1)

In ΓABM and ΓPQN,

AB = PQ (Given)

BM = QN [From equation (1)]

AM = PN (Given)

∴ ΓABM ≅ ΓPQN (SSS congruence rule)

∠ABM = ∠PQN (By CPCT)

∠ABC = ∠PQR … (2)

(ii) In ΓABC and ΓPQR,

AB = PQ (Given)
∠ABC = ∠PQR [From equation (2)]

BC = QR (Given)

⇒ ΓABC ≅ ΓPQR (By SAS congruence rule)

4.BE and CF are two equal altitudes of a triangle ABC. Using RHS congruence
rule, prove that the triangle ABC is isosceles.
ANSWER:

In ΓBEC and ΓCFB,

∠BEC = ∠CFB (Each 90°)

BC = CB (Common)

BE = CF (Given)

∴ ΓBEC ≅ ΓCFB (By RHS congruency)

⇒ ∠BCE = ∠CBF (By CPCT)

∴ AB = AC (Sides opposite to equal angles of a triangle are equal)

Hence, ΓABC is isosceles.

5.ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB = AC. Drawn AP ⊥ BC to show that ∠B =

∠C.
ANSWER:
In ΓAPB and ΓAPC,

∠APB = ∠APC (Each 90º)

AB =AC (Given)

AP = AP (Common)

∴ ΓAPB ≅ ΓAPC (Using RHS congruence rule)

⇒ ∠B = ∠C (By using CPCT)

EXERCISE: 7.4

1.Show that in a right angled triangle, the hypotenuse is the longest side.
ANSWER:

Let us consider a right-angled triangle ABC, right-angled at B.

In ΓABC,

∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180° (Angle sum property of a triangle)

∠A + 90º + ∠C = 180°

∠A + ∠C = 90°

Hence, the other two angles have to be acute (i.e., less than 90º).

∴ ∠B is the largest angle in ΓABC.

⇒ ∠B > ∠A and ∠B > ∠C

⇒ AC > BC and AC > AB

[In any triangle, the side opposite to the larger (greater) angle is longer.]

Therefore, AC is the largest side in ΓABC.

However, AC is the hypotenuse of ΓABC. Therefore, hypotenuse is the longest side
in a right-angled triangle.

2.In the given figure sides AB and AC of ΔABC are extended to points P and Q
respectively. Also, ∠PBC < ∠QCB. Show that AC > AB.

ANSWER:

In the given figure,

∠ABC + ∠PBC = 180° (Linear pair)

⇒ ∠ABC = 180° − ∠PBC ... (1)

Also,

∠ACB + ∠QCB = 180°

∠ACB = 180° − ∠QCB … (2)

As ∠PBC < ∠QCB,

⇒ 180º − ∠PBC > 180º − ∠QCB

⇒ ∠ABC > ∠ACB [From equations (1) and (2)]

⇒ AC > AB (Side opposite to the larger angle is larger.)

3.In the given figure, ∠B < ∠A and ∠C < ∠D. Show that AD < BC.

ANSWER:

In ΓAOB,
∠B < ∠A

⇒ AO < BO (Side opposite to smaller angle is smaller) ... (1)

In ΓCOD,

∠C < ∠D

⇒ OD < OC (Side opposite to smaller angle is smaller) ... (2)

On adding equations (1) and (2), we obtain

AO + OD < BO + OC

AD < BC

4.AB and CD are respectively the smallest and longest sides of a quadrilateral
ABCD (see the given figure). Show that ∠A > ∠C and ∠B > ∠D.

ANSWER:

Let us join AC.

In ΓABC,

AB < BC (AB is the smallest side of quadrilateral ABCD)

∴ ∠2 < ∠1 (Angle opposite to the smaller side is smaller) ... (1)

In ΓADC,

AD < CD (CD is the largest side of quadrilateral ABCD)

∴ ∠4 < ∠3 (Angle opposite to the smaller side is smaller) ... (2)

On adding equations (1) and (2), we obtain

∠2 + ∠4 < ∠1 + ∠3

⇒ ∠C < ∠A

⇒ ∠A > ∠C

Let us join BD.

