Project Work Economics 12

According to Latest Syllabus and Guidelines prescribed by the
Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi

for the Academic year 2022-23.
Project Work in
Economics
By
Vaishali Jain
M.Com. (Delhi School of Economics), B.Ed.
For Class
XII
Ex-Faculty, KIIT World School, Delhi
Edited by
Suman Lata
M.Com., B.Ed., M.Phil
G.D. Goenka Public School, Rohini, Delhi
Karanjeet Singh
Goyal Brothers Prakashan

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Due care and diligence has been taken while writing, editing and printing the book. Neither
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Edition : May, 2022
Price : ` 299
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Preface
Project work is a learning experience which aims to provide students the opportunity to synthesise
knowledge from various areas of learning. It is a series of activities that allows students to do research
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and act by using their aptitudes, interests, personal experience and abilities. In the project work,
students learn how to take initiative and responsibility, build confidence, solve problems, work in teams,
communicate ideas, and manage themselves effectively. Keeping this in mind the CBSE has introduced
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Project work in Economics for the first time in Class XII for 2018 and onwards CBSE examinations.
We are pleased to present our book Project Work in Economics for the students preparing for class
XII CBSE Examinations. This book strictly conforms to the latest syllabus prescribed by the CBSE.
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As per the latest syllabus, the students are required to select any one topic for project work from the
given options in the syllabus. Twenty marks have been set aside for Project Work including viva-voce.
Some salient features of this book are:
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 Detailed guidelines issued by CBSE to make the students aware about the purpose and scope of
project alongwith the suggestive list of topics.
 Introduction to Project Work is given to guide students about the major steps to be followed in the
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preparation of a project in a systematic manner.
 Proforma of the Project File indicates the essentials to be fulfilled for the preparation and submission
of project file.
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 Five detailed sample projects are given on the topics suggested.
 Thorough research on concerned topics is done for a clear understanding of subject matter.
A comprehensive viva-voce with solution is provided at the end of each solved project.
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 Diagrammatic explanation is given wherever required for better presentation of concept.

 Twenty seven project outline are given to help the students in learning the methodology of doing
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project work. It will help them in developing the projects on their own.
It is sincerely hoped that both students and teachers will find the book useful and the present
attempt will prove its worth. This comprehensive and examination oriented book will provide
an ideal platform for expansion of knowledge and creativity. This will inculcate self-confidence
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amongst the students and provide the necessary guidance in achieving their goals.
Author
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Project Work in Economics (Class-XII) 3

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Outline for Project Manual for Economics
C  CBSE Guidelines for Project Work
 Introduction to Project Work
... ... ...
... ... ...
5–6
7
O  Proforma of the Project File ... ... ... 8–9
N PROJECTS (Solved)
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T
1. Micro and Small Scale Industries

2. Goods and Services Tax Act and Its Impact on GDP
...
...
...
...
...
...
12 – 27
28 – 43
E
3. Human Development Index ... ... ... 44 – 58
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N
4. Digital India

5. Make in India
...
...
...
...
...
...
59 – 75
76 – 90
T
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Unsolved PROJECTS (With Outlines)
S
1. Contemporary Employment Situation in India ... ... ... 92

2. Self Help Groups ... ... ... 92
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3. Monetary Policy Committee and Its Functions ... ... ... 93

4. Government Budget and Its Components ... ... ... 94

5. Exchange Rate Determination—Methods and Techniques
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6. Livestock–Backbone of Rural India ... ... ... 95

7. Sarwa Siksha Abhiyan– Cost Ratio Benefits ... ... ... 96

8. Minimum Support Prices ... ... ... 97
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9. Waste Management in India : Need of the Hour ... ... ... 97

10. Vertical Farming–An Alternate Way ... ... ... 98

11. Rise of Concrete Jungle – Trend Analysis ... ... ... 99
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12. Food Supply Channel in India ... ... ... 100

13. Disinvestment Policy of the Government ... ... ... 101

14. Health Expenditure ... ... ... 101
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15. Inclusive Growth Strategy ... ... ... 102

16. Trends in Credit Availability in India ... ... ... 103

17. Role of RBI in Control of Credit ... ... ... 104
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18. Trends in Budgetary Condition in India ... ... ... 105

19. Currency War–Reasons and Repercussions ... ... ... 105

20. Alternate Fuel : Types and Importance ... ... ... 106
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21. Golden Quadrilateral–Cost Ratio Benefit ... ... ... 107

22. Relation Between Stock Price Index and Economic Health of a Nation ... ... ... 108

23. Minimum Wage Rate–Approach and Application ... ... ... 109

24. Rain Water Harvesting ... ... ... 109
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25. Silk Route – Revival of the Past ... ... ... 110

26. Bumper Production–Boon or Bane for The Farmers ... ... ... 111

27. Organic Farming–Back to the Nature ... ... ... 111

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CBSE Guidelines for Project Work
The objectives of the project work are to enable learners to:
 Probe deeper into theoretical concepts learnt in classes XI and XII
 Analyse and evaluate real world economic scenarios using theoretical constructs and arguments
 Demonstrate the learning of economic theory
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 Follow up aspects of economics in which learners have interest
 Develop the communication skills to argue logically
The expectations of the project work are that:
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 Learners will complete only ONE project in each academic session
 Project should be of 3,500-4,000 words (excluding diagrams & graphs), preferably hand-written
 It will be an independent, self-directed piece of study
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Role of the teacher:
The teacher plays a critical role in developing thinking skills of the learners. A teacher should:
 Help each learner select the topic based on recently published extracts from the news media, government policies, RBI
bulletin, NITI Aayog reports, IMF/World Bank reports etc., after detailed discussions and deliberations of the topic
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 Play the role of a facilitator and supervisor to monitor the project work of the learner through periodic discussions
 Guide the research work in terms of sources for the relevant data
 Educate learner about plagiarism and the importance of quoting the source of the information to ensure authenticity of
research work sP
 Prepare the learner for the presentation of the project work
 Arrange a presentation of the project file
Scope of the project:

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Learners may work upon the following lines as a suggested flow chart:
Choose a title/topic
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Collection of the research material/data
Organization of material/data
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Present material/data
Analysing the material/data for conclusion

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Draw the relevant conclusion
Presentation of the Project Work

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Expected Checklist:

 Introduction of topic/title
 Identifying the causes, consequences and/or remedies
 Various stakeholders and effect on each of them
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 Advantages and disadvantages of situations or issues identified

 Short-term and long-term implications of economic strategies suggested in the course of research
 Validity, reliability, appropriateness and relevance of data used for research work and for presentation in the project file
 Presentation and writing that is succinct and coherent in project file
 Citation of the materials referred to, in the file in footnotes, resources section, bibliography etc.

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Mode of presentation/submission of the Project:
At the end of the stipulated term, each learner will present the research work in the Project File to the External and Internal
examiner. The questions should be asked from the Research Work/ Project File of the learner. The Internal Examiner
should ensure that the study submitted by the learner is his/her own original work. In case of any doubt, authenticity
should be checked and verified.
Marking Scheme :
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Marks are suggested to be given as –
S. No. Heading Marks Allotted
1. Relevance of the topic 3
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2. Knowledge Content/Research Work 6
3. Presentation Technique 3
4. Viva-voce 8
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Total 20 Marks
Suggestive List of Projects :
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Class XII
 Micro and Small Scale Industries  Food Supply Channel in India
 Contemporary Employment Situation in India  Disinvestment Policy of the Government
 Goods and Services Tax Act and its Impact on GDP
sP Health Expenditure (of any state)
 Human Development Index  Inclusive Growth Strategy
Self Help Groups Trends in Credit Availability in India
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 
 Monetary Policy Committees and Its Functions  Role of RBI in Control of Credit
 Government Budget and Its Components  Trends in Budgetary Condition in India
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 Exchange Rate Determination—Methods and Techniques  Currency War–Reasons and Repercussions

 Livestock–Backbone of Rural India  Alternate Fuel : Types and Importance
 Sarwa Siksha Abhiyan– Cost Ratio Benefits  Golden Quadrilateral–Cost Ratio Benefit
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 Minimum Support Prices 

Relation Between Stock Price Index and Economic Health
of a Nation
 Waste Management in India : Need of the Hour  Minimum Wage Rate–Approach and Application
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 Digital India–Step towards the furture  Rain Water Harvesting – a solution to water crises
 Vertical Farming–An Alternate Way  Silk Route-Revival of the past
 Make in India–The way ahead  Bumper Production–Boon or Bane for The Farmers
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 Rise of Concrete Jungle – Trend Analysis  Organic Farming–Back to the Nature

 Any other newspaper article and its evaluation on basis of  Any other topic
economic principles
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Introduction to Project work
Project is an activity-based practical approach to learning. It is a piece of planned work or an activity that is
finished over a period of time. It is intended to achieve a particular purpose.
Project work is not a new methodology. Its benefits had been widely recognised for many years in the
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teaching of subjects like Science, Geography and History. Some teachers have also been doing project
work in their language lessons for a long time, but for others it is a new way of working. CBSE has
introduced project work in Economics syllabus for Class XII to allow the students to study, do research
and act by themselves using their abilities, interests, personal experiences and aptitudes. The project work
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progresses under the guidance and monitoring of a teacher or any other advisor.
Importance of Project Work for Students
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Project based learning is a student–centred pedagogy that involves a dynamic classroom approach in which
it is believed that students acquire a deeper knowledge through active exploration of real world challenges
and problems. By means of project work the students are exposed to life beyond textbooks. It gives them
opportunities to refer materials, gather information, analyse it further to obtain relevant information to reach
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any conclusion and take appropriate decision. While doing a project a student gets an opportunity to come
face-to-face with the theoretical knowledge in real life situations. This enables the students to enjoy studies
and use their free time effectively in observing what is happening around them. Advantages of project work
are as follow. sP
 Project work helps students in applying theoretical knowledge to the practical or real life problems.
 It helps in developing analytical skills and creative thinking of the student doing project.
It inculcates important skills of team work, problem solving, time management, information collection, finding
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
figures and facts to derive meaningful conclusions.

 It also provides a natural environment to students for learning.
It demonstrates student’s capability while working independently.
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Guidelines for Teachers

The project work empowers the teacher to relate all the concepts with what is happening around the world
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and the student’s surroundings, making them appear more clear and contextual. Teachers must ensure that the
project work assigned to the students, whether individually or in group, are discussed at different stages right
from the assignment to drafting review and finalisation. Students should be facilitated by providing relevant
materials or suggesting websites. Teachers must ensure that the students actually go through the rigours and
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enjoy the process of doing the project. Teachers should follow the given steps:
1. Help the students to choose any one topic from all the option.
2. Assign topics after discussion with the students. Topics should be discussed at every stage of submission of the
draft or at final stage of project work.
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3. Closely supervise the process of project completion.

4. Play the role of a facilitator in guiding students at every step.
Teachers must ensure that the student’s self-esteem should go up and they enjoy working on projects. The project work
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should be presented in the form of Power Point Presentation/Exhibition/Skit etc. before the entire class. This will help
in developing communication skills among the students.

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proforma of the Project File
Economics
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Project
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File
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Session
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Name
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of the
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project
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__________________
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(Name of the Student)

Class ______ Section _____
Roll No. Alloted by CBSE

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Acknowledgement
First and foremost I would like to thank my school for giving me a platform where even
before the completion of syllabus, interaction and exposure is made possible through
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the project work.
I would like to express my special thanks to my Economics teacher Mr./Ms. __________________,

for their valuable suggestions and guidance in completing my project. He/She helped me to
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understand the intricate issues included in Project Making. I would also like to extend my
gratitude to my school Principal Mr./Ms. _____________________, for Providing me with all
the facility that was required.
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I am also grateful to all those people who supported me directly or indirectly in gathering
information relates to the project.
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__________________
(Name of the Student)
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CERTIFICATE
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This is to certify that Mr./Ms. ________________________________ has completed his/

her project work entitled, _____________________________, under my supervision and
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guidance. To the best of my knowledge, it is an original piece of work and is worthy

of consideration in partial fulfilment of the requirement of CBSE for the award of
Senior School Certificate Examinations.
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Place: ___________________ ___________________
Date: ___________________ (Name & Signature of the Guide)

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Projects (Solved)
1. Micro and Small Scale Industries
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2. Goods and Services Tax Act and Its Impact on GDP
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3. Human Development Index
4. Digital India
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5. Make in India
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PROJECT
1
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Topic : M
icro and Small Scale
Industries
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Overall outlay of the project
1. Economic Project File (1st Sheet)
2. Name of the Project (2nd Sheet)
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3. Acknowledgement (3rd Sheet)
4. Certificate (4th Sheet)
5. Index : (5th Sheet) sP
(i) Objective of Choosing this Project (x) Growth path of MSME's
(ii) Introduction (xi) Recent Developments in this Sector
(iii) Classification and Definition of Industries (xii) Governmental Support to MSME's
(iv) List of MSME Projects in India (xiii) Recent Initiatives by the Government
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(v) Objectives of Developing MSME's (xiv) Government Schemes under MSME's

(vi) Why MSME's Need of the hour (xv) Post Pandemic Plans of Government
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(vii) Obstacles/Challenges faced by MSME's (xvi) Case Study

(viii) Impact of COVID-19 on MSME's (xvii) Conclusion
(ix) Journey of MSME's through COVID-19 (xviii) Bibliography
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Objective Of the Project

I have chosen this project on the Topic—Micro and Small-scale Industries because of the following
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reasons:
} I am interested to know about the Micro and Small-scale Industries (MSME's) i.e., How they
work, coordinate, generate output, generates major growth, generate employment opportunities, give
major contribution to export, mobilise capital and develop entrepreneurial skills of the people in
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the country?
} How MSME's bring balance regional development? Also, about the ways in which it helps in
improving the standard of living of the people residing in the urban and rural areas in India.
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} To know about various ways in which MSME's accounts for employment of people in rural and
organised sector.
} This project will help me in probing deeper into the application part of the subject.
} Besides this, it will also emphasize on the role of nation building and tackling the issues faced in
this field.

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Introduction
MSME's consists of about 90% of total enterprises in
majority of the economics across the globe just like
the majority economies-India too has been impacted
by the same. In India, MSME's play a crucial role
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in the development and overall economic growth of
the country. Particularly in the last decade this sector
has been enormously involved in higher growth rate
compared to the overall industrial sector. With the
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evolving trend, this sector has shown commendable
innovation and dynamism to survive in the recent
economic downturn and recession.
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As per the current available data from the 4th All
India Census of the MSME's sector, it has been
concluded that this sector employs around 59.7 million people spread over 26.1 million enterprises. Also it has
been analysed that around 45% of the manufacturing output and 40% of the total exports of the country are
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because of the MSME's. Over the past half century this sector has grown tremendously. This sector provides
large employment opportunities at lower capital costs by bringing industrialization in rural as well as backward
areas which further reduces regional imbalances and promotes equitable distribution of national income and
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wealth. Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (M/o MSME) envision a vibrant MSME sector by
promoting growth and development of the MSME Sector, including Khadhi, Village and Coir Industries, in
cooperation with concerned Ministries/Departments, State Governments and other Stakeholders, by providing
support to existing enterprises and encouraging creation of new enterprises.
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Mainly the MSME's are generally composed of manufacturing industries and they render services with the
help of small machines and manpower.
These enterprise must fall under the guidelines which are set by the Government. of India.
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The MSME's are the life line of any economy especially in a country like India. They are labour-intensive
industries and play a crucial rale in the development of the economy from both economic and social angles.
They help in the growth of per capita income and effective utilization of resources in the economy.
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Classification & Definition of Industries

Enterprises has been classified
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broadly into 2 categories

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Manufacturing Enterprises Service Enterprises
(1) Manufacturing Enterprises are those enterprises which are engaged in the Manufacture/Production of
goods pertaining to any industry. As per their investment in plant and machinery (Excluding Land and
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Building) they are classified into 3 categories as under :

(a) Micro Enterprises: An Enterprise where the Investment on Plant & Machinery is upto `25 Lakhs
is referred to as a "Micro Enterprise."
(b) Small Enterprises : An Enterprise where the Investment on Plant & Machinery is above `25 Lakhs
upto `5 Crores is referred to as ''Small Enterprise."

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(c) Medium Enterprises: An Enterprise where the Investment on Plant & Machinery is above `5
Crores & upto `10 Crores is referred to as ''Medium Enterprise.''
(2) Service Enterprises are those enterprises which are engaged in providing/rendering services. As per their
investment in equipment (excluding land and building) they are classified into 3 categories as under:
(a) Micro Enterprises : An Enterprise where the Investment in Equipment is upto `10 Lakhs is referred
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to as ''Micro Enterprise.''
(b) Small Enterprises : An Enterprise, where the Investment in equipment is above `10 Lakhs & upto
`2 Crores is referred to as ''Small Enterprise.''
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(c) Medium Enterprises : An Enterprise, where the Investment in Equipment is above `2 Crores and
upto `5 Crores is referred to as ''Medium Enterprise.''
Existing and Revised Definition of MSME's
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Existing MSME Classification
Criteria : Investment in Plant and Machinery or Equipment
Classification Micro Small Medium
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Mfg. Enterprises Investment < `25 Lac Investment < `5 Cr. Investment < `10 cr.
Services Enterprise Investment < `10 Lac Investment < `2 Cr. Investment < `5 Cr.
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Revised MSME Classification
Composite Criteria : investment and Annual Turnover
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Manufacturing and Investment < `1 Cr. Investment < `10 Cr. Investment < `20 Cr.
Services and and and
Turnover < `5 Cr. Turnover < `50 Cr. Turnover < `100 Cr.
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List of MSME Projects in India

Here is the detailed list of MSME project profiles of various businesses in India that we should be aware of :
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1. Flour Mill
2. Toilet Soap Manufacturing Unit
3. Tomato Sauce Manufacturing Unit
4. Roasted Rice Flakes
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5. Banana Fiber Extraction and Weaving

6. Computer Assembling
7. Rice And Curry Powder
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8. Light Engineering including nuts, bolts, washers, rivets, and a lot more
9. Metal-related Industries supplying agricultural-related equipment, cutleries, and hand tools
10. Paper Products Manufacturing Unit
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11. Bakery Products

12. Steel Furniture
13. Desiccated Coconut Powder
14. Foot Wear
15. Wooden Furniture Manufacturing Unit

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16. Paper Napkins Manufacturing Unit

17. Papad Manufacturing Unit
18. Readymade Garments
19. Palm Plate Manufacturing Unit
20. Pickle Unit
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21. Notebook Manufacturing Unit
22. Dairy Products
23. Detergent Powder and Cakes
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24. Sanitary Napkin Manufacturing Unit
25. General Engineering Workshop
26. Beauty Parlour
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27. Rubberized Coir Mattresses
Objectives of Developing Small Enterprises
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The reasons for developing this sector are as follows :
1. To generate large scale employment opportunities for the unemployed speedily with relatively low
investment.
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2. To Eradicate Unemployment Problem from the Country, which is the main highlighting reason.
3. To develop the economy as a whole by covering areas across country like in Rural Areas, smaller towns
and economically backward regions.
4. To bring Backward Regions too in the
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mainstream of national development.

5. To promote balanced regional development
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in the Whole Country.

6. To ensure more equitable distribution of
National Wealth & Income.
7. To encourage effective mobilization of
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Untapped Resources of the Country.

8. To improve Socio-Economic Conditions and
Standard of Living of the people in the Country.
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9. To seize the Vast Opportunities created for Small Enterprises due to Liberalization and Globalization
policies of the Government of India.
10. To bring more Revenue to the Central & State Governments by way of Taxes.
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MSME's : Need of the hour

More reasons to why MSME's is the need of the day?
Apart from the objectives which tells all the resign for importuning MSME's we can further discuss more
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significance of why MSME's are the need of the hour in India specifically.
1. Employment Opportunities: MSME's contributes to employment to millions of people in the country
because of the limited technology and resource available to this sector, they use more of labour and
manpower for their production activities.
2. Total Production: The strengthen the economy by accounting for almost 40% of services in India.

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3. Make in India: The goods are made in India by using Indian resources and labour and then these products
are sold worldwide. Handicrafts is one fine example for the same. They also create more demands around
all over the globe.
4. Foreign Exchange Contribution: Nearly half of the goods exported out of India are manufactured by
MSME's. So India;s export done by this sector in a major source of foreign exchange currency in the
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country.
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Various Obstacles that msme's goes through

Everyone knows that MSME's promotes growth, and development to the economy along with creating
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employment opportunities. But still they also face challenges that keep threating their ability to grow and
even their survival. The reasons for the same are listed below :
1. Lack of Knowledge About Market: MSME's in India has struggled alot to access wide markets because
of reasons like inadequate capital, lack of marketing skills, lack of awareness etc. They have not been
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able to use their capacity to sell across the domestic and global sector. They continue to face hurdles in
growing upto their full potential.
2. Technologically Backward: MSME's basically focus of labour intensive techniques instead of capital
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intensive ones as they lack capital and are not technologically equipped and advanced. If they get
technology advanced then they can be more competitive, cost effective and efficient.
3. Availability of Credit Facilities : This is one more area where MSME's lack alot. Availability of credit
to these industries has various bottlenecks due to collateral requirement and high interest rate. This creates
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hindrance in their growth because of their inability to access funds at a decent interest rate.
4. Skilled Human Resources : Another ongoing issued faced by MSME is the shortage of manpower.
They are always so thinly staffed. Not only that the shortage of manpower is also assisted by unskilled
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resources. This makes working of long and midterm projects even more delayed.
5. Lack of Exposure : Majority of the entrepreneurs in MSME's sectors are inexperienced in using external
experts which helps, in bringing expertise and talent. MSME's are mainly dependent on their core team.
Many a times in house teams may not have the required experience and knowledge, so the time, effort
and costs escalate.

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Another hammer on MSME : COVID-19 (Corona virus disease-2019 )
The atrocities due to Covid-19 are not unknown to anyone. It has spelled crisis across the globe. The
Government around the globe imposed Lock down on almost each and every sector. The social distancing
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become the new norm and now the post-pandemic world will make a new trading culture. The impact of
Covid-19 has been terrifying to all the sector and the worst hit among all was the Micro, Small and Medium
enterprises.
As discussed in the introduction part as well, the MSME's accounts for 45% of India's manufacturing output,
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employing millions of people and generating nearly half of India's export. However, the pandemic outbreak and
the consequent stoppage of economic activities have triggered panic in the nation. Many a business enterprises
faced extinction risks, except for essential activities and agricultural activities rest of them were halted.
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The MSME sector was the most vulnerable sector as the rely on day to day business to stay afloat. As per
the survey by "All Indian Manufactures Organizations (AIMO)" which covered around 5000 MSME's it
revealed that 71% of the business weren't able to pay salaries in March-April 2020. A whopping 43% would
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shut steps if Lock-down extends beyond 8 weeks. A vast number of MSME's will be chocked, perhaps to the
point of permanent closure. Rest we all know the case of lock down scenarios and time frame of the same
in the past years since March 2020.
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Journey of MSME's sector through COVID-19

The life-lime or the backbone of the Indian economy was firstly impacted by demonitisation and GST
implementation. However, when they showed sign of improvement, it was then hammered by the outbreak of
Covid-19 and consequent Lock-down due to it. There was a decrease in demand of alot of goods, entrepreneurs
faced deficit of working capital. This all painted a grim picture for them.
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MSME's sector struggled alot due to the pandemic despite the efforts taken by the government. to combat
the loss incurred.
As per, all CEO's snap polls on the impact of Covid-19 on the economy and industry 51% of co. heads predict
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job losses in the respective sectors post-the lock-down where 45% foresee 15-30% layoffs.
Majority of the firm had a fall in revenue for financial year 21 for e.g. Maruti Suzuki said that the production
for April was zero whereas, in February (just before lock-down) they produced 140,933 cars. The plight areas
similar across manufacturing textiles, chemicals and other industries. The plight was supported by no demand
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or a very low demand. The situation remained the same till the point government relaxed restrictions and so
has the enterprises faced heavy losses due to it.
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growth path of MSME's
As the data provided by Government of India the registrations for MSME's in FY 20 has increased by
18.49% to 23.15 lakh units from 21.21 lakh in FY 19. The growth rate, however declined from 39.7% in the
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last financial year had increased from 15.17 lakh MSME's registered in FY18 as per the date shown by Mr.
Nitin Gadkari (Minister of Road Transport and Highway of India) in the rajya Sabha. In the last 5 years the
registered MSME's in India is 90.19 lakhs.
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RECENT DEVELOPMENTS in MSme's sector

India has 6.33 crore MSMEs out of which 6.30 crore-99.4 percent are micro-enterprises while 0.52 percent-3.31
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lakh are medium and 0.007 percent-5,000 are medium enterprises. While an increase in the registered number
of small businesses would help the government in measuring their contribution to the sector's share in the
country's GDP along with offering various tax investment benefits. The outbreak of COVID-19 had impacted
MSMEs hard given the disruption caused in the supply chain, warehousing, export credit, etc. Specially the
area of had been impacted the most Haryana, Himachal Pradesh,J&K, Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh,
Delhi, Gujarat, UP, Telangana, Rajasthan, and more.

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Production from Small Scale Industries

Production at 1993-94 prices
300000
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250000
200000
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150000
Production (` 000 crores)
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at 1993-94+prices
100000
50000
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0
2 6 4 05 -06
91 1-9 2-93 -94 4-95 5-9 -9
7 -98 -99 -00 -01 02 03
-0 -
9 0- 9 9 3 9 9
- -
96 997 998 999 000 001 002 003 004 00
5
19 19 19 199 19 19 1 9 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
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Governmental Support to MSME's
Immediately after independence, Government of India initiated various steps for promotion & development
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of Small Scale & Cottage Industries. Government of India has attached great importance to the development
of Small Enterprises Sector in all the Five Year Plans since the beginning in 1951.
The Plan Expenditure on Small Enterprises Sector has been continuously increasing. In the First Five Year
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Plan (1951 - 56), `48 Crores constituting 47.8 % of the Total Plan Expenditure was spent in Small Scale
Sector alone. By the end of First Five Year Plan, there were Six Statutory Boards created to help the Small
Scale Sector. These are:
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(a) All India Handloom Board.

(b) All India Handicrafts Board.
(c) All India Khadi & Village Industries Board.
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(d) Small Scale Industries Board.

(e) Coir Board.
(f) Central Silk Board.
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RECENT INITIATIVES BY THE government to promote MSME's

The Government of India has promoted competitiveness in the MSME sector to bring a positive change in the
sector. Key factors to these were domestic production, significant export earnings, low investment requirements,
operational flexibility, location wise mobility, capacities to develop appropriate indigenous technology, import
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substitution, domestic production, contribution towards defense production, technology-oriented industries. and
competitiveness in domestic and export markets help them top opportunities in various sectors.
Some of the key announcements for MSMEs in the Union Budget, 2010-11 are:
Allocation for MSMEs to be increased from `1,794 crores to `2,400 crores for the year 2011
Corpus for microfinance development and equity fund to be doubled to `400 crores for 2011

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Extension of existing interest subvention of 2 percent for one more year for exports covering handicrafts,
carpets, handlooms, and small and medium enterprises
Limit of turnover for the purpose of presumptive taxation of small businesses enhanced to `60 lakh
The increase in the extension of existing interest subvention of 2 percent to the small and medium enterprises
is a positive development setting up to a high-level council on MSME to monitor the implementation of the
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recommendations of the prime minister's high-level task force and increase in the allocation development
of this sector. Also in 2020-2021 `12,000 crores had been allocated to thin sector.
Budget for MSMEs In Store for FY21
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Key Gainers in FY20  Ministry seeks
`12,000 crore
Initiatives/Schemes Allocation (in `cr)
allocation
Khadi, village & Colr Industries 1,252
 Interest subvention
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Upgrading Tech & Quality Certification 755 scheme likely to
PMEGP
continue
2,327
 'Fund of funds' for
Interest Subvention Scheme 350
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VCs, PE firms
Market Promotion 127  Focus on MSME
cluster
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GOVERNMENT SCHEMES under MSME's

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Udyog Aadhar
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Memorandum scheme
Quality management
standards and
quality technology
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tools.
Incubation schemes
for new design and
products
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Credit linked capital

Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises
subsidy scheme.
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Women
entrepreneurship
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Zero defect, zero

effect scheme. Grievance
monitoring system.

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1. Approval Loans without any Collateral: So the first initiative that the government allowed this sector
was to avail credit without collateral i.e. Collateral free loan is given by Government of India through
SIDBI (Small Industrial Development Bank of India) under the name the credit Guarantee trust fund
scheme. This is the best beneficial scheme for small business owners.
2. Subsidy on Patent Registration & Industrial Promotion: So basically, 50% subsidies are provided for
patent registration. So an application is required to be sent to ministry.
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3. Credit and Overdraft Facilities with Interest Rate Exemptions: MSME's are eligible to avail a benefit
of 1% on the overdraft as part of the credit guarantee trust fund scheme.
4. Subsidized Rates of Electricity: Registered businesses under MSME act can have a concession on
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electricity bill by just submitting the bill attached with an application and a photo copy of registered
certificate by MSME.
5. Protection against Delayed Payments: Currently MSME's business owners and enterprises have the
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right to collect interest on payments delayed by the buyer said Ministry.
6. Certification Charges are Reimbursed: Government of India has provided immense support to MSME's
to an extent that they can even claim the expenses for reimbursement that were spent on ISO certification.
This further promoted the youth to explore their potential and start their own venture. However, still
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many a people still need to know the knowledge about the same.
Post-pandemic plans of GOVERNMENT

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Due to the lockdown, the Indian MSME sector suffered the most
with its collective production decreasing by more than 90%. This
store comprises around 64 million enterprises and employs close to
120 million people. It contributes 30% are women-led enterprises
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and close to 60% are based in rural areas. Hence, its importance to
the Indian economy is quite significant and critical for bridging the
growing rural-urban divide.
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To help businesses get back on track, the prime minister of India

announced a host of relief packages to help India become 'Atmanirbhar
Bharat or a self-reliant majority of the relief packages were targeted
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towards MSMEs. This was either in the form of liquidity support

loans and equity infusion support to help MSME expand in size and
capacity. Further, the government also provided them with a level
playing field by reserving government procurement orders of up to `200 crores value and commitment to clear
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invoices within 45 days. The pandemic exposed issues with India's fragmented supply chain. As a response,
the government is in the process of setting up an on-line platform that will have a robust listing of businesses
and provide the means to directly interact and transact without depending on intermediaries.
Other initiatives like the ONE NATION ONE CARD scheme and the Ajeevika app are in various stages of
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implementation. This can help employers tap into the locally available labor workforce and restart production
activities that were hampered due to the migration of labor to their hometown. The government procurement
of goods and services. The MSMEs share in government procurement of goods and services. The MSMEs
have benefitted with orders worth `20,000 crore since. Along with the PM's call for 'self-reliant India,' the
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current face-off between Indian and China has led to an increased demand for locally manufactured goods,
unleashing new opportunities for Indian MSMEs. We believe MSME businesses that are willing to reimagine
their businesses and evolve with the changing times will be poised to leapfrog on the back of this unique
opportunity.

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Case Study of a msme's : oilmax systems
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Oilmax Systems: It all started with a single man, a desk and a single product. The Founder Director of Oilmax
Systems Pvt Ltd, Mr. Ashutosh Gokhale a first-generation entrepreneur decided to quit his job and embark
on an entrepreneurial journey by importing and trading centrifugal oil cleaners. The product was very unique
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and innovative and offered great savings to customers. However the concept was totally new and potential
customers had never even heard about such a product and looked at it with skepticism. Huge efforts were
required to reach potential customers and convince them. It made the matter more difficult as the application
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segments were Mining Equipment and DG sets and customers were located in remote areas, thousands of
kilometers away from Pune.
In the first year, the turnover was a modest `3 lakhs. However, the initial years of difficulty did not deter the
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Oilmax Team. Instead of relying on just one product, a program was undertaken to find new applications, new
customer segments and new products in industrial, marine and automotive segments. Efforts were also made
to explore export opportunities. A major breakthrough was achieved in the export business by securing orders
from international shipping companies based in Singapore, Hong Kong, Cyprus, Norway, UAE, etc. After
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starting with centrifugal oil cleaners for ship engines, further products like hydraulic oil cleaning systems, waste
compactors, ultrasonic cleaners, high pressure water jet cleaners, bilge water cleaners, etc. were developed.
Oilmax is the only Indian company competing with European and Chinese companies, by exporting these
products to international shipping companies. High quality products, unique features and competitive pricing
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has ensured that exports consistently contribute to over 50 % of the total turnover
Oilmax has developed many innovative products to improve product quality, reduce operating costs, machine
downtime, oil storage and disposal costs, and adverse environmental impact of waste oil and coolants. Oilmax
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products are completely reusable. There is no recurring cost.

Oilmax is an OE supplier of bypass centrifugal oil cleaner for Indian Army Tatra Trucks through BEML.
Over 5000 units have been supplied in the last 10 years. The bypass engine oil centrifuge mounted on Tatra
trucks is a critical engine component used for engine oil cleanliness used in enhancing engine life. Oilmax
is very proud to be associated with the Indian Army.

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Oilmax is an ISO 9001:2015, ISO 14001 : 2015 and CE certified company. It has also bagged many prestigious
national level awards in its journey towards excellence. It is a debt free company. It has a unique business
model that includes innovative cost saving products, niche market segments, high export business, and a
strong, efficient, dedicated team.
Oilmax products are most useful in industrial, automotive, marine and mining sectors for applications like
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quenching, grinding, honing, etc. in coolant / CNC & VMC machines, cold forming, wire drawing, formulation
of gear and hydraulic oil etc.
All the products have lifelong durability and do not require any type of consumables hence there is no
recurring business. Being a lifelong, one-time product, the challenge is to continuously find new customers,
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new application segments, new markets or add new products, a tough task considering the remote areas of
our geographically diverse nation.
Starting with one, Oilmax’s range of products now includes more than 20 products and is increasing every
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year. These include coolant sump cleaner, tramp oil separator, oil recovery centrifuge, scrap / chip compactor,
auto desludging centrifugal oil cleaner, hydraulic oil cleaning system, engine oil centrifuge, ultrasonic cleaners,
water jet cleaners, custom built oil cleaning and dispensing system, etc.
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In the last 10 years, the sales turnover has grown from `2.2 crore to `16 crore. The export turnover has
grown from `1.08 crore to `8.7 crore. In the coming years, Oilmax plans to expand its product range in the
industrial scrap/waste management area.
By emerging as a leading manufacturer and exporter of oil and coolant conservation products Oilmax Systems
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Pvt. Ltd. proves that it is an ideal example of the ‘Make in India’ initiative.
Company Profile
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Basic Information
Nature of Business Exporter and Manufacturer
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Additional Business Trader

Importer
Company CEO Ashutosh Gokhale
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Registered Address 38/2/12, Narhe Dhayri Road, Narhe, Pune- 411041, Maharashtra, India
Total Number of Employees 51 to 100 People
Year of Establishment 2010
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Legal Status of Firm Limited Company (Ltd./Pvt.Ltd.)

Annual Turnover `10 - 25 Crore
Trade & Market
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Export Percentage 40-60%

Infrastructure
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Location Type URBAN

Building Infrastructure Permanent
Size of Premises 20000 square feet
Space Around Front Porch

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Company USP
Provide after Sales Support Installation Services
Maintenance Service
Quality Measures/Testing Facilities Yes
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Statutory Profile
Import Export Code (IEC) 31100*****
Tan No. PNEO0*****
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Banker HDFC BANK
GST No. 27AABCO3829P1ZX
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CIN No. U29248PN2010PTC137762
Packaging/Payment and Shipment Details
Customized Packaging Yes
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Conclusion
Management is all-about getting things done through others and an effective and efficient leader
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require skills in planning, organising, directing and controlling the entire business operations. Due
to the lack of resources and capital in MSME's, the execution of all these aspects of management
becomes even more tougher.
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This kind of business is classified as sole proprietorship has the feature of quick and prompt decision
making but this sector's entrepreneurs are illiterate and have low level of education as well as they
lack managerial skills.
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Due to the lack of ability, resources and capital the MSME's suffers from dearth of managerial skills.
Thus it is evident MSME's faces difficulties at every stage of their life though government is putting
alot of focus and attention to this sector to promote them and help them grow but still alot more is
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needed for the same. Therefore, more concentrated efforts, particularly in the area of marketing are
required on the part of the Government, Entrepreneurs, Promotional agencies and Financial agencies,
so that the growth rate of MSME's sector can be accelerated further.
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Bibliography
Internet:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ministry-of-micro-small-and-medium-enterprises
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https://www.topper.com/guides/business-environment/scale-of-business/small-scale-industriws/
https://www.google.co.in/search?q=role+of+micro+=and+small+scale+indistries&i.e.=UT-
F8&hl=en=in&client=safari
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https://www.findevgateway.org/paper/2020/07/impact-covid-19-pandemic-micro-small-and-mediument-
erprises-msmes-kenya-report
Teachers
Friends and family
Books and CBSE guidelines

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VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS
1. What made you choose the topic of your project as MSME's?
Ans. Being Born and brought up in a middle class Business family I have developed a strong interest in
knowing how the medium, micro and small scale industries work so this curiosity will help me giving
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a future option of joining my family business or starting MSME of any own. (Also you can pick up
any point from objective of the project)
2. What are the limits of investment in MSME's?
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Ans.
Existing and Revised Definition of MSME's
Existing MSME Classification
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Criteria : Investment in Plant and Machinery or Equipment
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Mfg. Enterprises Investment < `25 Lac Investment < `5 Cr. Investment < `10 cr.
Services Enterprise Investment < `10 Lac Investment < `2 Cr. Investment < `5 Cr.
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Revised MSME Classification
Composite Criteria : investment and Annual Turnover
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Manufacturing and Investment < `1 Cr. Investment < `10 Cr. Investment < `20 Cr.
Services and and and
Turnover < `5 Cr. Turnover < `50 Cr. Turnover < `100 Cr.
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3. Why is government encouraging MSME's so much?