In ΓABD,

AB < AD (AB is the smallest side of quadrilateral ABCD)

∴ ∠8 < ∠5 (Angle opposite to the smaller side is smaller) ... (3)

In ΓBDC,

BC < CD (CD is the largest side of quadrilateral ABCD)

∴ ∠7 < ∠6 (Angle opposite to the smaller side is smaller) ... (4)

On adding equations (3) and (4), we obtain

∠8 + ∠7 < ∠5 + ∠6

⇒ ∠D < ∠B

⇒ ∠B > ∠D

5.In the given figure, PR > PQ and PS bisects ∠QPR. Prove that ∠PSR >∠PSQ.
ANSWER:

As PR > PQ,

∴ ∠PQR > ∠PRQ (Angle opposite to larger side is larger) ... (1)

PS is the bisector of ∠QPR.

∴∠QPS = ∠RPS ... (2)

∠PSR is the exterior angle of ΓPQS.

∴ ∠PSR = ∠PQR + ∠QPS ... (3)

∠PSQ is the exterior angle of ΓPRS.

∴ ∠PSQ = ∠PRQ + ∠RPS ... (4)

Adding equations (1) and (2), we obtain

∠PQR + ∠QPS > ∠PRQ + ∠RPS

⇒ ∠PSR > ∠PSQ [Using the values of equations (3) and (4)]

6.Show that of all line segments drawn from a given point not on it, the
perpendicular line segment is the shortest.
ANSWER:

Let us take a line l and from point P (i.e., not on line l), draw two line segments PN
and PM. Let PN be perpendicular to line l and PM is drawn at some other angle.

In ΓPNM,

∠N = 90º

∠P + ∠N + ∠M = 180º (Angle sum property of a triangle)

∠P + ∠M = 90º

Clearly, ∠M is an acute angle.

∴ ∠M < ∠N

⇒ PN < PM (Side opposite to the smaller angle is smaller)

Similarly, by drawing different line segments from P to l, it can be proved that PN is

smaller in comparison to them.

Therefore, it can be observed that of all line segments drawn from a given point not
on it, the perpendicular line segment is the shortest.

EXERCISE 7.5

1.ABC is a triangle. Locate a point in the interior of ΔABC which is equidistant

from all the vertices of ΔABC.
ANSWER:

Circumcentre of a triangle is always equidistant from all the vertices of that triangle.
Circumcentre is the point where perpendicular bisectors of all the sides of the
triangle meet together.

In ΓABC, we can find the circumcentre by drawing the perpendicular bisectors of

sides AB, BC, and CA of this triangle. O is the point where these bisectors are
meeting together. Therefore, O is the point which is equidistant from all the vertices
of ΓABC.

2.In a triangle locate a point in its interior which is equidistant from all the
sides of the triangle.
ANSWER:

The point which is equidistant from all the sides of a triangle is called the incentre of
the triangle. Incentre of a triangle is the intersection point of the angle bisectors of
the interior angles of that triangle.
Here, in ΓABC, we can find the incentre of this triangle by drawing the angle
bisectors of the interior angles of this triangle. I is the point where these angle
bisectors are intersecting each other. Therefore, I is the point equidistant from all the
sides of ΓABC.

3.In a huge park people are concentrated at three points (see the given figure)

A: where there are different slides and swings for children,

B: near which a man-made lake is situated,

C: which is near to a large parking and exit.

Where should an ice-cream parlour be set up so that maximum number of persons

can approach it?

(Hint: The parlor should be equidistant from A, B and C)

ANSWER:

Maximum number of persons can approach the ice-cream parlour if it is equidistant

from A, B and C. Now, A, B and C form a triangle. In a triangle, the circumcentre is
the only point that is equidistant from its vertices. So, the ice-cream parlour should
be set up at the circumcentre O of ΓABC.
In this situation, maximum number of persons can approach it. We can find
circumcentre O of this triangle by drawing perpendicular bisectors of the sides of this
triangle

4.Complete the hexagonal and star shaped rangolies (see the given figures) by
filling them with as many equilateral triangles of side 1 cm as you can. Count
the number of triangles in each case. Which has more triangles?

ANSWER:

It can be observed that hexagonal-shaped rangoli has 6 equilateral triangles in it.

Area of ΓOAB

Area of hexagonal-shaped rangoli

Star-shaped rangoli has 12 equilateral triangles of side 5 cm in it.

Area of star-shaped rangoli =

Therefore, star-shaped rangoli has more equilateral triangles in it.