Ans. The reasons are very obvious to everyone such as:
1. Employment Opportunities: MSME's contributes to employment to millions of people in the
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country because of the limited technology and resource available to this sector, they use more of
labour and manpower for their production activities.
2. Total Production: The strengthen the economy by accounting for almost 40% of services in India.
3. Make in India: The goods are made in India by using Indian resources and labour and then these
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products are sold worldwide. Handicrafts is one fine example for the same. They also create more
demands around all over the globe.
4. Foreign Exchange Contribution: Nearly half of the goods exported out of India are manufactured
by MSME's. So India;s export done by this sector in a major source of foreign exchange currency
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in the country.
4. Though MSME's are so popular among all the developing economics – Why do you think they face
so many problems?
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Ans. Everyone knows that MSME's promotes growth, and development to the economy along with creating
employment opportunities. But still they also face challenges that keep threating their ability to grow
and even their survival. The reasons for the same are:
1. Lack of Knowledge About Market.
2. Technologically Backward.

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3. Availability of Credit Facilities.

4. Skilled Human Resources.
5. Lack of Exposure.
5. How would you like to comment on the emergence of MSME's through pandemic?
Ans. MSME'S has been one of the industries which have been worst hit by the Covid-19. As per various
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surveys and as per my observation as well around my area had seen multiple shut-downs in these
industries despite governmental support the situation of this industry is still very distressed.
6. Tell us facts and figures to support your statement regarding recent development in the sector!
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6.33 crore
Ans. Total MSME'S = 99.4% 0.52% 0.007%
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Micro Enterprises Small enterprises Medium Enterprises
(6.30 crores) (3.31 Lakhs) (5000)
7. Name few more incentives apart from the one's mentioned in your project that the government can
provide do to promote and uplift MSME's.
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Ans. As per my point of view, government can give for more in incentives like:
1. More tax rebates can be given.
2. Insurance to these industries can be given to increase risk appetite.
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3. Land on subsidized rates should be provided.
4. More awareness sessions to be provided for Skill Development
5. Low cost managerial programmes should be developed to impart knowledge of management.
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8. Who is Ashutosh Gokhale? Tell us about his journey?

Ans. Ashutosh Gokhale is the founder director of Oilmax who single handedly started the company with a
turnover of ` 3 lakhs and took it to ` 16 crores in a span of 10 years.
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9. What all Oilman Systems deals in?

Ans. Oilmax deals in importing and trading of centrifugal oil clearness. It now includes coolant sump
cleaner, tramp oil separator, oil recovery centrifuge, scrap/chip compactor, etc.
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10. What are the various platforms you used to make your project?
Ans. Internet:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ministry-of-micro-small-and-medium-enterprises
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https://www.topper.com/guides/business-environment/scale-of-business/small-scale-industriws/
https://www.google.co.in/search?q=role+of+micro+=and+small+scale+indistries&i.e.=UT-
F8&hl=en=in&client=safari
https://www.findevgateway.org/paper/2020/07/impact-covid-19-pandemic-micro-small-and-mediu-
ya
menterprises-msmes-kenya-report
Teachers, Friends and family, Books and CBSE guidelines
11. What are the objective of MSME?
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Ans. There are the various objectives of developing small enterprises:

1. To generate large scale employment opportunities for the unemployed speedily with relatively
low investment.

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3. To develop the economy as a whole by covering areas across country like in Rural Areas, smaller
towns and economically backward regions.
4. To bring Backward Regions too in the mainstream of national development.
5. To promote balanced regional development in the Whole Country.
6. To ensure more equitable distribution of National Wealth & Income.
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7. To encourage effective mobilization of Untapped Resources of the Country.
8. To improve Socio-Economic Conditions and Standard of Living of the people in the Country.
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12. Is MSME registration compulsory?
Ans. No, it is not compulsory but it is always better to register because a registered MSME gets a lot of
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benefits.
13. What are the documents required for MSME registration?
Ans. Aadhar Card and Pancard.
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14. Why is MSME important for an economy?
Ans. MSME is every crucial & important for an economy as:
1. To generate large scale employment opportunities for the unemployed speedily with relatively low
investment. sP
3. To develop the economy as a whole by covering areas across country like in Rural Areas, smaller
towns and economically backward regions.
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4. To bring Backward Regions too in the mainstream of national development.
5. To promote balanced regional development in the Whole Country.
6. To ensure more equitable distribution of National Wealth & Income.
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7. To encourage effective mobilization of Untapped Resources of the Country.

8. To improve Socio-Economic Conditions and Standard of Living of the people in the Country.
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15. What is an Medium enterprise?
Ans. Medium enterprise is one where Investment and Annual turnover is more than ` 20 crores and ` 100
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crores respectively for manufacturing & service industry.

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PROJECT
2
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Topic : G
oods and Services
Tax Act and Its Impact
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on GDP
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(i) Objective of Choosing this project (x) How has GST reduced the price
(ii) Introduction (xi) Challenges of GST
(iii) History of GST (xii) Impact of GST on Indian Economy
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(iv) Types of GST (xiii) Impact of GST across various sectors

(v) Various rates under GST (xiv) Impacts of GST on GDP
(vi) Things to get cheaper (xv) How GST affects us
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(vii) Things to get expensive (xvi) Benefits of GST

(viii) Features of GST (xvii) Conclusion
(ix) GST Council (xviii) Bibliography
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I have chosen this project on the Topic—Goods and Service Tax because of the following reasons:
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} First of all to study and understand the concept of GST.

} To get to know about its various aspect.
} To know the impact of GST on various sector of the economy on GDP etc.
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} To check out the need to implement GST instead of the system that was existing earlier.
} To know about the effect of GST on the prices of various goods.
} Lastly to know/find the flares (in any) in these in the system and to bring about a change in the
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same if I am able to that.
Introduction
Goods and Service Tax (GST) is an indirect tax i.e. the Burden and implication of it falls on two different
persons. In India GST is levied on Goods and Services. The GST Act was passed in the Parliament on 25th

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March 2017 and came into effect on 15th July 2017.

Earlier, in India we were having Service Tax and
VAT for collection of indirect terms. On central level
services tax was charged on goods and services and
VAT was charged for sale of goods on state level.
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But we were not able to minimize the tax evasion,
distortion and cascading effect therefore to remove
that GST was introduced in the Constitution in 2016
for the 1st limit.
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GST removed the varying level of taxation between
different states. It took the country as a one organism.
A consumer who buys the product now will how to
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pay only GST.
A list of taxes that the GST replaced are as follows:
1. Service Tax.
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2. Surcharges related to supply of goods and services.
3. Central Excise Duty.
4. Excise duty of medicinal and toilet preparation.
5.
6.
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Additional Excise Duty on textiles and textile products.
Additional Excise Duty on goods of special importance.
7. Additional Customs Duties.
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8. Special Additional Duty of Custom.
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CGST IGST SGST

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There are the terms that were absorbed into the GST regume
1. Central Sales Tax 2. State VAT
3. Entry Tax 4. Purchase Tax
5. Entertainment Tax 6. Luxury Tax
7. Taxes on Advertisements 8. Taxes on lotteries, betting and gambling

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Excise
Duty
Excise D
uty levie
Medicina d under
an
ls ACT the
Additional Dutie
s of Excise
Surcharge and
Cases
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Central
Taxes Service Tax
Countervailing Duty
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Duty of
dditional
Special A
GST
s
Customise T)
a le s Tax (GS
S
Central
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VAT
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Entry tax and Octroi
Tax
er
Purchase
x
State Luxury Ta
Taxes ax
ent T
th
rtainm
Ente emen
t
ing
A d vertis d gam
s o n a n
Taxe ing
, bett s
y rge
ro
r
o n lotte u r cha
ed s
Tax s and
e
eas
t a te c
S
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Buying raw
Materials
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Vat
Sale to
Manufacture
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Wholesaler/warehousing
Vat
VAT + Excise Duty
Final Sale to Sale to Retailer
Consumer
Vat

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Goods and services are divided into 5 tax slabs for collection of tax– 0%, 5%, 12%, 18%, 28%
GST unified indirect texes and reshaped the country's 204 trillion dollar economy.
History of GST
Shri Sanjeet Singh, finance minister in 1986 during Rajiv Gandhi's Government introduced Modified Value
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Added Tax (MODVAT). Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao and then finance minister Manmohan Singh began
the discussion on Value Added Tax (VAT) and finally in 1999, the economic advisory panel and then P.M. Atal
Bihari Vajpayee (which included former RBI Governors, J G Patel, Bimal Jalan and C. Rangarajan) set up a
committee to design GST model which was headed by the, finance minister of West Bengal Asim Dasgupta.
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History of GST
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In 2002, the Vajpayee Government formed a task force under Vijay Kelkar to recommend tax reforms. In
2005, the Kelkar committee recommended rolling out GST as suggested by the 12th Finance Commission and
proposed a GST rollout by 1st April 2010. However, in 2010, with the Trinamool Congress routing (PIIM) out
of power in West Bengal, Asim Dasgupta resigned as the head of the GST Committee.
In the 2014 Lok Sabha election, the Bharatiya Janata Party-led NDA government was elected into power, this
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time under the leadership of Narendra Modi.
Arun Jaitley introduced the GST Bill in the Lok Sabha, where the BJP had a majority. In February 2015,
Jaitley set another deadline of 1 April 2017 to implement GST. However, the Opposition led by the Congress,
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demanded that the GST Bill be again sent back to the Selection Committee of the Rajya Sabha due to
disagreements on several statements in the Bill relating to taxation. Finally, in August 2016, the Amendment
Bill was passed. Over the next 15 to 20 days, 18 states ratified the Constitution Amendment Bill, and President
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Pranab Mukherjee gave his consent to it.
A 21 member Selected Committee was formed to look into the proposed GST Laws. After the GST Council
approved the Central Goods and Services Tax Bill 2017 (The CGST Bill ), the Integrated Goods and Services
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Tax Bill 2017 (The IGST Bill), the Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Bill 2017 (The UTGST Bill),
the Goods and Service Tax (Compensation to the States) Bill 2017 (The Compensation Bill), these Bills were
passed by the Lok Sabha on 29th March 2017. After that, State Legislatures of different states have passed
respective State Goods and Services Tax Bills. After the enactment of various GST laws, Goods and Services
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Tax was launched all over India with effect from 01 July 2017. The Jammu and Kashmir state legislature
passed its GST act on 7 July under a unified indirect taxation scheme. There was no GST on the sale of
Goods and Purchases of securities. That continues to be governed by Securities Transaction Tax (STT).
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Types of GST/components of GST

There are three kinds of taxes under the GST. They are:
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1. SGST: State Goods and Services Tax is a part of a tax diverted to the state which is credited by the
revenue department of the state government. This is generally equivalent to GST. This compensates the
loss of existing VAT or sales tax revenue to the state government In the case of local sales, 50% quantum
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of tax amount under GST is diverted to SGST tax.

2. CGST: Central Goods and Services Tax is all the goods tax diverted to revenue department of Central
Government. This share of the tax compensates the loss of existing excise duty and service tax to the
Central Government. In the case of local sales, balance i.e. 50% quantum of GST is transferred to CGST.
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3. IGST: Integrated Goods and Services Tax is levied under interstate sales and purchase is made. One part
of this tax transferred to the central government and other to the state government to whom goods and
services belong. The IGST is the separate tax which is charged only in case of interstate sales or when
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transactions between two states are issued.

In most cases, the tax structure under the new regime will be as follows:
Transaction New Regime Old Regime Revenue Distribution
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Sale within the State CGST + SGST VAT + Central Revenue will be shared equally between the Centre
Excise/Service tax and the State
Sale to another State IGST Central Sales Tax + There will only be one type of tax (central) in case
Excise/Service Tax of inter-state sales. The Centre will then share the
IGST revenue based on the destination of goods.

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Various rates under GST

Under GST, goods and services are taxed at the following rates, 0%, 5%, 12%, 18%, and 28%. Certain items
such as alcohol, petrol, diesel and natural gas will be exempt under the GST.
Items under various rates of GST are as follows:
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0 percent
Wheat, rice, milk, eggs, fresh vegetables, meat, fish, sindoor, bindi, stamps, judicial papers, printed books,
newspapers, bangles, handloom, children's' picture, hotels and lodges below `1000.
5 percent
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Sugar, tea, roasted coffee beans, edible oils, cream, skimmed milk powder, milk food for babies, cashew nuts,
spices, packaged food items, railway freight, life saving drugs, footwear up to `500.
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12 percent
Ayurvedic and homeopathic medicines, readymade garments, mobile phone, non AC hotels, business class air
ticket, fertilisers, Butter, preparations of vegetables, fruits, nuts or other parts of plants.
18 percent
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Footwear above `500, hair oil, soap, toothpaste, LPG stove, military weapons, ice cream, AC hotel that serve
liquor, branded garments, financial services, room tariffs between `2500 and `7500, biscuits (all categories).
28 percent sP
Chewing gum, molasses, chocolate not containing cocoa, waffles and wafers coated with chocolate.
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Things which became cheaper due to the implementation of GST

The following are the things that will get cheaper for the common man:
1. Prices of movie tickets will become cheaper in most of the states.
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2. Food grains, edible oils, etc.

3. Dining in restaurants.
4. Books, pencils, notebooks, etc.
5. Two wheelers.
6. Coal and coal products.
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7. SUV's or luxury or premium cars.

8. Staying in hotels.
9. Televisions.
10. Other entertainment services.
11. Washing machines
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12. Tea, coffee and other masalas.
13. Stones.
14. Eggs, curd, butter, paneer.
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15. Toothpaste, hair products, cereals, and soaps.
Some critics say that GST would affect low and middle-income groups very badly as the prices of the goods
will go up with the implementation of GST.
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Things which became expensive because of GST
The following things are expected to become costlier under GST for the common man.
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1. Mobile bills.
2. Renewal premium for Life Insurance policy
3. Banking and investment management. sP
4. Residential rent.
5. Healthcare.
6. School fees.
7. Courier services.
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8. Aerated drinks.
9. Cigarettes and tobacco.
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10. Basic luxurious for the common man like Wi-Fi

and DTH services.
11. Online booking of tickets for railways airways, etc.
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Features of GST
1. Registration: Every person with a turnover of more than `20 lakh will have to register himself however
the limit is `10 lakh in Himalayan and North-Eastern states.
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2. Filing of Return: It is mandatory for every GST payer to file return on a monthly basis. To do that
they need to submit.
(a) Details of supplies provided
(b) Details of supplies received
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(c) Payment of tax

In addition to the monthly returns, and annual return.
3. Exemptions from GST: Certain goods and services are exempt from GST.
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4. Amount to be Taxed: The GST would be applicable on the supply of goods and services, whose value
will include:
(a) Price paid on the supply
(b) Taxes and duties levied under other tax laws
(c) Interest, late fee, penalties for delayed payments

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5. Payment of GST: The CGST and SGST needs to be paid in the accounts of the central and states
government.
6. Goods and Services Tax Network (GSTN): It is a non -profit, Non-Government Company called Goods
and Services Tax Network (GSTN). It will manage the entire IT system of GST portal.
7. Input Tax Credit (ITC) Set Off : ITC for CGST & SGST will be given for taxes allowed against
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central and state respectively.
8. GST on Imports : Centre will levy IGST on inter-State supply of goods and services.
9. Maintenance of Records : An exporter needs to maintain separate details of utilization or refund of
Input Tax Credit of CGST, SGST and IGST.
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GST COUNCIL
GST council is the governing body of GST having 33 member out of which 2 members are from centre and
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31 members are form 28 states and 3 union territories with legislation. The council contains the following
members (a) Union Minister as chairperson (b) Union Minister of states in change of finance as taxation
or other ministers as nominated by each states government (as member). GST council is an apex member
committee to modify reconcile or to procure any law or regulation based on the context of good and services
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tax in India. The council is leaded by the union finance minister Nirmala Sitaraman assisted by the Finance
Minister of all the states of India. The GST Council is responsible for any revision or enactment of rule or
any rate changes of the goods and services in India.
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How Has GST Helped in Price Reduction?

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During the pre-GST regime, every purchaser, including the final consumer paid tax on tax. This condition of
tax on tax is known as the cascading effect of taxes.
GST has removed the cascading effect. Tax is calculated only on the value-addition at each stage of the
transfer of ownership. Understand what the cascading effect is and how GST helps by watching this simple
illustration:

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Tax Calculations in earlier regime:

Action Cost (`) Tax rate at 10% (`) Invoice Total (`)
Manufacturer 1,000 100 1,100

Warehouse adds a label and repacks at `300 1,400 140 1,540
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Retailer advertises at `500 2,040 204 2,244
Total 1,800 444 2,244
The tax liability was passed on at every stage of the transaction, and the final liability comes to a rest with
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the customer. This condition is known as the cascading effect of taxes, and the value of the item keeps
increasing every time this happens.
Tax Calculations in currecnt regime:
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Action Cost (Rs) Tax rate at Tax liability to be Invoice Total
10% (`) deposited (`) (`)
Manufacturer 1,000 100 100 1,100
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Warehouse adds a label and repacks at `300 1,300 130 30 1,430
Retailer advertises at `500 1,800 180 50 1,980
Total 1,800
sP 180 1,980
In the case of Goods and Services Tax, there is a way to claim the credit for tax paid in acquiring input. The
individual who has already paid a tax can claim credit for this tax when he submits his GST returns.
In the end, every time an individual is able to claims the input tax credit, the sale price is reduced and the
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cost price for the buyer is reduced because of lower tax liability. The final value of the biscuits is therefore
reduced from `2,244 to `1,980, thus reducing the tax burden on the final customer.
Challenges of GST
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1. Robust IT Network: Government has already incorporated Goods and service tax network (GSTN).
It has to develop the entire IT system of GST portal which will ensure technology support for GST
Registration, GST return filing, tax payments etc.
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2. Extensive Training to Tax Administration Staff: As GST is quite different from existing system so it
requires extensive training to tax administration staff regarding the legislation procedure.
3. Understanding GST intricacies is not easy: The wholesaler would be required to deposit the CGST
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into a central government account and the SGST into the account of the state government. Every docket
from buyers and sellers intend be comprise the GST system suitably to ensure that benefits accrue the
full chain.
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Impact of GST on Indian Economy

1. It may increase the flow of Foreign Direct
Investment (FDI).
2. GST will increase the government's revenue
in the long sum.
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3. A single tax would help in lowering the final
selling price for the consumer.
4. GST will facilitate ease of doing business in
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India.
5. It will reduce the cost of tax compliance and
transaction cost.
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6. It will create more employment opportunities.
7. GST would append to government revenues
by widening the tax base.
8. Uniformity in tax laws will lead to single
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point taxation for supply of goods or services
all over India.
9. It will also reduce litigation and waste of time of the judiciary and the assessee due to frivolous
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proceedings at various levels of adjudication and appellate authorities.
10. Reduce tax burden on producers and build a fire under growth at the hand of more production. As the
replication of taxes prevents manufacturers from producing to their optimum capacity and retards growth.
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11. There will be more transparency in the system as the customers would know exactly how much taxes
they are being charged and on what bases.
12. GST would also help in removing the custom duties on exports. Our competitiveness in foreign markets
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would increase on account of lower cost of transaction.
impact of GST across various sectors

TECH
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GST eliminated multiple levies. Duty on manufactured goods increased from 14-15% to 18%, so electronic
products became costlier.
FMCG
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Earlier FMCG companies had to pay around 24-25% tax and GST would help in reduction of tax. Reduction
of overall tax rates, is expected to generate saving. Currently, GST rate on FMCG varies from 5% to 18%.
E-COMMERCE
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GST created a single unified market across India and allowed free movement and supply of goods in every
part of the country. It also eliminated the cascading effect of taxes on customers which increased the workload
for ecommerce firms and push up costs.
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TELECOM
Handset prices likely to come down/even out across states. Manufacturers are further likely to come through
with flying colours on to consumers charge benefits they will earn from consolidating their warehouses and
efficiently managing inventory.
Call charges, data rates has gone up as tax rate in the GST regime exceeds 15% i.e. it is 18% now.