Question Bank as per the paper pattern

1 Mark questions:

1.Find the measure of each exterior angle of an equilateral triangle.

Solution:
We know that each interior angle of an equilateral triangle is 60°.
∴ Each exterior angle = 180° – 60° = 120°

2.If in ∆ABC, ∠A = ∠B + ∠C, then write the shape of the given triangle.
Solution:
Here, ∠A = ∠B + ∠C
And in ∆ABC, by angle sum property, we have
∠A + ∠B + C = 180°
⇒ ∠A + ∠A = 180°
⇒ 2∠A = 180°
⇒ ∠A = 90°
Hence, the given triangle is a right triangle.

3.In ∆PQR, PQ = QR and ∠R = 50°, then find the measure of ∠Q.

Solution:
Here, in ∆PQR, PQ = QR
⇒ ∠R = ∠P = 50° (given)
Now, ∠P + ∠Q + ∠R = 180°
50° + ∠Q + 50° = 180°
⇒ ∠Q = 180° – 50° – 50°
= 80°

4.If ∆SKY ≅ ∆MON by SSS congruence rule, then write three equalities of
corresponding angles.
Solution:
Since ∆SKY ≅ ∆MON by SSS congruence rule, then three equalities of
corresponding angles
are ∠S = ∠M, ∠K = ∠O and ∠Y = ∠N.

5.Is ∆ABC possible, if AB = 6 cm, BC = 4 cm and AC = 1.5 cm ?

Solution:
Since 4 + 1.5 = 5.5 ≠ 6
Thus, triangle is not possible.

6.In ∆MNO, if ∠N = 90°, then write the longest side.

Solution:
We know that, side opposite to the largest angle is longest.
∴ Longest side = MO.

7.In ∆ABC, if AB = AC and ∠B = 70°, find ∠A.

Solution:
Here, in ∆ABC AB = AC ∠C = ∠B [∠s opp. to equal sides of a ∆)
Now, ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°
⇒ ∠A + 70° + 70° = 180° [∵ ∠B = 70°]
⇒ ∠A = 180° – 70° – 70° = 40°

8.In ∆ABC, if AD is a median, then show that AB + AC > 2AD.

Solution:

Produce AD to E, such that AD = DE.

In ∆ADB and ∆EDC, we have
BD = CD, AD = DE and ∠1 = ∠2
∆ADB ≅ ∆EDC
AB = CE
Now, in ∆AEC, we have
AC + CE > AE
AC + AB > AD + DE
AB + AC > 2AD [∵ AD = DE]

2 Mark questions:

1.In the given figure, AD = BC and BD = AC, prove that ∠DAB = ∠CBA.
Solution:

In ∆DAB and ∆CBA, we have

AD = BC [given]
BD = AC [given]
AB = AB [common]
∴ ∆DAB ≅ ∆CBA [by SSS congruence axiom]
Thus, ∠DAB =∠CBA [c.p.c.t.]

2.In the given figure, ∆ABD and ABCD are isosceles triangles on the same
base BD. Prove that ∠ABC = ∠ADC.
Solution:

In ∆ABD, we have
AB = AD (given)
∠ABD = ∠ADB [angles opposite to equal sides are equal] …(i)
In ∆BCD, we have
CB = CD
⇒ ∠CBD = ∠CDB [angles opposite to equal sides are equal] … (ii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we have
∠ABD + ∠CBD = ∠ADB + ∠CDB
⇒ ∠ABC = ∠ADC

3.In the given figure, if ∠1 = ∠2 and ∠3 = ∠4, then prove that BC = CD.
Solution:

In ∆ABC and ACDA, we have

∠1 = ∠2 (given)
AC = AC [common]
∠3 = ∠4 [given]
So, by using ASA congruence axiom
∆ABC ≅ ∆CDA
Since corresponding parts of congruent triangles are equal
∴ BC = CD

4.In the given figure, ∠B < ∠A and ∠C < ∠D. Show that AD < BC.