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AUTOMOBILES
The GST gave a positive boost to this sector. The rate now on this sector was now decreased to 18% and
28% from 39% and 42%.
MEDIA
Service tax and entertainment tax are levied on DTH, film producers and multiplex players. GST will captivate
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major critical point and dreariness in businesses.
GST will be a carrying a lot of weight boon to silver screen producers and studios that currently conclude
service tax on most of their charge, but cannot charge input credit on creative services as they fall under
the negative list. Under GST, they will be able to claim credit of these services also, which will help in
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lowering the overall cost. Also, the GST rate attracts tickets at 25% from 30% and on food/drinks at 18%
from 20.5% VAT.
INSURANCE
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Insurance policies: life, health and motor
are more costlier since April 2017 as taxes
had increased.
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AIRLINES
Airlines became expensive, as service tax
was replaced by GST. Earlier service tax sP
on air tickets were 5.6% on economy class
and 8.4% on business class . Now rate of
GST on economy class is 5% and 12%
on business class.
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CEMENT
Earlier tax rates on cement are 27% - 32%
but GST brought down the rate to 18-20%.
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This helped in reduction in logistics costs.

India is second largest producer of cement
in the world.
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Impact of GST on GDP

1. The current system taxation leads to cascading and multiple taxes which discourages manufacturers from
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producing to the full potential and retards growth. GST now will incorporate these problems and will
provide solution to it.
2. Different tolls at different posts and places also lead to the wastage of travelling time of trucks. A single
taxation system will eliminate this roadblock.
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3. There will be more transparency in the system as the customers will know all the charges inclvsine of
taxation at all levels.
4. GST will definitely improve government revenue by improvement in taxes.
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5. Due to elimination of various hurdles like road blocks, cascading effect of taxes at various levels,
simplification in taxes will promote encourage more producers to buy raw material from different
registered dealers.
6. GST will promote competitiveness in foreign markets.
So, in all we can say that all this things points out to the fact that GST will bring positive impact on the
GDP and the economy of India.

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How GST Affects us?
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Benefits of GST
GST, is an extension of VAT, when GST was introduced it was excepted that the revenue of state and central
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government. will increase in the long run. Along with this main courage because of GST, their many other
advantages of GST, which are as follows :
(a) Simplification of the system and easier to understand as well as cheaper to implement at various levels.
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(b) Less chances of Tax evasion and manipulation as to claim benefits everyone has to get on board.
(c) It will be cheaper to buy input goods and services for production from other states.
(d) The end product cost to consumer will also be cheaper because of elimination of multiple tax and the
cascading of taxes.
(e) Conflict of dominion for centre and state has vanished due to introduction of GST.

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(f) The efficiency in tax administration will be improved. Indirect tax revenue will be increased considerably
due to the inclusion of more goods and services, and at last, the cost compliance will be reduced.
(g) GST will surely boost the country's economic growth and ease of doing business in the overall industrial
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sectors.
(h) It will begin a new phase in India's economy by providing logistics and supply chain efficiency and the
state based party that the country requires the most.
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Conclusion
All the positive points referred in the previous topics highlights the benefits of GST, provided it
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maintains a balance between various stakeholders and switch over had to be flawless. GST has been
a big leap in the indirect taxation system and also gives a new impetus to India's economic change.
It is also to be noted that France was first country to implement GST to reduce tax evasion but since
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then more than 170 countries has implemented GST included GST since, all goods and services
would be under the preview of GST, it is expected that the number of exemptions would reduce
very much. Again the tendency of tax evasion by producers and distributors will be low as to the
single rate of tax proposed under GST.
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Further, increased GDP, indirect positive impact on direct tax collections, given for the government
on account of reduction in the price level of a large number of goods and services consumed by the
government as a result GST etc.
A flawless GST would trigger an increase in the government revenue and a surge in the Indian
Economy.

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Bibliography
Internet:
www.gstindia.com https://cleartax.in
economicstimes.indiatimes.com The Tribune
Times of India The Economic Times
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www.successmantra.com www.medetariansea.com
Teachers
Friends and family
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VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS
1. When was GST Act passed?
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Ans. GST Act was passed in the Parliament on 25th March 2017 and came into effect on 15th July, 2017.
2. Name a few taxes that GST modified?
Ans. Central Sales Tax, State VAT, Entry tax, Entertainment Tax, Luxury Tax, Taxes on Advertisements etc.
3.
Ans.
What are the different slab rates under GST?
0%, 5%, 12%, 18%, 28%
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4. What are the types of GST implemented in India?
Ans. SGST – State GST
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CGST – Central GST
IGST – Integrated GST
5. What was GST originally known as?
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Ans. Value Added Tax

6. How did the journey of GST went?
Ans. The journey of GST Started in 2000 by our then PM Vajpayee ji and then GST was finally implemented
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on July 1, 2017.
7. What would be the economic impact of GST?
Ans. 1. It may increase the flow of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).
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2. GST will increase the government's revenue in the long sum.

3. A single tax would help in lowering the final selling price for the consumer.
4. GST will facilitate ease of doing business in India.
5. It will reduce the cost of tax compliance and transaction cost.
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6. It will create more employment opportunities.

7. GST would append to government revenues by widening the tax base.
8. Uniformity in tax laws will lead to single point taxation for supply of goods or services all over
Go
India.
8. What are the benefits of GST Bill implementation.
Ans. The various benefits of GST implementation are :
(a) Simplification of the system and easier to understand as well as cheaper to implement at various
levels.

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(d) The end product cost to consumer will also be cheaper because of elimination of multiple tax and
the cascading of taxes.
an
(f) The efficiency in tax administration will be improved. Indirect tax revenue will be increased
considerably due to the inclusion of more goods and services, and at last, the cost compliance will
be reduced.
(g) GST will surely boost the country's economic growth and ease of doing business in the overall
sh
industrial sectors.
(h) It will begin a new phase in India's economy by providing logistics and supply chain efficiency
and the state based party that the country requires the most.
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9. How is GST levied?
Ans. GST can be calculated simply by multiplying the taxable amount by GST rate i.e., CGGT and SGST/
UTGST. For eg: Price of a product is ` 500 and GST rate is 5% then,
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GST ⇒ 500 × 100 = ` 25 which is equally divided into CGST and SGST i.e.,` 12.5 each.
10. State two main challenges for implementing Goods and Services Tax system.
Ans. Following challenges were faced in the implementation of GST: (any two)
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1. Robust IT Network: Government has already incorporated Goods and service tax network (GSTN).
It has to develop the entire IT system of GST portal which will ensure technology support for
GST Registration, GST return filing, tax payments etc.
2. Extensive Training to Tax Administration Staff: As GST is quite different from existing system
er
so it requires extensive training to tax administration staff regarding the legislation procedure.
3. Understanding GST intricacies is not easy: The wholesaler would be required to deposit the
CGST into a central government account and the SGST into the account of the state government.
th
Every docket from buyers and sellers intend be comprise the GST system suitably to ensure that
benefits accrue the full chain.
11. How will consumer benefit from the GST roll-out?
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Ans. The main advantages of GST are as follows :

(a) Simplification of the system and easier to understand as well as cheaper to implement at various
levels.
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(d) The end product cost to consumer will also be cheaper because of elimination of multiple tax and
the cascading of taxes.
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(f) The efficiency in tax administration will be improved. Indirect tax revenue will be increased
considerably due to the inclusion of more goods and services, and at last, the cost compliance will
Go
be reduced.
(g) GST will surely boost the country's economic growth and ease of doing business in the overall
industrial sectors.
(h) It will begin a new phase in India's economy by providing logistics and supply chain efficiency
and the state based party that the country requires the most.

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12. What will be the impact of GST on GDP?

Ans. 1. The current system taxation leads to cascading and multiple taxes which discourages manufacturers
from producing to the full potential and retards growth. GST now will incorporate these problems
and will provide solution to it.
2. Different tolls at different posts and places also lead to the wastage of travelling time of trucks.
an
A single taxation system will eliminate this roadblock.
3. There will be more transparency in the system as the customers will know all the charges inclvsine
of taxation at all levels.
4. GST will definitely improve government revenue by improvement in taxes.
sh
5. Due to elimination of various hurdles like road blocks, cascading effect of taxes at various levels,
simplification in taxes will promote encourage more producers to buy raw material from different
registered dealers.
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6. GST will promote competitiveness in foreign markets.
So, in all we can say that all this things points out to the fact that GST will bring positive impact
on the GDP and the economy of India.
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13. Are all goods and services covered under the GST?
Ans. No, few essential goods like wheat, rice, milk, eggs, fresh vegetables, meat, fish, etc are exempt from
GST.
14. Will the GST affect Inflation? sP
Ans. To conclude, we can say if implemented effectively GST will being the inflation level down.
15. How will exports be treated under GST?
Ans. GST will not be levied on export of any kind of goods or services.
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PROJECT
3
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Topic : H
uman Development
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Index
Overall layout of the project
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5. Index : (5th Sheet)
(x) HDI aspects of India
(i) Objective of Choosing this project
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(ii) Introduction (xi) Why India is Lagging in HDI?
(iii) What is HDI (xii) What is the trend due to HDI?
(iv) History of the HDI Concept (xiii) What are the advantages of using HDI
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(v) Origin of HDI now as measure of welfare?

(vi) Indicators of the HDI (xiv) What are the limitation of the same?
(vii) 4 pillars of HDI (xv) Case Study of Norway
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(viii) Calculation of HDI (xvi) Conclusion

(ix) Global HDI Ranking (Top and Lowest 10) (xvii) Bibliography
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I have chosen this project on the Topic—Human Development Index because of the following reasons:
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} To know about the real meaning of Human Development.

} To understand why per capita income on GDP is not enough to measure Human Development.
} To know about what lead to the origin of HDI.
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} So as to understand the different aspects of HDI of India.

} Also, to discuss about why India is so behind in HDI ranking.
} If possible to being change in HDI likely of India in whatever way possible.
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Introduction
Before we talk about what is HDI? What is its meaning, significance. Let us first understand about 2 terms
called a growth and development.
So basically growth is a quantitative term, it can be positive as well as negative where as–

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Development is a qualititative aspects which is always positive.

Let say for instance. The population of a place may grow but it is not necessary that the place is developing
if its facilities like housing, health, education aspects does not support this growth.
The quality of life, opportunities, freedom etc there ore so many aspects that comes under HDI.
The concept of HDI was first introduced by Dr. Mahbub-ul-haq and he described development as people's
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choice, access to resources, health and education.
So now lets actually talk about what do we mean by HDI.
What is human development Index (HDI)?
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HDI is a summary measure of average achievement in key dimensions of human development a long and
healthy life, being knowledgeable and have a decent standard of living. This criteria was introduced in HDI
to rectify on the fact that it was more important to focus on people and their capabilities for accessing the
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development of a country, not just a more count of GDP as an economic growth.
It is a measure of a country's average achievements in three dimensions of human development :
A long and healthy life, as measured by life expectancy at birth;
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Knowledge, as measured by mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling and
A decent standard of living, as measured by GNI per capita in PPP terms in US$.
The HDI sets a minimum and a maximum for each dimension, called "goalposts", then shows where each
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country stands in relation to these goalposts. This is expressed as a value between 0 and 1. The higher a
country's human development, the higher its HDI value.
The health dimension is assessed by life
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expectancy at birth, the education dimension
is measured by mean of years of schooling
for adults aged 25 years and more and
expected years of schooling for children
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of school entering age. The standard of

living dimension is measured by gross
national income per capita. The HDI uses
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the logarithm of income, to reflect the

diminishing importance of income with
increasing GNI. The scores for the three
HDI dimension indices are then aggregated
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into a composite index using geometric

mean.
The HDI simplifies and captures only part of what human development entails. It does not reflect on
inequalities, poverty, human securuty, empowerment, etc.
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Human Dimensions Long and healthy life Knowledge A decent standard of living
Development
Index (HDI) indicators Life expectancy at birth Expected years Mean years GNI per capita (PPP $)
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of Schooling of schooling
dimension Life expectancy index Education index GNI index

index
Human Development IndeX (HDI)

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History of the human development concept

For decades, the economic growth criteria dominated the development aspect. However, in the 1980s
unemployment levels escalated; and amenities like social services deteriorated in alot of countries including
some industrialised countries while at the same time, economic production was expanding. So it leds high
rates of economic growth which did not translated into improved human well-being. During the same time,
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some countries were registering improvement in human well-being with decent economic growth. These led
to questions around the globe about the distribution and quality of economic growth. It became clear that
economic growth alone is not enough to judge to a country’s level of development. Then came in the concept
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of HDI. The HDI, which was introduced in the first Human Development Report published in 1990. The idea
of a composite index that measures socio-economic progress was conceived by Mahbub ul Haq a renowned
economist, whose vision was to come up with one measure which is as crude as the GDP, but “not as blind
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to social aspects of human lives as the GNP is”.
Origin of HDI
The Annual Human Development Report produced by Human Development
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Report office of the UNDP came up with this concept which was devised
and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub-ul-haq in 1990 and had the
explicit purpose to shift the from of development economics from National
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Income accounting to people central policies. Haq believed that HDI was
needed to let people know about the public, academic health needs to be
evaluated along with improvements in human well being.
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Mahbub-Ul-Haq
Indicators of the Human Development Index
The three indicators or factors that represent the different aspects of life include the following:
1. Longevity: The human’s longevity is measured by
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life expectancy at birth. The life expectancy at birth

means how many years a newly born person is
expected to survive in this world. This indicated the
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element of health in the Human Development Index.

2. Education: It is measured by the expected years of
schooling life of a child at the school entry age and
the mean years of schooling of the adult population.
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Mean years of schooling: It determines the average

number of years of total schooling adults (aged 25
years and above) have received.
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Expected Years of Schooling: It estimates the

number of years of schooling that a child of school
entrance age can expect to get if the present age-
specific enrollment rates survive through the child’s
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life by country.
3. Standard of Living: The standard of living is usually measured by the GNI per capita. The Gross
National Income (GNI) indicates the domestic and foreign output created by the residents of a certain
country.

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4 pillars of HDI
Equity, Productivity, empowerment, and sustainability are considered to be the four pillars of human
development
Human Development can be described as a process of enlarging opportunities, improving their well-being,
and livelihood.
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The four pillars of human development are:
1. Equity: It means giving equal access to opportunities available to everybody. It must be equal
irrespective of their gender, race, income, and caste.
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2. Productivity (in terms of Human Work): Such things must be constantly enriched by building
capabilities in people. Efforts to increase their knowledge and better health facilities leading to increase
efficiency.
3. Empowerment: Good Governance and people-oriented policies are needed to empower people.
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Empowerment of economically and socially disadvantaged groups is of special importance.
4. Sustainability: Everyone must get the same opportunities to have sustainable human development.
Every resource must be used in a way that there is no shortage of resources for future generations.
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GDP Growth
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Is this
human
Could atleast development?
get something
to eat?
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CALCULATION OF HDI
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(LE – 20)
1. Life Expectancy Index (LEI) =
(85 – 20)
(MYSI +EYSI)
2. Educational Index (EI) =
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2
MYS
Mean years of schooling Index =
15
EYS
Expected years of schooling Index =
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18
[In(GNIpc) – In(100)]
3. Income Index (II) =
[In (75000) – In(100)]
HDI = 3 (LET × EI × II

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Example : Calculating HDI of India.
Life expectancy index = 0.679
Education index = 0.495
Income index = 0.599
HDI = (LI × EI × II)1/3
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HDI = (0.679 × 0.495 × 0.599)1/3 = 0.586
Ranking in HDI
• Ranking base: Globally countries are divided in the following four classes according to their score in
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human development index –
Level of Human Development Score in Development Index Number of Countries
Very High above 0.808 49
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High between 0.700 up to 0.807 53
Medium between 0.556 up to 0.699 42
Low below 0.555 43
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GLOBAL HDI RANKINGS—TOP TEN COUNTRIES
RANK COUNTRIES sP HDI
1 NORWAY 0.957
2 Ireland 0.955
3 SWITZERLAND 0.955
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4 hong kong, China 0.949

5 Iceland 0.949
6 GERMANY 0.947
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7 Sweden 0.945
8 Australia 0.944
9 Netherlands 0.944
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10 DENMARK 0.940
LOWEST TEN COUNTRIES IN HDI

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1 NIGER 0.394
2 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC 0.397
3 CHAD 0.398
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4 BURUNDI 0.433
5 South Sudan 0.433
6 Mali 0.434
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7 BURKINA FASO 0.452

8 SIERRA LEONE 0.452
9 MOZAMBIQUE 0.456
10 ERITERIA 0.459

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What does these HDI scores indicates
So basically if a country scores between 1–0.788 it is considered as a develop country with high human
development and
If a country scores lower than 0.48 then it is considered as low Human Development.
WHO Stands Where
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UNDP Human Development Index Report
TOP Rankers Neighbours & India
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1. Norway 2015 2014
Total
2. Australia Sri Lanka 73 73
of 188
China 90 91
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3. Switzerland countries
India 130 135
4. Denmark ranked
Bangladesh 142 142
5. Netherlands
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Pakistan 146 147
Worrying issues :
Country
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Inequality in
Life expectancy Education Income
India 25 42.1 16.1
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Bangladesh 20.1 38.6 28.3
Pakistan 29.9 44.4 11.6
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South Asia 24.2 41.5 17.9
HDI aspects of India

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India ranks - 131

HDI - 0.586
Gain of 0.003 HDI from previous year.
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Comes under medium human development

countries.
Indicators:
 Life expectancy at birth (by UN).
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Overall - 64.19 years(Rank 147).

Male - 62.80 years.
Female - 65.73 years.
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 Education index : 0.473 .

 Mean years of schooling: 5.1(rank 65).
 GNI (Gross National Income) per
capita at PPP : $5350 (rank 127).

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India’s Human Development Index: Trend over

the years
The report stated that since 1990, the HDI value of
India has increased to 0.645 from 0.429, registering an
increase of over 50%. During the same period, the life
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expectancy at birth in India rose by nearly 12 years,
while mean years of schooling witnessed an increase
of 3.5 years. During this while, the expected years of
schooling also rose by 4.5 years. Moreover, during
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this period, GNI per capita of India also increased,
registering a rise of nearly 274%.
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India’s HDI trends compared to other countries
The UNDP compared India’s value in the HDI with
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other countries in South Asia, viz, Bangladesh and
Pakistan. As against India’s rank at 131, Bangladesh
ranked at the 133rd position, while Pakistan stood at 154th place. In the South Asian region, India’s HDI is
more than the region’s average which stands at .641, while India is also above the average value of 0.631
among the medium HDI category countries.
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India's progress in human development
India's human development Loss in human development due to inequality
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grows slower than before Overall loss due to inequality in all primary indicators
India HDI World HDI India HDI Loss due to income inequality (Figures in as % of HDi)
Rank
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0.581
2010 0.698 136
0.600
2012 131
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0.709
0.618
2014 0.718 130
0.627
2015 131
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0.722
0.636
2016 129 India Pakistan Bangladesh South Medium
0.726
Asia HDI
0.640 countries
2017 130
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0.728
HDI ranking of all the states of India

High human development Medium human development
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Rank State/Union Territory HDI (2019) Rank State/Union Territory HDI (2019)
1 Kerala 0.782 15 Maharashtra 0.697
2 Chandigarh 0.776 16 Manipur 0.697
3 Goa 0.763 17 Jammu and Kashmir 0.688

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4 Lakshadweep 0.751 18 Uttarakhand 0.683

5 Delhi 0.746 19 Karnataka 0.683
6 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 0.741 20 Nagaland 0.679
7 Puducherry 0.740 21 Gujarat 0.672
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8 Himachal Pradesh 0.725 22 Telangana 0.669
9 Punjab 0.724 23 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 0.663
10 Sikkim 0.717 24 Arunachal Pradesh 0.661
11 Tamil Nadu 0.709 25 Tripura 0.658
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12 Daman and Diu 0.708 26 Meghalaya 0.656
13 Haryana 0.708 27 Andhra Pradesh 0.649
14 Mizoram 0.704
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– India (average) 0.645 32 Odisha 0.606
28 West Bengal 0.641 33 Madhya Pradesh 0.603
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29 Rajasthan 0.628 34 Jharkhand 0.599
30 Assam 0.613 35 Uttar Pradesh 0.596
31 Chhattisgarh 0.611 36 Bihar 0.574
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WHY is INDIA so behind in hdi ranking?

The 2019 rank of India was 131 compared to its 2018 rank which was 130 so what happened that the rank
instead of improving, deteriorated on the other hand:
Reasons for India Lagging Behind...
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Increasing Income Inequalities: Income inequalities amplify faillings on other HDI indices of human
development. Intergenerational income mobility is lower in countries with high-income inequality.
 It manifests at birth and determines access to quality healthcare, education, and opportunities.
 Further, there is an increasing trend in income inequality. In India, the income growth of the bottom
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40% between 2000 and 2018 (58%) was significantly below the average income growth for the
entire population (122%).
Gender Inequality: Numbers show female per capita income in India was only 21.8% of that of males,
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while it was more than double at 49% in other developing countries.
 The meagre per capita income of females in India is mainly because of their exclusion from the
labour force.
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 Only 20.5% of the women in the working-age group were in the labour force.
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Cumulative Impact: The cumulative impact of these factors spills over across generations. It is this
intergenerational cycle which denies opportunities to those at the bottom of the pyramid.
Fair Income Distribution: While the size of economic resources is a key factor affecting human
development, the distribution and allocation of these resources also play a major role in determining
the level of human development.

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 Many global case studies show that high growth accompanied by more effective income distribution
can help enhance human development, even with moderate social expenditures.
 For Example, South Korea and Taiwan improved income distribution through early land reforms.
Investing in Social Infrastructure: Universalisation of education and health care could have pulled
deprived sections out of the poverty trap.
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 Sustaining and improving the quality of life will also depend on policies crafted to handle major
emerging challenges such as urbanisation, the housing deficit, access to power, water, education
and health care.
Streamlining of the Finances: Streamlining the traditional approach of generating new sources of
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revenue generation, steps like rationalised targeting of subsidies, judicious use of revenues meant for
social sector development etc will probably meet the financial requirements needed for improving HDI.
Good Governance Reforms: Effective performance evaluation of the projects and activities engaged in
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the social sector development through innovative methods like outcome budgeting, social auditing and
participatory democracy has been known to yield positive results.
Gender Empowerment: Government should invest in Gender equality and women’s empowerment, as
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they are integral to human development.
POSITIVE TRENDS IN THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
Positive trends over the past 28 years

in all regions.
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Most people today live longer, are
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more educated and have more
access to goods and services than
ever before.
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However, we note that as the HDI

values have been rising across all
regions and human development
groups, the rates vary significantly.
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South Asia was the fastest growing

region over 1990-2017, at 45.3
percent, followed by East Asia and
the Pacific at 41.8 percent and Sub-
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Saharan Africa at 34.9 percent.
Benifit of using human development index

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Apart from the fact that HDI gave a much full picture of how well a developed a country is. It also provided
us with human centred approach. With more actual human welfare than just mere economic. So hare are some
advantages of using HDI.
Pros
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1. Wide use: HDI indicators are used worldwide. Countries use HDI to compare their level of economic
development and global economic patterns.
2. Increased infrastructure: Increase in the education level and health of individuals leads to an
improvement in the country’s infrastructure.

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3. Balance in human development: HDI not only concentrates on economic development but also looks
at other areas to measure human development like social measures and individuals’ health.
4. Question national policies: HDI can enable policymakers in the country to easily adjust and implement
economic policies. It also helps question how countries with the same GNI per capita have different HDI.
5. Accuracy: It takes measurement in three areas; health, education, and income level making it more
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accurate.
6. Reliable: HDI is more reliable since it involves more than economic development but also looks at the
standards of living and level of literacy in measuring the country’s development making it more reliable.
7. Measures per person contribution: HDI uses GDP per capita measures to determine the average
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contribution or gain of each individual in economic welfare and development instead of using GDP.
8. Determines areas that need urgent attention: HDI data enable the government to know areas that need
immediate attention and also to come up with appropriate measures for development.
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9. Allocation of funds: Government can use HDI data to allocate funds in development projects or seek
financial aid from the international market to develop underdeveloped areas.
10. Measure the country’s status: HDI measures the social-economic development of the country in various
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aspects.
Limitations of using HDI

So every coin has a flip side to it no element can have it all so along with so many advantages of HDI as
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a measure of welfare it still doesn't cover a few things like it doesn't responds to short time changes, wealth
of a nation does not indicate welfare, it still avoids the factor of inequality of income at large. So a debated
discussion on the same is as below:
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Cons
1. Wide divergence among countries: Different countries have different HDI scores and access different
groups differently resulting in wide divergence within the countries.
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2. Reflect on long-term changes: HDI focuses mostly on the long-term changes in the country like the
life expectancy of people and has less response to short-term changes.
3. No clear indication of the country’s welfare: There is no correlation between having a higher national
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wealth and the welfare of the country. GNI is directly proportioned to how it is spent and may not
increase economic welfare.
4. Measure data on a few areas: HDI doesn’t put other factors like gender equality, death rate, poverty,
and wealth distribution into consideration when measuring economic welfare and development.
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5. No standard education index in society: There is no clear indication of the level of education on all
the groups of people in the society. It is difficult to measure whether poor families can access primary,
secondary, tertiary, and high education in society.
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6. Increases inequality: Sometimes spending more on gross national investments (GNI) per capita can hide
the widespread inequality within the country. Higher GNI results in high levels of inequality.
7. Depends on some factors: Economic welfare depends on access to clean water, the threat of war, levels
of population among others.
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8. Unequal distribution: There is a lot of criticism that the GDP doesn’t measure unequal distribution
within the country thus giving an inaccurate level of economic development.
9. Arbitrary measures: There are various ways of measuring the health or life expectancy and education
levels thus, making some of the chosen measures to be arbitrary.

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10. Lack of consistent: Most countries do not release data required to calculate the HDI on yearly basis
thus lacking year-to-year consistency.
Case of Norway
The discussion is regarding what makes
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Norway a successful society, ranking #1 in the
UN Human Development Index for 12 of the
last 15 years, and what lessons we can take away
to improve our own society and those societies
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that live in our shadow.
It is now ranked the Happiest in the world.
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Humans are a social species. We work together,
live together, and learn from each other. Yet, we
also find ways to take advantage of each other.
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For a decade NORWAY has reliably occupied the number 1 position in the United Nations list of countries
ranked by their Human Development Index. The HDI combines economic and biological measures of quality
of life (GDP per capita and life expectancy) with educational attainment.
Why Norway?
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Norway has unwittingly used the principles of evolutionary
cooperation to build a society with the highest levels of social
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equality. Its social system is one of the best in the world,
and includes free education and healthcare. Opportunity is
widely available, as attested by school exams results that
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show little discrepancy between scores of students from

low-income and high-income families. The United Nations
Human Development Index has ranked Norway number one
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for six consecutive years. It has by far the highest standard

of living the world.
We wonder, how does it do it?
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Although we think of it as an oil-financed haven now, in the nineteenth century Norway was a poor country.
It industrialized in early to mid 20th century, and grew on par with most other western European economies.
But Norway, divorced in 1905 from Sweden and the aristocracy living there, created a society that strives for
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equality long before the commercialization of its natural resources. During the 20th century, Norway made it
a goal to create the most equitable country in world by uniting farmers and workers in the 30s to demand a
voice in the workplace, and by providing a social safety net for all in the 50s. Things that Norway does right:
Norway has a cultural ethos of “we’re all in this together.”
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Norway places the profits accrued from the sale of gas and oil are placed in a trust for the people and
invested in companies and businesses that are screened by an ethics panel appointed by the government.
Norway achieved gender equality, with men and women both taking paid leave to care for newborn
children. Gender equality has been made possible by special government focus on high quality day care
centres.

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Humane penal system that has very low rates of recidivism
In achieving national-level cooperation that supports strong state intervention.
Norwegians work about 37 hours a week, and take long paid vacations.
Norway consistently tops international comparisons of such matters as democracy, civil and political
rights, and freedom of expression and the press.
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Norway is the only nation where everyone that reaches the age of 15 can choose what faith they wish
to join. This includes a secular life stance through the Norwegian Humanist Association.
As opposed to western countries such as the U.S.
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and much of Europe. Norway seems to be headed
in a positive direction. More people in Norway are
happy about their government than anywhere. The
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percent of people in Norway who are happy about
their government increased from 50 percent in
1999 to 70 percent in 2011. Satisfaction with how
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taxes are used are widespread. The number who
want their taxes decreased actually shrunk from
50 percent in 1999 to 20 percent in 2011. As a
think tank, our goal is to understand what makes
Norway the tide rising that lifts all boats.
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Conclusion
In spite of so many limitation, the concept of HDI is the best so far as a guide to the policymakers. It
had not changed since 1990, after it defined by its 1st report by UNDP. It still has focus on the lives
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of people, freedom and other ability. By analysing HDI, we can infer that out of 189 countries—the
difference in level of life expectancy at birth, Mean years of schooling and Gross National Income
(GNI) per capita are pretty much visible. It also concluded that high GDP or economic growth not
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at all indicates high level of Human Development.

In the period 1990-2017, on the world wide level, we have seen positive movement of all elements
so HDI gives an overall index of the economic development. Though some issues all still missing
in infrastructure which can always be worked upon.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Internet:
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"India Human Development Report 2011 (Towards Social Inclusion)" (PDF). IAMR, Planning
Commission, Government of India. p. 257. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016.
Retrieved 5 April 2014.
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"Selected Socio-Economic Statistics India, 2011" (PDF). Ministry of Statistics and Programme
Implementation, Government of India. October 2011. Table 11.1, page 165. Archived from the
original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
"India Human Development Report 2011 (Towards Social Inclusion)" (PDF). IAMR, Planning
Commission, Government of India. p. 17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 2
July 2014.

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Human Development Report 2013 UNDP, page 64, Tabel 3.1
https://ourworldindata.org/human-development-index
https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/2019LINK-Tuesday-Session2-B.pdf
Teachers
Friends and family
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VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS
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1. What is the reason for choosing the topic of HDI instead of so many other?
Ans. The reasons for choosing are as follow:
First of all I was intrigued to know about human development and what it is all about. Then I wanted
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to know about the globe around this topic and lastly I want to compare India with other different
Nations and would like to know that how I can do something about it which will possible only after
a detailed study on the same.
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2. What have you understand about the meaning of HDI?
Ans. HDI is a summary measure of average achievement in key dimensions of human development a long
and healthy life, being knowledgeable and have a decent standard of living. This criteria was introduced
in HDI to rectify on the fact that it was more important to focus on people and their capabilities for
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accessing the development of a country, not just a more count of GDP as an economic growth.
3. Who gave the concept of HDI and when?
Ans. The HDI was introduced in the first Human Development Report published in 1990 and the concept
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by given by Pakistani economist Mahbub-ul-haq.
4. Why was there need of a Index like HDI?
Ans. HDI was needed because GDP & Income were not enough as a measure of welfare. The purpose was
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to shift the focus of development from National Income Accounting to people centred policies.
5. What are the 3 dimensions of HDI used in making this index?
Ans. Longevity, Education and Standard of Living.
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6. What do you mean by longevity?

Ans. Longevity: The human’s longevity is measured by life expectancy at birth. The life expectancy at
birth means how many years a newly born person is expected to survive in this world. This indicated
the element of health in the Human Development Index
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7. What are 4 Pillars of HDI?

Ans. Equity, Productivity, Empowerment, Sustainability
8. What is the current ranking of India, Norway, United States, Guinea, Congo, Niger?
Ans. Country Rank
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India 131
Norway 1
US 17
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Guinea 178
Congo 175
Niger 189
9. What is the current life expectancy by UN?
Ans. 72.6 years as per the data of 2019.

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10. What states tops in India in HDI ranking and which is at the lowest?
Ans. Topmost – Kerala
Lowermost – Bihar
11. What do you feel are the reason for variation in HDI scores of different states within India?
Ans. The various reasons are:
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1. Regional Disparities
2. Inequalities of Income & Wealth
3. Political Scenario
4. Differences in social infrastructure
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5. Gender inequality etc.
12. Why on average India is so far behind in HDI ranking than the most of the world?
Ans. The reasons why India in far behind than the rest of the world in HDI ranking are as follows:
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Increasing Income Inequalities: Income inequalities amplify faillings on other HDI indices of human
development. Intergenerational income mobility is lower in countries with high-income inequality.
 It manifests at birth and determines access to quality healthcare, education, and opportunities.
ra
 Further, there is an increasing trend in income inequality. In India, the income growth of the
bottom 40% between 2000 and 2018 (58%) was significantly below the average income growth
for the entire population (122%). sP
Gender Inequality: Numbers show female per capita income in India was only 21.8% of that of
males, while it was more than double at 49% in other developing countries.
 The meagre per capita income of females in India is mainly because of their exclusion from
the labour force.
er
 Only 20.5% of the women in the working-age group were in the labour force.
Cumulative Impact: The cumulative impact of these factors spills over across generations. It is
this intergenerational cycle which denies opportunities to those at the bottom of the pyramid.
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Fair Income Distribution: While the size of economic resources is a key factor affecting
human development, the distribution and allocation of these resources also play a major role in
determining the level of human development.
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13. What factors still needs to be incorporated in HDI ranking system?

Ans. Reflection of long term changes, Education standard index in society, Unequal distribution and Increase
in inequality of Income etc.
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14. Tell me some suggestions after comparing India with Norway that what can be done to improve India's
HDI ranking?
Ans. Various things that we can do are as follow –
Focus on “We” instead of "I".
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Reducing gender inequality.

Giving paid vacation to improve the quality of life and remove stress in the overall life etc.
(You can also add some points as per your own Point of view)
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15. Is HDI enough as an index of assuring welfare across the globe?

Ans. It is best so far a guide to the policy maker but still some considerable issues are missing which we
can always work upon.

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PROJECT
4
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Topic : D
igital India
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Overall layout of the project
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(i) Objective/Reason for Choosing this Project sP(viii) Challenges of Digital India
(ii) Introduction (xiv) Initiatives Under Digital India
(iii) What is Digital India (x) Impact of Digital India
(iv) Speech of PM on Digital India (xi) Highlights of the Progress of Digital India
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(v) Vision Area of Digital India (xii) Conclusion
(vi) Nine Pillars of Digital India (xiii) Bibliography
(vii) Advantages of Digital India Mission
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I have chosen this project on the Topic—"Digital India' because of the following reasons:
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} I would like to recognize the progress made by India on digital adoption and to identify gaps that
are yet to be filled;
} To articulate the vision, potential size, and drivers of India’s digital economy of the future;
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} Also, I want to determine what needs to be done to ensure progress towards realising this vision
} To study impact of Digital India in rural and urban areas
} To study the effect of Digital India on foreign trade.
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Introduction
The Digital India programme, is a flagship programme of the Government
of India with a vision of transforming India into a digitally empowered
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society and knowledge economy. Digital India is a campaign launched

by the Government of India in order to ensure the Government services
are made available to citizens electronically by improved online
infrastructure and by increasing internet connectivity or making the
country digitally empowered in the field of technology.