Solution:
Here, ∠B < ∠A
⇒ AO < BO …..(i)
and ∠C < ∠D
⇒ OD < CO …..(ii)
[∴ side opposite to greater angle is longer]
Adding (i) and (ii), we obtain
AO + OD < BO + CO
AD < BC

5.In the given figure, AC > AB and D is a point on AC such that AB = AD. Show
that BC > CD.
Solution:
Here, in ∆ABD, AB = AD
∠ABD = ∠ADB
[∠s opp. to equal sides of a ∆]
In ∆BAD
ext. ∠BDC = ∠BAD + ∠ABD
⇒ ∠BDC > ∠ABD ….(ii)
Also, in ∆BDC .
ext. ∠ADB > ∠CBD …(iii)
From (ii) and (iii), we have
∠BDC > CD [∵ sides opp. to greater angle is larger]

6.In a triangle ABC, D is the mid-point of side AC such that BD = 12 AC. Show
that ∠ABC is a right angle.
Solution:

Here, in ∆ABC, D is the mid-point of AC.

⇒ AD = CD = 12AC …(i)
Also, BD = 12AC… (ii) [given]
From (i) and (ii), we obtain
AD = BD and CD = BD
⇒ ∠2 = ∠4 and ∠1 = ∠3 …..(iii)
In ∆ABC, we have
∠ABC + ∠ACB + ∠CAB = 180°
⇒ ∠1 + ∠2 + ∠3 + ∠4 = 180°
⇒ ∠1 + ∠2 + ∠1 + ∠2 = 180° [using (iii)]
⇒ 2(∠1 + ∠2) = 180°
⇒ ∠1 + ∠2 = 90°
Hence, ∠ABC = 90°

3 Mark questions:
1.ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB = AC. P and Q are points on AB and AC
respectively such that AP = AQ. Prove that CP = BQ.
Solution:

In ∆ABQ and ∆ACP, we have

AB = AC (given)
∠BAQ = ∠CAP [common]
AQ = AP (given)
∴ By SAS congruence criteria, we have
∆ABQ ≅ ∆ACP

2.In the given figure, ∆ABC and ∆DBC are two isosceles triangles on the same
base BC and vertices A and D are on the same side of BC, AD is extended to
intersect BC at P. Show that : (i) ∆ABD ≅ ∆ACD (ii) ∆ABP ≅ ∆ACP

Solution:
(i) In ∆ABD and ∆ACD
AB = AC [given]
BD = CD [given]
AD = AD [common)]
∴ By SSS congruence axiom, we have
∆ABD ≅ ∆ACD
(ii) In ∆ABP and ∆ACP
AB = AC [given]
∠BAP = ∠CAP [c.p.cit. as ∆ABD ≅ ∆ACD]
AP = AP [common]
∴ By SAS congruence axiom, we have
∆ABP ≅ ∆ACP
3.In the given figure, it is given that AE = AD and BD = CE. Prove that ∆AEB ≅
∆ADC.

Solution:
We have AE = AD … (i)
and CE = BD … (ii)
On adding (i) and (ii),
we have AE + CE = AD + BD
⇒ AC = AB
Now, in ∆AEB and ∆ADC,
we have AE = AD [given]
AB = AC [proved above]
∠A = ∠A [common]
∴ By SAS congruence axiom, we have
∆AEB = ∆ADC

4.In the given figure, in ∆ABC, ∠B = 30°, ∠C = 65° and the bisector of ∠A meets
BC in X. Arrange AX, BX and CX in ascending order of magnitude.

Solution:
Here, AX bisects ∠BAC.
∴ ∠BAX = ∠CAX = x (say)
Now, ∠A + ∠B + C = 180° [angle sum property of a triangle]
⇒ 2x + 30° + 65° = 180°
⇒ 2x + 95 = 180°
⇒ 2x = 180° – 95°
⇒ 2x = 85°
⇒ x = 85∘2 = 42.59
In ∆ABX, we have x > 30°
BAX > ∠ABX
⇒ BX > AX (side opp. to larger angle is greater)
⇒ AX < BX
Also, in ∆ACX, we have 65° > x
⇒ ∠ACX > ∠CAX
⇒ AX > CX [side opp. to larger angle is greater]
⇒ CX > AX … (ii)
Hence, from (i) and (ii), we have
CX < AX < BX

5.In figure, „S‟ is any point on the side QR of APQR. Prove that PQ + QR + RP >
2PS.