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The programme was launched on July 1, 2015 by honourable Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi.
The initial plan included connection of rural areas with high-speed internet network. It consists of 3 core
components.
(a) The development of secure and stable digital infrastructure
(b) Delivering government services digitally
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(c) Universal Digital Literacy
WHAT IS DIGITAL INDIA?
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1. The Digital India program is a flagship program of the Government of India with a vision to transform
India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy.
2. Digital India initiative has been launched on July 3, 2015 (1.13 lakh crore cost) with a vision to digitally
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empower each and every citizen of the country.
3. It aims at ensuring the government services are made available to citizens electronically by reducing
paperwork.
4. It also includes plan to connect rural areas with high-speed internet networks.
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5. It is coordinated by Deity(Department Electronics and IT) and is implemented by the government.
6. Prime Minister is the Chairman on monitoring committee.
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PRIME MINISTER SPEECH ON DIGITAL INDIA

On 15 July, 2015 PM delivered his speech. Taking about his
dream of digitally connecting India PM Modi launched his
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ambitious Digital India project. The project aims to create

a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy. He
spoke extensively of his vision for digital India. “I dream of
a digital India where high speed digital highways unite the
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nation. I dream of a digital India where 1.2 billion connected

Indians drive innovation. I dream of a Digital India where the
government is often and governance is transparent. I dream
of a digital India where the rural economy has access to
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e-healthcare. I dream of a Digital India where the world looks

to India for the next big idea” he said.” Just like make in India
is important-design in India is also important”.
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VISION AREA OF DIGITAL INDIA

1. The vision of Digital India programme is to transform India into a digitally empowered society and
knowledge economy.
2. The Digital India programme is centered on three key vision areas:

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Digital Infrastructure as a Governance & Services on Digital Empowerment of

Core Utility to Every Citizen Demand Citizens
Seamlessly integrated Universal digital literacy
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Availability of high speed

internet as a core utility services across departments Universally accessible digital
for delivery of services to or jurisdictions resources
citizens Availability of services in real Availability of digital resources
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Cradle to grave digital identity time from online & mobile / services in Indian languages
that is unique, lifelong, online platforms
Collaborative digital platforms
and authenticable to every All citizen entitlements to be for participative governance
citizen portable and available on the
Citizens not required
Mobile phone & bank account cloud
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to physically submit
enabling citizen participation Digitally transformed services Government. documents /
in digital & financial space for improving ease of doing certificates
Easy access to a Common business
Service Centre Making financial transactions
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Shareable private space on electronic & cashless

a public cloud Leveraging Geospatial
Safe and secure cyber- Information Systems (GIS)
space for decision support systems
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& development
Vision Area 1 : Digital Infrastructure as a utility to every citizen infrastructure.

Vision Area 2 : Governance and services on demand
Vision Area 3 : Digital empowerment of citizens.

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Nine pillars of Digital India

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Digital India was established with a vision of inclusive growth

in areas of electronic services, products, manufacturing, and
job opportunities.
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Digital India aims to provide the much-needed thrust to the

nine pillars of growth areas. Each of these areas is a complex
programme in itself and cuts across multiple Ministries and
Departments. The nine pillars of Digital India are given
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below:
1. Broadband Highways
This covers three sub components, namely Broadband
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for All Rural, Broadband for All Urban and National

Information Infrastructure.
Under Broadband for All Rural, 250 thousand village
Panchayats would be covered by December, 2016. DoT will be the Nodal Department and the project
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cost is estimated to be approximately `32,000 Cr.

Under Broadband for All Urban, Virtual Network Operators would be leveraged for service delivery and
communication infrastructure in new urban development and buildings would be mandated.
National Information Infrastructure would integrate the networks like SWAN, NKN and NOFN along with
cloud enabled National and State Data Centres. It will also have provision for horizontal connectivity

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to 100, 50, 20 and 5 government offices/ service outlets at state, district, block and panchayat levels
respectively. DeitY will be the nodal department and the project cost is estimated to be around `15,686
Cr for implementation in 2 years and maintenance & support for 5 years.
2. Universal Access to Mobile Connectivity
The initiative is to focus on network penetration and fill the gaps in
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connectivity in the country.
All together 42,300 uncovered villages will be covered for providing
universal mobile connectivity in the country.
DoT will be the nodal department and project cost will be around
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`16,000 Cr during FY 2014-18.
3. Public Internet Access Programme
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The two sub components of Public Internet Access Programme are Common Service Centres and Post
Offices as multi-service centres.
Common Service Centres would be strengthened and its number would be increased from approximately
135,000 operational at present to 250,000 i.e. one CSC in each Gram Panchayat. CSCs would be made
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viable, multi-functional end-points for delivery of government and business services. DeitY would be
the nodal department to implement the scheme.
A total of 150,000 Post Offices are proposed to be converted into multi service centres. Department of
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Posts would be the nodal department to implement this scheme.
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4. e-Governance: Reforming Government through Technology

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Government Business Process Re-engineering using IT to improve transactions is the most critical for
transformation across government and therefore needs to be implemented by all ministries/ departments.
The guiding principles for reforming government through technology are:
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Form simplification and field reduction – Forms should be made

simple and user friendly and only minimum and necessary
information should be collected.
Online applications, tracking of their status and interface between
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departments should be provided.

Use of online repositories e.g. school certificates, voter ID cards,
etc. should be mandated so that citizens are not required to submit
these documents in physical form.

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Integration of services and platforms, e.g. UIDAI, Payment Gateway, Mobile Platform, Electronic Data
Interchange (EDI) etc. should be mandated to facilitate integrated and interoperable service delivery to
citizens and businesses.
Electronic Databases: All databases and information should be electronic and not manual.
Workflow Automation Inside Government: The workflow inside government departments and agencies
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should be automated to enable efficient government processes and also to allow visibility of these
processes to the citizens.
Public Grievance Redressal: IT should be used to automate, respond and analyze data to identify and
resolve persistent problems. These would be largely process improvements.
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5. e-Kranti - Electronic Delivery of Services
There are 31 Mission Mode Projects under different stages of
e-governance project lifecycle. Further, 10 new MMPs have been
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added to e-Kranti by the Apex Committee on National e-Governance
Plan (NeGP) headed by the Cabinet Secretary in its meeting held on
18th March 2014.
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Technology for Education – e-Education
All Schools will be connected with broadband. Free wifi will be
provided in all secondary and higher secondary schools (coverage
would be around 250,000 schools). A programme on digital literacy
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would be taken up at the national level. MOOCs –Massive Online Open
Courses shall be developed and leveraged for e-Education.
Technology for Health – e-Healthcare
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E-Healthcare would cover online medical consultation, online medical records, online medicine supply, pan-
India exchange for patient information. Pilots shall be undertaken in 2015 and full coverage would be provided
in 3 years.
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Technology for Farmers

This would facilitate farmers to get real time price information, online ordering of inputs and online cash,
loan and relief payment with mobile banking.
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Technology for Security

Mobile based emergency services and disaster related services would be provided to citizens on real time
basis so as to take precautionary measures well in time and minimize loss of lives and properties.
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Technology for Financial Inclusion

Financial Inclusion shall be strengthened using Mobile Banking, Micro-ATM program and CSCs/ Post Offices.
Technology for Justice
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Interoperable Criminal Justice System shall be strengthened by leveraging e-Courts, e-Police, e-Jails and
e-Prosecution.
Technology for Planning
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National GIS Mission Mode Project would be implemented to facilitate GIS based decision making for project
planning, conceptualization, design and development.
Technology for Cyber Security
National Cyber Security Co-ordination Center would be set up to ensure safe and secure cyber-space within
the country.

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6. Information for All
Open Data platform and online hosting of information & documents
would facilitate open and easy access to information for citizens.
Government shall pro-actively engage through social media and
web based platforms to inform citizens. MyGov.in has already
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been launched as a medium to exchange ideas/ suggestions with
Government. It will facilitate 2-way communication between citizens
and government.
Online messaging to citizens on special occasions/programs would
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be facilitated through emails and SMSes.
The above would largely utilise existing infrastructure and would need
limited additional resources.
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7. Electronics Manufacturing
Target NET ZERO Imports is a striking demonstration of intent.
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This ambitious goal requires coordinated action on many fronts

Taxation, incentives
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Economies of scale, eliminate cost disadvantages

Focus areas – Big Ticket Items FABS, Fab-less design, Set top boxes, VSATs, Mobiles, Consumer &
Medical Electronics, Smart Energy meters, Smart cards, micro-ATMs
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Incubators, clusters
Skill development
Government procurement
There are many ongoing programs which will be fine-tuned.
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Existing structures are inadequate to handle this goal and need strengthening.
8. IT for Jobs
1 Cr students from smaller towns & villages will be trained for IT sector jobs over 5 years. DeitY would
be the nodal department for this scheme.

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BPOs would be set up in every north-eastern state to

facilitate ICT enabled growth in these states. DeitY
would be the nodal department for this scheme.
3 lakh service delivery agents would be trained as
part of skill development to run viable businesses
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delivering IT services. DeitY would be the nodal
department for this scheme.
5 lakh rural workforce would be trained by the
Telecom Service Providers (TSPs) to cater to their
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own needs. Department of Telecom (DoT) would be
the nodal department for this scheme.
9. Early Harvest Programmes
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IT Platform for Messages
A Mass Messaging Application has been developed by DeitY that will cover elected representatives and all
Government employees. 1.36 Cr mobiles and 22 Lakh emails are part of the database.
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Government Greetings to be e-Greetings
Basket of e-Greetings templates have been made available. Crowd sourcing of e-Greetings through MyGov
platform has been ensured. E-Greetings portal has been made live on 14th August 2014.
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Biometric Attendance
It will cover all Central Government. Offices in Delhi and is already operational in DeitY and has been initiated
in the Department of Urban Development. On-boarding has also started in other departments.
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Wi-Fi in All Universities

All universities on the National Knowledge Network (NKN) shall be covered under this scheme. Ministry of
HRD is the nodal ministry for implementing this scheme.
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Secure Email within Government

l Email would be the primary mode of communication.
Phase-I upgradation for 10 lakh employees has been completed. In Phase II, infrastructure would be
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further upgraded to cover 50 lakh employees by March 2015 at a cost of `98 Cr. DeitY is the nodal
department for this scheme.
Standardize Government Email Design
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Standardised templates for Government email are under preparation and would be ready by October 2014.
This would be implemented by DeitY.
Public Wi-fi Hotspots
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Cities with population of over 1 million and tourist centres would be provided with public wi-fi hotspots to
promote digital cities. The scheme would be implemented by DoT and MoUD.
School Books to be eBooks
All books shall be converted into eBooks. Min. of HRD/ DeitY would be the nodal agencies for this scheme.
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SMS based Weather Information, Disaster Alerts

SMS based weather information and disaster alerts would be provided. DeitY’s Mobile Seva Platform is
already ready and available for this purpose. MoES (IMD) / MHA (NDMA) would be the nodal organizations
for implementing this scheme.

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National Portal for Lost & Found Children

This would facilitate real time information gathering and sharing on the lost and found children and
would go a long way to check crime and improve timely response.
DeitY/ DoWCD would be the nodal departments for this project.
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IT Platform for Messages
Wi-Fi in all universities
Public Wi-Fi Hotspots
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Government Greetings to be E-greetings
Secure Email Within Government

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School Books to be e-Books
Biometric Attendance
Standardise Government Email Design

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SMS Based Weather Information,
Disaster Alerts
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Advantages of Digital India Mission

Digital India Mission aims to connect the rural areas of the country with high-speed internet networks. Public
Internet Access Programme is one of the main pillar among nine pillars of digital India. The economy is
expected to cross $1 trillion mark by 2022.
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Some of the advantages of Digital India are:

1. Infrastructure as a Utility to each Citizen
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High-speed internet will be made available in all the gram panchayats

Mobile and Bank account would allow participation in digital and financial space at an individual level
Access to the public service center within their locality will be made easy
Shareable private space on a public cloud
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Safe and reliable cyberspace in the country.

2. Governance and Services on Demand
Single window access to each and every person by integrating departments or jurisdictions
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Availability of government services in mobile and online platforms

Government services to be digitally converted for improving ease of making business
3. Digital Empowerment of Citizens
Universal digital literacy
All digital resources globally available

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All government documents to be accessible on the Cloud
Availability of digital resources in all Indian languages
Collaborative digital platforms for participative governance
4. Removal of the Black Economy
All the online transaction can be observed on a regular basis easily
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Each payment made by a customer to any merchant will be registered
No illegal transactions
Impossible for people to hide their money
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5. Increase in Revenue
Monitoring the sales and taxes has become much more comfortable
Customers get a bill for every purchase that they make
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Merchants cannot escape from paying tax to the government
Growth of the overall economic status of the country.
6. Empowerment to the People
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The government can transfer the subsidies to the Aadhaar-linked bank accounts of people directly
People do not have to wait to receive the incentives that they are bound to obtain from the government
7. Paves the Way to E-governance
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E-governance is a huge bonus point for all the citizens
You can now receive anything from your birth certificate to death certificate immediately
Useful for people to access the information they need on the go
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The National e-Governance Plan is an initiative to make all government services possible to India’s
citizens through electronic media.
8. Creation of New Jobs
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With the initiative of Digital India, there have been various ways to enhance job opportunities in new markets
and to increase employment opportunities in current markets.
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Common Services
Centers
3.65 Lakh
e-Hospital Aadhaar
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Transactions Generated
10.49 Crore 123 Crore
MyGov Digilocker
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Users Users
81.40 Lakh 2.39 Crore
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Sa igita
ksh l
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Jeevan Pramaan Ab ara

Pensioners En hiya la
2.3 rclme n
2.59 Crore 0 C nt
Total Direct ror
benefit Transfer e
7.45 Lakh Crore

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Challenges of Digital India

No program or initiative can only have advantages and no
challenges. Each initiative always faces some challenges. It is
not that easy to connect country like India with internet facility all
over the place with a population of more than `130 crores. Some
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challenges that this campaign faced are as follows :
Lack of infrastructure: Connecting every village with
high speed internet requires vital amount of investment
and infrastructure. The slow and delayed infrastructure in
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the country's and the availability of low spectrum makes it
difficult.
Digital illiteracy: Most of the citizen of India especially of
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rural areas still does not have digitization is a team work
and requires administration changes and awareness campaigns backed by government especially in rural
areas.
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Administrative roadblocks: After so many efforts by the government red tapism is still prevalent in the
county, specific clearance issue is still faced by many companies, hence in order to remove regulatory
road block across all the state at reasonable price becomes important.
Cyber Crime: It is the major threat to the people of India since there are less or no internet privacy
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laws, people usually get exposed to cyber-crimes.
Net neutrality: Making internet accessible to each and every citizen of India, however the issue is still
on the table.
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Initiatives under Digital India

The initiatives under Digital India are categorised based on the objectives of the scheme. The initiatives under
Digital India are as follows:
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Infrastructure
Under this initiative, the Government provides multiple programs that facilitate a reliable digital infrastructure.
The following are some of the programs under this:
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AADHAR: One of the key strengths of ‘Digital India’, wherein every resident of the country is given
a unique identity number.
Bharat Broadband Network (BBNL): This is the custodian of Digital India. The creation of the National
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Optical Fiber Network (NOFN) has been mandated in India.

Centre for Excellence for Internet of Things (CoE-IT): The main objective of the center is for creating
domain capability and innovative applications.
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CERT-IN: This is formed with the intention to secure Indian cyberspace.

Common Services Centres (CSCS): CSCs are the access points for the delivery of essential public
utility services, healthcare, social welfare schemes, financial, education, and agriculture services.
Cyber Swachhta Kendra: The purpose of this is to generate secure cyberspace by detecting botnet
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infections in India and to notify, enable cleaning, and secure systems of end-users so as to prevent further
infections.
Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana: This is one of the flagship programs of the Power Ministry
(MoP) and is designed to provide a continuous power supply to the entire rural India.

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DigiLocker: A digital wallet to empower citizens digitally.

Digital Saksharta Abhiyaan (DISHA): This aims to provide IT training to 52.5. lakh persons.
Digitize India Platform: This platform provides digitization of scanned document images or physical
documents.
Services
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Under this initiative, the Government has introduced multiple online services to facilitate greater reach and
accessibility:
Accessible India Campaign and Mobile App: This nation-wide flagship campaign is for achieving
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universal accessibility for enabling people with disabilities to gain access to equal opportunity.
Agrimarket App: This mobile application aims to keep farmers abreast with the crop prices and avoid
distress sale.
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Beti Bachao Beti Padhao: This aims to provide equal opportunity to a girl child, a chance to be born
and be educated.
BHIM (Bharat Interface For Money): This makes payment easy and quick using UPI.
Crime and Criminal Tracking Network & Systems (CCTNS): This aims for nationwide networking
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infrastructure for the evolution of an IT-enabled state-of-the-art tracking system around ‘Investigation of
crime and detection of criminals.’
Crop Insurance Mobile App: This app can be used to compute the insurance premium for notified
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crops based on the area of coverage, amount, and loan amount in the case of loanee farmers.
Digital AIIMS: A distinctive health identification number for every patient visiting AIIMS was generated
on an Aadhar platform.
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E-Granthalaya, E-Panchayat, E-Hospital, E-Pathshala, E-prison: All of these provide digitalization
of services like libraries, hospitals, schools, and prisons.
Empowerment
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Under this initiative, the Government provides e-governance, skill development, and infrastructure development
initiatives:
Aadhar Enabled Payment System (AEPS)
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BPO Scheme
Digidhan Abhiyaan
MyGov
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National Mission on Education using ICT

North East BPO Promotion Scheme (NEBPS)
NREGA – Soft
OpenForge
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PayGov India
Smart Cities
Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY)
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Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY)

PAHAL (DBTL)
Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS)
Visvesvaraya PhD Scheme For Electronics and IT

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Impact of Digital india

When the Digital India project was introduced in 2015, it estimated that by 2019 it will lead to broadband
connectivity in all panchyats, wifi in schools and universities basically this will lead to India as Digitally
empowered and the leader in usage of IT in various sectors such as health, education, agriculture, banking
etc. So let us analyse the impact of Digital India across various domain.
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1. Economic Impact
The Digital India could boost the Indian Economy upto $1 trillion by 2025. It will lead to GDP growth,
employment generation, labor productivity, growth in number of business units.
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As per World Bank report, a 10% increase in Mobile and Broadband services will increase the per capita
GDP by 0.81%-1.38%. India has about 915 million subscribers so it is the 2nd largest Telecom market in the
world. India Account for world's 3rd largest Internet market with approximately 259 million broadband users.
So there is still a huge opportunity India in to explore the angle of digitalisation.
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2. Social Impact
Earlier sectors like healthcare, banking and education were out of reach of people. There were 'n' number
of limitations such as middleman, illiteracy, poverty, lack of funds, information and investments and these
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problems had created even more imbalanced regional growth.
The poor literacy rate in India is due to unavailability of physical infrastructure in rural and remote areas.
The Digital India project will help in providing real-time education and may be will help a bit in solving
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the problem of lack of teachers in classroom. The internet facility has provided infrastructure for online
platforms through massive online courses.
Banking facilities had also been enhanced due to advanced technology. Banks can now reach new customers
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groups incurring lowest possible costs. M-health can promote healthcare services. Also, Digital platforms
can help farmers in know how (crop choice, seed variety), content (weather, plant protection,) and market
information (market prices, market demand, logistics).
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3. Environmental Impact
Digital India contributed to the environmental changes as it will help in lowering the carbon footprint by
reducing fuel consumption, waste management, greener workplace. Cloud computing technology minimises
carbon emission by improving mobility, flexibility and overall reduction of paper use.
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Highlights of the progress of digital india
More than 12,000 rural post office branches have been linked
digitally and soon payment banking would also become a
reality for them.
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The government also plans to make ‘digital village’ across
the country, by linking all schemes with technology. The
‘digital village’ would be powered by LED lighting, solar
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energy, skill development centres and e-services like
e-education and e-health.
Electronic transactions related to e-governance projects in
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the country have almost doubled in 2015, owing to the
Digital India Programme. According to government website
electronic transaction aggregation and analysis layer (eTaal),
3.53 billion transactions took place in 2014, which almost
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doubled in 2015 to 6.95 billion.

In a year that will be remembered for "note bandi"–a
colloquial term for the withdrawl of 86 percent of the value
of India's currency in circulation on 8 November—cashless
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payments in October 2016 increased 22 percent, when

compared to October 2015, indicating that Indians have
been steadily more accepting of various digital payments
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modes since last year.

The progressive policies and aggressive focus on ‘Make in India’ have played a significant role in the
resurgence of the electronics manufacturing sector.
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Conclusion
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A digitally enchanced India will lead to the overall growth of the country in economic, social and
every aspect through development of non-agriculture economics activities along with access to
finance, health and education. It is estimated that the potential of Digital India could make India
trillion dollar economy and now Government. is aiming for 5 trillion in the path.
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For any country to grow from each aspect it is very necessary for to embrace elements like literacy,
basic infrastructure, overall business etc. They had embraced Digital India campaign to enhance
effective communication between citizen and Government. With the usage of Digital Platform,
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corruption has reduced. Currently the Digital India campaign in India is in its early stages, it will
take some time for it take a shape and bring massive change in Indian Economy.
“In this Digital Age, we have an opportunity to transform effective of people in ways that was had
to imagine a couple of decades ago.” –Narendra Modi

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Internet:
https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Regional-Presence/AsiaPacific/Documents/Events/2017/Sep-SCEG2017/
SESSION-2_India_Mr_Uttam_Chand_Meena.pdf
https://www.slideshare.net/pranoy_seenu/cbse-economics-class-12-board-project-digital-india
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https://hscprojects.com/project-on-digital-india-economics-project-for-class-12/
https://www.digitalindia.gov.in/ebook/MeitY_TrillionDollarDigitalEconomy.pdf
https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/digital-india/
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Teachers
Friends and family
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VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS
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1. What do you mean by the topic 'Digital India'?
Ans. The Digital India programme, is a flagship programme of the Government of India with a vision
of transforming India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy. Digital India is
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a campaign launched by the Government of India in order to ensure the Government services are
made available to citizens electronically by improved online infrastructure and by increasing internet
connectivity or making the country digitally empowered in the field of technology. It consists of 3
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core components.
(a) The development of secure and stable digital infrastructure
(b) Delivering government services digitally
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(c) Universal Digital Literacy

2. Why is the campaign Digital India launched?
Ans. Digital India was launched because in today's technological advance world, India needed secure &
stable digital infrastructure to keep up pace with the rest of the world.
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3. Who is the head of Digital India?

Ans. Digital India was launched by our Honourable PM Shri Narendra Modi & currently CEO of this
programme in Shri Abhishek Singh
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4. What is the vision of Digital India?

Ans. The vision of Digital India programme is to transform India into a digitally empowered society and
knowledge economy.
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5. What do you mean by e-Kranti?

Ans. e-Kranti - Electronic Delivery of Services: There are 31 Mission Mode Projects under different stages
of e-governance project lifecycle. Further, 10 new MMPs have been added to e-Kranti by the Apex
Committee on National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) headed by the Cabinet Secretary in its meeting
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held on 18th March 2014. It includes - Technology for e-Education, e-Healthcare, Farmers, Justice
etc.
6. Explain any 4 pillars of Digital India.
Ans. 1. Broadband Highways
2. Universal Access to Mobile Connectivity

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3. Public Internet Access Programme

4. e-Governance: Reforming Government through Technology
(You can explain any four of your choice)
7. What do you mean by Early Harvest?
Ans. Early Harvest is a free trade agreement between two trading partners & the various programmes under
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it are:
1. IT platform for messages.
2. Biometric Attendance
3. Wi-fi in All Universities
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4. School books to be eBooks
5. Public Wi-fi hotspots.
8. How has Digital India impacted you or people around you?
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Ans. Earlier sectors like healthcare, banking and education were out of reach of people. There were 'n'
number of limitations such as middleman, illiteracy, poverty, lack of funds, information and investments
and these problems had created even more imbalanced regional growth.
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sP
Banking facilities had also been enhanced due to advanced technology. Banks can now reach new
customers groups incurring lowest possible costs. M-health can promote healthcare services. Also,
Digital platforms can help farmers in know how (crop choice, seed variety), content (weather, plant
er
protection,) and market information (market prices, market demand, logistics).

9. Do you think India would have a better place without this campaign?
Ans. Every coin has two sides but we compare the pros & cons of Digital India then we can say that pros
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outweighs the cons by multiple times, so India would not have been better place without this campaign.
10. Compare today's and your parents generation in digital fluency. What do you think is the reason for
this contrast?
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Ans. To be honest, Majority of the people of our parents generation were digitally illiterate. Though they
are evolving with time & learning a lot of things but compound to today's generation in general they
are far behind. The major reason for the same is availability of resources & exposure with technology.
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11. Had Digital India bought up the price in the economy?

Ans. Its the opposite actually. Introduction of Digital India has brought the price down in the economy by
digitalising everything. It's a small step towards eradication of corruption.
12. What has been the social impact of Digital India?
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Ans. Earlier sectors like healthcare, banking and education were out of reach of people. There were 'n'
number of limitations such as middleman, illiteracy, poverty, lack of funds, information and investments
and these problems had created even more imbalanced regional growth.
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Banking facilities had also been enhanced due to advanced technology. Banks can now reach new
customers groups incurring lowest possible costs. M-health can promote healthcare services. Also,

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Digital platforms can help farmers in know how (crop choice, seed variety), content (weather, plant
protection,) and market information (market prices, market demand, logistics).
13. What are the achievements due to Digital India?
Ans. More than 12,000 rural post office branches have been linked digitally and soon payment banking
would also become a reality for them.
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The government also plans to make ‘digital village’ across the country, by linking all schemes with
technology. The ‘digital village’ would be powered by LED lighting, solar energy, skill development
centres and e-services like e-education and e-health.
Electronic transactions related to e-governance projects in the country have almost doubled in 2015,
sh
owing to the Digital India Programme. According to government website electronic transaction
aggregation and analysis layer (eTaal), 3.53 billion transactions took place in 2014, which almost
doubled in 2015 to 6.95 billion.
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14. According to you how can we improve Digital India campaign and spread it even more?
Ans. From our own end we can contribute in Digital India by taking small steps like:
1. Using online payment system instead of cash as much as possible.
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2. Linking JAM (Jan Dhan, Aadhar & Mobile)
3. Sync Aadhar card will all your accounts
4. Open your own Digi - Locker
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15. What all prescriptive you have gained after doing this project?
Ans. Every student has their own Learning after making their project Please write your own Point of view.
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PROJECT
5
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Topic : M
ake In India
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(i) Objectives of Choosing this project (xii) Sector Specific Achievements of Make in India
(ii) Introduction (xiii) Failures of Make in India
(iii) 4 pillars under Make in India (xiv) Challenges faced in this program
(iv) Logo of Make in India (xv) Conclusion
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(v) Sector under Make in India (xvi) Bibliography

(vi) Works in Say
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(vii) Reasons for Choosing Manufacturing Sector

(viii) Key Schemes Launched to support Make in India Programm
(ix) Impact of Make in India
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(xi) Achievements of Make in India

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I have chosen this project on the Topic—"Make in India' because of the following reasons:
} 1st to know to know about the campaign Make In India in full capacity
} To find out perceptions about Make in India.
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} To search the impact of Make in India on various business with, GDP of India and Indian economy.
} Because I want to tell the people around me, come, Make in India. Come and manufacture in India
as we have skill, talent, discipline and the desire to do something in whatever capacity I can and
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I will able to spread this message only if I myself know about it.
Introduction
Since years, policy makers have been debating how to given an impetus to manufacturing in India and to
remodel India as a global manufacturing hub.

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But then our PM Shri Narendra Modi, launched the

'Make in India' campaign to facilitate investment,
foster innovations, enhances skill development,
protect intellectual property and build best product
intellectual property in class manufacturing
infrastructure.
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The approach of this campaign was as such to
create a conducive environment for people who
want to invest in India. Develop an efficient and
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up to date infrastructure and show way to foreign
capital.
The aim was to create job and enhance skills of
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the people living in India along with 'Transforming
India into Global manufacturing hub.
“Make in India” had three main objectives:
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1. To increase the manufacturing sector’s growth rate to 12-14% per annum;
2. To create 100 million additional manufacturing jobs in the economy by 2022;
3. To ensure that the manufacturing sector’s contribution to GDP is increased to 25% by 2022 (later revised
to 2025). sP
4 pillars under make in india
The “Make in India” initiative is based on four pillars, which have been identified to give boost to
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entrepreneurship in India, not only in manufacturing but also other sectors.
New Processes: ‘Make in India’ recognizes ‘ease of doing business’ as the single most important factor to
promote entrepreneurship. A number of initiatives have already been undertaken to ease business environment.
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The aim is to de-license and de-regulate the industry during the entire life cycle of a business.
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New Infrastructure: Availability of modern and facilitating infrastructure is a very important requirement
for the growth of industry. Government intends to develop industrial corridors and smart cities to provide

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infrastructure based on state-of-the-art technology with modern high-speed communication and integrated
logistic arrangements. Existing infrastructure to be strengthened through upgradation of infrastructure in
industrial clusters. Innovation and research activities are supported through fast paced registration system
and accordingly infrastructure of Intellectual Property Rights registration set-up has been upgraded. The
requirement of skills for industry are to be identified and accordingly development of workforce to be taken up.
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New Sectors: ‘Make in India’ has identified 25 sectors in manufacturing, infrastructure and service activities
and detailed information is being shared through interactive web-portal and professionally developed brochures.
FDI has been opened up in Defence Production, Construction and Railway infrastructure in a big way.
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New Mindset: Industry is accustomed to see Government as a regulator. ‘Make in India’ intends to change
this by bringing a paradigm shift in how Government interacts with industry. The Government will partner
industry in economic development of the country. The approach will be that of a facilitator and not regulator.
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Significance of logo of make in india

Make-in-India is a lion step, the logo has been unveiled in 2015 when
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the government announced the Make in India campaign after toying with
several other option. It opted the lion against the sign and the elephant to
gives new feel to the government manufacturing push.
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The logo is the silhouette of a lion on the prowl, made entirely on cogs,
symbolizing manufacturing, strength, and national pride. In India lion is a
symbol of enlightenment, besides power, courage, pride, and confidence.
The idea was to encourage more and more foreign companies to manufacture their products in India.
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The logo adorns the brand new website makeinindia.com – for the campaign and all its brochures.
The website is a ready reckoner for data on 25 sectors.
Sectors under Make in India Scheme
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Automobile and Automobile Components Mining Aviation

Oil and Gas Bio Technology Pharmaceuticals
Chemicals and Petrochemicals Ports and shipping Construction
Railways Defence Renewable Energy

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Electrical Machinery Roads and Highways Electronic Systems

Space Food Processing
Textiles and Garments IT and BPM Thermal Power
Leather Tourism and hospitality
Media & Entertainment Wellness
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Automobile Automobile Ration Bio Technology Chambers
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components
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Construction Difference Electrical Electronic systems Food process
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IT and BPMy Leather Media & Automobile Oil and gas
Entertainment components
Automobile Ports sP
Railways Renewable Energy Road and Highway
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Space Textiles and Thermal Power Tourism and Wellness
Garments hospitality
WORDS IN SAY
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"Zero Defect Zero Effect" Slogan was coined by the honourable PM of India Shri Narandra Modi while
initiating Make in India.
“MAKE IN INDIA – This is a step of a lion; nobody can question the talent of our people after Mangalyan.”
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If each of our millions of youngsters resolves to manufacture at least one such item, India can become a most
exporter around the globe. PM Narendra Modi, urge upon the youth, particular of our small entrepreneurs
that they would never compromise at least two counts:
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First, Zero Defect Second, Zero Effect.

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Reasons for choosing the manufacturing sector

India is in a dire need of a ‘roar’ as a result of this ‘lion step’. The principal reasons are highlighted below:
India’s growth over the past two decades has largely been due to the service sector. This led to a huge
pay-off in the short run, wherein the Information Technology and Business Process Management thrived
expansively. However, although the share of this sector was approximately 54% of the Gross Domestic
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Product in 2018-19, it does not provide many opportunities for employment. India is primarily an
agriculture-based economy.
The tertiary sector has helped boost the economy but the secondary sector, i.e. manufacturing is severely
lagging. This program was initiated to provide the much-needed boost to the manufacturing sector, which
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would also provide employment opportunities.
Consumers
When the program was yet to be launched, the
condition of the manufacturing sector was poor.
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It contributed approximately 17% to the Gross Dealers
Domestic Product in 2014-15. The tertiary sector Tax Authorities
could not make up for the dwindling trade deficit
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in goods. The process of manufacturing had to be
GST
brought in. This sector would encourage both Indian
and foreign investment and simultaneously generate Industries Government
employment opportunities in both organised and
unorganised sectors.
sP
The program of ‘Make in India’ can help the country in getting rid of its dependence on imports of
defence and medical equipment. This can lead to an improved position at the international level, in terms
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of geopolitics and diplomacy.
The demographic dividend is favourable for ushering in an industrial revolution, as half of India’s
population is below the age of 25. If the people are properly employed and made to engage in the
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program, then India can unlock its potential.

The process of manufacturing will lead to innovation. This can also offer a chance to the unskilled and
semi-skilled workers to transform into skilled workers.
Making In India
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Percentage share of manufacturing in India economic output

Gross Domestic Product Gross Value Added
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15
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10
5
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2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

GDP in 2004 prices, GVA in 2011-12 prices

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INDIA'S RANKING ON VARIOUS PARAMETERS IN WORLD BANK'S DOING BUSINESS

2018 REPORT
Parameter Rank In 2018
Starting A Business 158
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Dealing With Construction Permits 181
Getting Electricity 29
Registering Property 154
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Getting Credit 29
Protecting Minority Investors 4
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Paying Taxes 119
Trading Across Borders 146
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Enforcing Contracts 164
Resolving Insolvency 103
Overall Rank sP 100
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key schemes launched to support make in india program

There are various key schemes launched by the Government of India to support the Make in India campaign
from time to time. These include:
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Skill India Mission: This mission aims to skill 10 million in India annually in various sectors. To support
the effective implementation of the Make In India campaign, there is a need to upskill the large human
resource available. Currently, the percentage of formally skilled workforce in India is only 2% of the
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population. The Skill India programme aims to widen this percentage through various skill development
programmes across the country.
Startup India: Startup India Program aims to build an ecosystem that fosters the growth of startups,
driving sustainable economic growth, and creating large-scale employment. Under this program, the
government has introduced several key relaxations for entrepreneurs.

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Digital India: This aims to transform India into a knowledge-based and digitally empowered economy
by making many services completely online.
Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY): The mission envisages financial inclusion to ensure
access to financial services, namely banking savings & deposit accounts, remittances, credit, insurance,
pension in an affordable manner.
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Smart Cities: This mission aims to transform and rejuvenate Indian cities. The goal is to create 100
smart cities in India through several sub-initiatives.
AMRUT: AMRUT is the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation. It aims to build
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basic public amenities and make 500 cities in India more livable and inclusive.
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: This mission aims to make India cleaner and promote basic sanitation and
hygiene.
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Sagarmala: This scheme aims at developing ports and promoting port-led development in the country.
Several ports are being constructed and renovated under this project.
International Solar Alliance (ISA): The ISA is an alliance of countries most of which lie in the temperate
zone. This is India’s initiative aimed at promoting research and development in solar technologies and
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formulating policies in that regard. The headquarters of ISA is in Gurugram.
AGNII: AGNII or Accelerating Growth of New India’s Innovation was launched to push the innovation
ecosystem in the country by connecting people and assisting in commercializing innovations.
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Impact of ‘Make in India’

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The campaign has made considerable progress, which is enlisted below:

1. Introduction of GST : Goods and Services Tax has removed the cascading effects of tax and thereby
has eased the tax system for the businesses.
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2. Through programs such as Digital India, the digitisation process has been augmented in the country.
The procedure for taxation, company incorporation, etc. has been made online which eases the overall
process and also improves efficiency.
3. The introduction of the new Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 as an integrated law has taken
ya
the legislation at par with the global standards.

4. Schemes of financial inclusion, such as Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojna have led to the creation of
new bank accounts.
5. Major development can be witnessed in the infrastructure and connectivity due to schemes such as
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Sagarmala and Bharatmala.

6. The Government also introduced the ‘National Intellectual Property Rights Policy’ in 2016 to spur
creativity and innovation in the country. In 2017, approximately 9,847 patents and 3,541 copyrights
were granted.

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Tomorrow
Today
Yesterday
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 One of the fastest
growing economies
 Socialist  Dominating private
Policies-mineral sector  Resilient Economy
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Private sector
 Manufacturing  Opening up sectors
 Bureaucratic Exports for investment
 Protected
 Robust banking  Promising and
Market
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sector Capital expanding consumer
 Small markets markets
Consumer
Markets  World class  Developing
infrastructure Infrastructure

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Underdeveloped  Economic efficiency  Stable government :
Infrastructure and quality of Strong Economy
government
 Global Interest
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Achievements of Make in India
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The program has been successful, which offers several advantages.

1. There has been significant growth in Foreign Direct Investment after the launch of this program. The
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total FDI inflow was approximately USD 222.89 billion between April 2014 and March 2018. In 2017-
18, the inflow of FDI was USD 61.96 billion, which is the highest ever recorded amount in a fiscal year.
This has led to a surge in investments concerning automotive and electronics manufacturing.
2. India is ranked at 63 out of 190 countries in the Ease of Doing Business Index according to the recent
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‘Doing Business 2020’ Report. The report also mentions that India is one of the economies with the
most notable improvement.
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3. In 2018-19, the share of the industrial sector in the Gross Value Added was 29.6%. There was a 6.8%
growth in this year. According to the Economic Survey 2019-20, 2019 was a difficult year for the global
economy and resultantly, there was only a 2.5% overall growth in the industrial sector in 2019-20.