Solution:
In ∆PQS, we have
PQ + QS > PS …(i)
[∵ sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side]
In ∆PRS, we have
RP + RS > PS …(ii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we have
PQ + (QS + RS) + RP > 2PS
Hence, PQ + QR + RP > 2PS. [∵ QS + RS = QR]

6.If two isosceles triangles have a common base, prove that the line joining
their vertices bisects them at right angles.
Solution:
Here, two triangles ABC and BDC having the common
base BC, such that AB = AC and DB = DC.
Now, in ∆ABD and ∆ACD

AB = AC [given]
BD = CD [given]
AD = AD [common]
∴ ΓABD ≅ ΓΑCD [by SSS congruence axiom]
⇒ ∠1 = ∠2 [c.p.c.t.]
Again, in ∆ABE and ∆ACE, we have
AB = AC [given]
∠1 = ∠2 [proved above]
AE = AE [common]
∆ABE = ∆ACE [by SAS congruence axiom]
BE = CE [c.p.c.t.]
and ∠3 = ∠4 [c.p.c.t.]
But ∠3 + ∠4 = 180° [a linear pair]
⇒ ∠3 = ∠4 = 90°
Hence, AD bisects BC at right angles
 5. Mark questions:

1.In the given figure, AP and DP are bisectors of two adjacent angles A and D
of quadrilateral ABCD. Prove that 2 ∠APD = ∠B + 2C.

Solution:
Here, AP and DP are angle bisectors of ∠A and ∠D
∴ ∠DAP = 12∠DAB and ∠ADP = 12∠ADC ……(i)
In ∆APD, ∠APD + ∠DAP + ∠ADP = 180°
⇒ ∠APD + 12 ∠DAB + 12∠ADC = 180°
⇒ ∠APD = 180° – 12(∠DAB + ∠ADC)
⇒ 2∠APD = 360° – (∠DAB + ∠ADC) ……(ii)
Also, ∠A + ∠B + C + ∠D = 360°
∠B + 2C = 360° – (∠A + ∠D)
∠B + C = 360° – (∠DAB + ∠ADC) ……(iii)
From (ii) and (iii), we obtain
2∠APD = ∠B + ∠C

2.In figure, ABCD is a square and EF is parallel to diagonal BD and EM = FM.

Prove that
(i) DF = BE (i) AM bisects ∠BAD.

Solution:
(i) EF || BD = ∠1 = ∠2 and ∠3 = ∠4 [corresponding ∠s]
Also, ∠2 = ∠4
⇒ ∠1 = ∠3
⇒ CE = CF (sides opp. to equals ∠s of a ∆]
∴ DF = BE [∵ BC – CE = CD – CF)
(ii) In ∆ADF and ∆ABE, we have
AD = AB [sides of a square]
DF = BE [proved above]
∠D = ∠B = 90°
⇒ ∆ADF ≅ ∆ABE [by SAS congruence axiom]
⇒ AF = AE and ∠5 = ∠6 … (i) [c.p.c.t.]
In ∆AMF and ∆AME
AF = AE [proved above]
AM = AM [common]
FM = EM (given)
∴ ∆AMF ≅ ∆AME [by SSS congruence axiom]
∴ ∠7 = ∠8 …(ii) [c.p.c.t.]
Adding (i) and (ii), we have
∠5 + ∠7 = ∠6 + ∠8
∠DAM = ∠BAM
∴ AM bisects ∠BAD.

3.In right triangle ABC, right-angled at C, M is the mid-point of hypotenuse AB.

C is joined to M and produced to a point D such that DM = CM. Point D is
joined to point B (see fig.). Show that : (i) ∆AMC ≅ ∆BMD (ii) ∠DBC = 90° (ii)
∆DBC ≅ ∆ACB (iv) CM = 12AB

Solution:
Given : ∆ACB in which 4C = 90° and M is the mid-point of AB.
To Prove :
(i) ∆AMC ≅ ∆BMD
(ii) ∠DBC = 90°
(iii) ∆DBC ≅ ∆ACB
(iv) CM = 12AB
Proof : Consider ∆AMC and ∆BMD,
we have AM = BM [given]
CM = DM [by construction]
∠AMC = ∠BMD [vertically opposite angles]
∴ ∆AMC ≅ ∆BMD [by SAS congruence axiom]
⇒ AC = DB …(i) [by c.p.c.t.]
and ∠1 = ∠2 [by c.p.c.t.]
But ∠1 and ∠2 are alternate angles.
⇒ BD || CA
Now, BD || CA and BC is transversal.
∴ ∠ACB + ∠CBD = 180°
⇒ 90° + CBD = 180°
⇒ ∠CBD = 90°
In ∆DBC and ∆ACB,
we have CB = BC [common]
DB = AC [using (i)]
∠CBD = ∠BCA
∴ ∆DBC ≅ ∆ACB
⇒ DC = AB
⇒ 12AB = 12DC
⇒ 12AB = CM or CM = 12AB (∵ CM = 12DC)

4.In figure, ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB = AC. D is a point in the

interior of ∆ABC such that ∠BCD = ∠CBD. Prove that AD bisects ∠BAC of
∆ABC.

Solution:
In ∆BDC, we have ∠DBC = ∠DCB (given).
⇒ CD = BD (sides opp. to equal ∠s of ∆DBC)
Now, in ∆ABD and ∆ACD,
we have AB = AC [given]
BD = CD [proved above]
AD = AD [common]
∴ By using SSS congruence axiom, we obtain
∆ABD ≅ ∆ACD
⇒ ∠BAD = ∠CAD [c.p.ç.t.]
Hence, AD bisects ∠BAC of ∆ABC.

5.Prove that two triangles are congruent if any two angles and the included
side of one triangle is equal to any two angles and the included side of the
other triangle.
Solution:
Given : Two As ABC and DEF in which
∠B = ∠E,
∠C = ∠F and BC = EF
To Prove : ∆ABC = ∆DEF
Proof : We have three possibilities
Case I. If AB = DE,
we have AB = DE,
∠B = ∠E and BC = EF.
So, by SAS congruence axiom, we have ∆ABC ≅ ∆DEF

Case II. If AB < ED, then take a point Mon ED

such that EM = AB.
Join MF.
Now, in ∆ABC and ∆MEF,
we have
AB = ME, ∠B = ∠E and BC = EF.
So, by SAS congruence axiom,
we have ΓΑΒC ≅ ΓΜEF
⇒ ∠ACB = ∠MFE
But ∠ACB = ∠DFE
∴ ∠MFE = ∠DFE

Which is possible only when FM coincides with B FD i.e., M coincides with D.

Thus, AB = DE
∴ In ∆ABC and ∆DEF, we have
AB = DE,
∠B = ∠E and BC = EF
So, by SAS congruence axiom, we have
∆ABC ≅ ∆DEF
Case III. When AB > ED
Take a point M on ED produced
such that EM = AB.
Join MF
Proceeding as in Case II, we can prove that
∆ABC = ∆DEF
Hence, in all cases, we have
∆ABC = ∆DEF.

6.Show that the difference of any two sides of a triangle is less than the third
side.
Solution:

Consider a triangle ABC

To Prove :
(i) AC – AB < BC
(ii) BC – AC < AB
(iii) BC – AB < AC
Construction : Take a point D on AC
such that AD = AB.
Join BD.
Proof : In ∆ABD, we have ∠3 > ∠1 …(i)
[∵ exterior ∠ is greater than each of interior opposite angle in a ∆]
Similarly, in ∆BCD, we have
∠2 > ∠4 …..(ii) [∵ ext. ∠ is greater then interior opp. angle in a ∆]
In ∆ABD, we have
AD = AB [by construction]
∠1 = ∠2 …(iii) [angles opp. to equal sides are equal in a triangle]
From (i), (ii) and (iii), we have
⇒ ∠3 > ∠4 =
⇒ BC > CD
⇒ CD < BC
AC – AD < BC
AC – AB < BC [∵ AD = AB]
Hence, AC – AB < BC
Similarly, we can prove
BC – AC < AB
and BC – AB < AC
7.In the figure, O is the interior point of ∆ABC. BO meets AC at D. Show that
OB + OC < AB + AC.

Solution:
In ∆ABD, AB + AD > BD …(i)
∵ The sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side. Also, we have
BD = BO + OD
AB + AD > BO + OD ….(ii)
Similarly, in ∆COD, we have
OD + DC > OC … (iii)
On adding (ii) and (iii), we have
AB + AD + OD + DC > BO + OD + OC
⇒ AB + AD + DC > BO + OC
⇒ AB + AC > OB + OC
or OB + OC < AB + AC
Hence, proved.

THE END