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4. The India Cellular & Electronics Association (ICEA) in 2018 stated that due to the manufacturing of
domestic mobile handsets and components, the country has saved a whopping INR 3 lakh crore rupees
of possible outflow in the last four years. This money was saved as the domestically manufactured and
assembled handsets replaced the import of completely built units (CBUs). This also provided employment
opportunity to approximately 4.5 lakh people.
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5. India is ranked at 52 out of 129 countries in the Global Innovation Index, 2019 published by the
World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO), Cornell University and INSEAD annually. India
has moved up 24 places since 2014.
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Sectoral-Specific Achievements of Make in India
There are several sectoral-specific achievements. These are listed below.
1. Aerospace & Defence : Indigenous defence products have been unveiled, the Defence Procurement
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Procedure was amended.
2. Aviation : There was a 5 times increase in FDI, the National Civil Aviation Policy was introduced to
boost regional air connectivity, 160 airports, 18 greenfields airports were approved, GAGAN was launched
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as well.
3. Biotechnology : First indigenously developed Rotavirus vaccine was launched, 30 bio incubators and
biotech parks are supported, India’s first Public-Private Partnership agreement was announced between
Indian Council of Medical Research and Sun Pharma.
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4. Automotive : There was a 1.7 times increase in the automobile industry; a major investment by global
players such as Ford Motors, Mercedes-Benz, Suzuki Motors was observed.
5. Food Processing : Nine mega food parks were operationalized during 2014-2018, eighty-three cold chain
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projects operationalized, an app called Nivesh Sandhu was launched in 2017.

6. Gems and Jewellery : There was a 4.6 times increase in FDI in the period of 2014-2018, Jewellery
Park at Mumbai is being developed.
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7. Leather and Leather Products : A program called Indian Footwear, Leather & Accessories Development
Programme was launched in 2017, approximately 4.44 lakh people have been trained.
8. Media and Entertainment :
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There was a 1.8 times increase

in FDI in Information &
Broadcasting, the Print Media
Advertisement Policy, 2016
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was launched, National Film

Heritage Mission was launched.
9. Railways : The first semi high-
speed train called Gatimaan
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Express was launched, an

investment of INR 15,000 crore
was achieved through Public-
Private Partnership.
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10. Tourism : Schemes such as

Swadesh Darshan and PRASAD
were launched.
These are some of the key factors.
There has been a development in

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other sectors as well. This data dates to 2018 and was released by the Department of Industrial Policy and
Promotion and the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
Challenges faced in make in india
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With the aim of making India a manufacturing hub the government has created a dedicated system to answer
all the queries the business units within 72 hours to make things simple. Although the driving through this
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is not that simple. Some of the issues faced are highlighted as follows:
Creating the Most Enthusiastic and Dedicated Team
The biggest challenge for the Indian Managers to make this campaign successful was to create the most
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enthusiastic and dedicate them. The mangers will have to identify the talent with potential who could
dedicatedly work on the projects assigned.
Creating a Healthy Business Environment
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Creating a healthy business environment is perhaps another challenge for the business development. It has
been observed that Indian managers have been very stubborn when it comes to innovation and development.
Creating Competitiveness of Indian manufactures goods
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Creating competitiveness of Indian manufactured goods is also a challenge ahead .It is found that Indian
products cannot sustain in the foreign competition.
To keep pace with technological development
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The Indian managers will have to keep pace with technological developments taking place abroad and to stay
updated with the new technologies and to go past through the obsolete one's was a task.
New competition from several countries of the world
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The "Make in India" campaign will create new competition from several countries of the world for the Indian
managers. India now needs to be ready to tackle this competition.
Development of skills and Talents
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Development of skill and talent in Indian managers and workers is another challenge. The managers will have
to start skill development programs for the staff members.
Development in the field of research and development
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The foreign companies are more advanced in this field as compared to Indian companies. It will be challenging
foe the Indian companies to make research and development speedier.
Creating labour intensive technology
Since, India is a labour surplus economy, only the development of technology is not enough, but the labor
intensive technology is required. If this is not taken care of, it will increase unemployment India.

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Financial challenges
Indian companies prove to be weaker than the foreign companies in terms financial consideration. The Indian
managers face many hurdles in finding out newer ways and means of generating finance.
Better management of public wealth Red tapism
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Proper channelisation of Ease of doing business
capital to potential sector
Investor Confidence
Creating opportunities for 16 million
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people who enter the labour market Infrastructure gaps
Challenges for
Better management and utilisation "Make In India" Lack of capacity utilisation
of equity markets
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Learning lessons from China Address - Stalling of projects
High financial transaction costs Inadequate R&D support
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Lack of proper Bankruptcy code Overhaul of government
in place management system
Investor Confidence >> infrastructure
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gaps >> Capital Utilisation
Failures of the Program

1. Due to the poor implementation of the Goods & Services Tax (GST) and demonetization, the country’s
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Gross Domestic Product has fallen terribly.

2. Increase in the unemployment rate.
3. The ambitious growth rate of 12-14% annually is beyond the capacity of the industrial sector.
th
4. The initiative brought under its ambit too many sectors at once. This has led to a loss of policy focus.
5. The policy is inbuilt with inconsistencies. The uncertainties of the global economy have led to fallacies
in the program. Although there is a considerable jump in the ‘ease of doing business’, the proportionate
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investments are yet to arrive.

6. The policy is highly dependent on foreign capital for investments and the global markets for produce.
some other Challenges
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1. India is primarily an agro-based country and thereby has 60% cultivable land. The augmentation of the
secondary sector can hinder upon these arable lands and affect agriculture in a negative manner.
2. Even if a ‘green strategy’ is adopted, the rapid increase in industrialisation can lead to depletion of natural
resources.
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3. Increase in large-scale foreign direct investment can lead to disruptions in the domestic market, as
the farmers and small-scale entrepreneurs may not be able to compete with the international players.
Therefore, the government should focus on novelty and innovation in these sectors.
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4. Industrialisation can lead to adverse effects on the environment and can lead to disastrous effects.
5. There exist serious lacunae in the infrastructural facilities in the country. Although several programs have
been initiated, the implementation of these programs has not been up to the mark.
6. The Government should also ensure that there are sufficient platforms for improving research and
development in the country.

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Conclusion
As each coin has a flip side, so has this program. It has its own portion of success and failures. Along
with creating great opportunities for Indians, it creatively had given a lot of challenges to managers,
in creating healthy business environment, development of skills, creating labour intensive technology.
an
The intention behind this campaign was very nobel but there were alot of issues in its implementation.
An attitudinal shift can be observed since the launching of the program. India now acts as a true
business partners. India is soon becoming the preferred manufacturing destination of most investors
across the globe. In ease of doing business Indian also India now ranks at 63 in 2019 and India is
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continuously unpaying upon it.
Through labour laws in the country are still not conductive to the Make in India campaign as well
as a situation of world recession is going on due to covid-19 outbreak which is making the changes
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of Make in India's success bleak.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Internet:
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https://www.mapsofindia.com/government-of-india/make-in-india.html
https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/majorinitiatives/make-in-india/
https://www.quora.com/ is-the-Make-in-India – campaign – really working
https://www.software-developer-india. com / measuring the success-of -modis-make in- India – campaign/

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https://www.pmindia.gov.in > major_initiatives > make-in-india
https://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_in_lndia
http://www.makeinindia.com/about
https://www.ibef.org/economy/make-in-india
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/indiaunlimited/make-in-india
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https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/narendra-modigovernment-nirmala-sitharaman-must-
acknowledge-economicslowdown-1594747-2019-09-03
clear.in/s/make-in-india
Teachers
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Friends and family
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VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS
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1. When was the Make-in-India launched by the government?
Ans. The Programme was launched in September 2014 sP
2. What were the major objectives of this program?
Ans. The major objective of this programme was to facilitate investment, faster innovation, enhance skill
development, perfect intellectual property & build best in class manufacturing infrastructure.
3. Name the 4 pillars for building the Make in India campaign.
er
Ans. New processes, New infrastructure, New sectors, New mindset.

4. Why was the prowling lion was taken as the logo of the Make in India?
Ans. The logo is the silhouette of a lion on the prowl, made entirely on cogs, symbolizing manufacturing,
th
strength, and national pride. In India lion is a symbol of enlightenment, besides power, courage, pride,
and confidence. The idea was to encourage more and more foreign companies to manufacture their
products in India.
ro
5. Name a few sectors under Make in India.

Ans. Automobile and Automobile Components Mining Aviation
Oil and Gas Bio Technology Pharmaceuticals
Chemicals and Petrochemicals Ports and shipping Construction
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Railways
6. What was the logo of Make in India?
Ans. The logo is the silhouette of a lion on the prowl, made entirely on cogs.
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7. What is the latest ranking of India in case of doing business?

Ans. 63rd
8. What was the role of Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) in Make in India?
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Ans. Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana have led to the creation of new Bank Accounts.
9. Has Make in India bought any impact in India? Explain how?
Ans. Yes, Make in India has bought impact in various areas as in–
1. Introduction of GST : Goods and Services Tax has removed the cascading effects of tax and thereby
has eased the tax system for the businesses.

Brothers
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2. Through programs such as Digital India, the digitisation process has been augmented in the country.
The procedure for taxation, company incorporation, etc. has been made online which eases the
overall process and also improves efficiency.
3. The introduction of the new Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 as an integrated law has taken
the legislation at par with the global standards.
an
4. Schemes of financial inclusion, such as Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojna have led to the creation
of new bank accounts.
5. Major development can be witnessed in the infrastructure and connectivity due to schemes such
as Sagarmala and Bharatmala.
sh
6. The Government also introduced the ‘National Intellectual Property Rights Policy’ in 2016 to spur
creativity and innovation in the country. In 2017, approximately 9,847 patents and 3,541 copyrights
were granted.
ka
10. Had Make in India impacted you some how?
Ans. Make in India programme has motivated me in a manner that if in case in future I decide to be an
entrepreneur than I than like to make sure that by an make all things from and in India. I will support
this campaign by every small effort that I can.
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11. Mention some achievements of Make in India.
Ans. Some achievements of Make in India are as follows–
1. There has been significant growth in Foreign Direct Investment after the launch of this program.
sP
The total FDI inflow was approximately USD 222.89 billion between April 2014 and March 2018.
In 2017-18, the inflow of FDI was USD 61.96 billion, which is the highest ever recorded amount
in a fiscal year.
2. India is ranked at 63 out of 190 countries in the Ease of Doing Business Index according to the
er
recent ‘Doing Business 2020’ Report. The report also mentions that India is one of the economies
with the most notable improvement.
3. In 2018-19, the share of the industrial sector in the Gross Value Added was 29.6%. There was a
th
6.8% growth in this year. According to the Economic Survey 2019-20, 2019 was a difficult year for
the global economy and resultantly, there was only a 2.5% overall growth in the industrial sector in
2019-20.
ro
4. The India Cellular & Electronics Association (ICEA) in 2018 stated that due to the manufacturing
of domestic mobile handsets and components, the country has saved a whopping INR 3 lakh
crore rupees of possible outflow in the last four years. This money was saved as the domestically
manufactured and assembled handsets replaced the import of completely built units (CBUs). This
lB
also provided employment opportunity to approximately 4.5 lakh people.

5. India is ranked at 52 out of 129 countries in the Global Innovation Index, 2019 published by the
World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO), Cornell University and INSEAD annually. India
has moved up 24 places since 2014.
ya
12. Describe some failures on part of Make in India.

Ans. 1. Due to the poor implementation of the Goods & Services Tax (GST) and demonetization, the
country’s Gross Domestic Product has fallen terribly.
Go
2. Increase in the unemployment rate.

3. The ambitious growth rate of 12-14% annually is beyond the capacity of the industrial sector.
4. The initiative brought under its ambit too many sectors at once. This has led to a loss of policy
focus.
5. The policy is inbuilt with inconsistencies. The uncertainties of the global economy have led to

Brothers
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fallacies in the program. Although there is a considerable jump in the ‘ease of doing business’,
the proportionate investments are yet to arrive.
6. The policy is highly dependent on foreign capital for investments and the global markets for
produce.
13. Has the initiative Make in India been successful so far?
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Ans. Despite the challenges India has faced in the implementation of Make in India we can still say that it
had created healthy business environment, created labour intensive technology and improved India's
rank in Ease of doing business.
14. How do you feel this initiative of Make in India?
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Ans. Being in Indian I feel a very proud about the same and I am motivated enough to take this campaign
a success by what ever small means possible in my capacity i.e., by buying and selling the products
of India and in India.
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15. What are the various sources you have used to complete this project?
Ans. I took the help from various Government website, wikipedia etc on the Internet along with the help
of newspaper and articles. I also took help from magazines, books, friends, family and my economics
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teacher.
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Unsolved Projects (With Outline)

1. Contemporary Employment Situation in India
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2. Self Help Groups
3. Monetary Policy Committees and Its Functions
4. Government Budget and Its Components
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5. Exchange Rate Determination—Methods and Techniques
6. Livestock–Backbone of Rural India
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7. Sarwa Siksha Abhiyan– Cost Ratio Benefits
8. Minimum Support Prices
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9. Waste Management in India : Need of the Hour
10. Vertical Farming–An Alternate Way
11. Rise of Concrete Jungle – Trend Analysis sP
12. Food Supply Channel in India
13. Disinvestment Policy of the Government
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14. Health Expenditure
15. Inclusive Growth Strategy
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16. Trends in Credit Availability in India

17. Role of RBI in Control of Credit
18. Trends in Budgetary Condition in India
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19. Currency War–Reasons and Repercussions

20. Alternate Fuel : Types and Importance
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21. Golden Quadrilateral–Cost Ratio Benefit

22. Relation Between Stock Price Index and Economic Health of a Nation
23. Minimum Wage Rate–Approach and Application
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24. Rain Water Harvesting

25. Silk Route – Revival of the Past
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26. Bumper Production–Boon or Bane for The Farmers

27. Organic Farming–Back to the Nature

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Project 1 : Contemporary Employment Situation in India

Overview of the project
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(i) Objectives/Reasons of Choosing this Project
(ii) Introduction
(iii) What is Unemployment? Who is considered to be employed?
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(iv) Criteria of Unemployment
(v) Types of Unemployment in India
(vi) Marxist theory of Unemployment
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(vii) India's Scenario of Unemployment
(viii) Pre LPG situation of Employment in India
(ix) Post LPG situation of Employment in India
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(x) Formal V/s Informal Employment : Its meanings, pros and cons
(xi) India's unemployment rate : Graphs and Charts
(xii) Causes/Reasons of unemployment in India
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(xiii) Youth unemployment rate (a) India (b) Globe

(xiv) Impact of unemployment on (a) People (b) Economy
(xv) Remedies to Solve Unemployment by the government
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(xvi) A Brief on Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Guarantee Act 2005: A initiative by Government to
solve the problem of unemployment
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(xvii) More Measures/Initiatives taken by the Government to overcome Unemployment

(xviii) Conclusion
(xix) Bibliography
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Project 2 : Self Help Groups

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(ii) Introduction
(iii) Meaning of Self Help Groups

Brothers
Prakashan
Learn @ ` 1 Per Day
(iv) What led to the emergence of Self Help Groups: Its Origin and Development
(v) Evolution of Self Help Groups
(vi) What is the Need and Purpose of Self Help Groups?
(vii) How to form a Self Help Groups?
(viii) How does a Self Help Groups works?
an
(ix) Role of Self Help Groups
(x) Role of Self Help Group Leader
(xi) What are the features of Self Help Groups?
sh
(xii) What are the Objectives of Self Help Groups?
(xiii) What are the Functions of Self Help Groups?
(xiv) Current Opportunities for Self Help Groups
ka
(xv) Advantages/Merits Benefits/given to a Self Help Groups
(xvi) Problems/Challenges faced by Self Help Groups
(xvii) Current Scenario of Self Help Groups in India
ra
(xviii) Case Study: Of any Self Help Group.
(xix) Role of Self Help Groups During Covid-19 Pandemic
Raising awareness, Providing amenities in life, Mask and Sanitizer, Providing Kitchen services
sP
(xx) Role of Government in Helping Self Help Groups
(xxi) Initiative taken by Government
(xxii) Conclusion
er
(xxiii) Bibliography
Project 3 : Monetary Policy Committee and Its Functions

th

ro

lB

(ii) Introduction
ya
(iii) What is a Monetary Policy Committee?

(iv) History of Monetary Policy Committee
(v) What are the objectives of Monetary Policy Committee?
Go
(vi) Why was there a need of Monetary Policy Committee?

(vii) What are the function of Monetary Policy Committee?
(viii) How was Monetary Policy Committee found?
(ix) What is the structure of Monetary Policy Committee?
(x) Who are all the current members of Monetary Policy Committee? A small brief on them.

Brothers
Prakashan
Learn @ ` 1 Per Day
(xi) Assessment of the functioning of Monetary Policy Committee.
(xii) Instruments of Monetary Policy (a) Quantitative (b) Qualitative
(xiii) Role of RBI in Monetary Policy Committee
(xiv) Limitations of Monetary Policy Committee
(xv) Reform in Monetary Policy Committee during the 1990's
an
(xvi) How does Monetary Policy Committee impacts inflation?
(xvii) Current news related to MPC and newspaper articles
(xviii) Conclusion
sh
(xix) Bibliography
Project 4 : Government Budget and Its Components
ka
ra
4. Certificate (4th Sheet) sP
(ii) Introduction
(iii) Meaning of Government Budget
er
(iv) Objectives of Government Budget

(v) Need of Government Budget
th
(vi) Types of Government Budget

(vii) Components of Revenue Budget
(viii) Components of Capital Budget
ro
(ix) How to Classify Item as

(a) Revenue or Capital Expenditure
(b) Revenue or Capital Receipt
lB
(x) Planned v/s Non Planned Expenditure

(xi) Developmental v/s Non Developmental Expenditure
(xii) Types of Deficit in Budget
ya
(xiii) Meaning of Revenue Deficit and its Implication

(xiv) Meaning of Fiscal Deficit and its Implication
(xv) Meaning of Primary Deficit and its Implication
Go
(xvi) Highlight of Government Budget of Latest Year Presented

(xvii) Criticism about Government Budget
(xviii) My opinion about Government Budget
(xix) Conclusion
(xx) Bibliography

Brothers
Prakashan
Learn @ ` 1 Per Day
Project 5 : Exchange Rate Determination—Methods

and Techniques
an
sh
(ii) Introduction
ka
(iii) Meaning of Exchange Rate and Exchange Rate Determination
(iv) History Behind Exchange rates
(v) Need for Determination of Exchange Rate
ra
(vi) A brief on foreign exchange market, its various participants, features and functions.
(vii) Reasons for Demand of Foreign Exchange
(viii) Reasons for Supply of Foreign Exchange sP
(ix) Various Ways of Determining Foreign Exchange Rate
(a) Fixed (b) Flexible (c) Managed Floating
(x) Difference Between
er
(a) Revaluation and Appreciation (b) Devaluation and Depreciation
(xi) Factors affecting Exchange Rate
(xii) Exchange rate of India with Different Countries
th
(xiii) Type of Exchange Rate followed by India and reason behind it

(xiv) Shift in the Methods of Determination of various Countries and reasons behind that shift
ro
(xv) The three theories behind Exchange Rate Determination

(a) Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) (b) Interest Rate Parity (IRP)
(c) The International Fisher Effect (IFE)
(xvi) Meaning of PPP and A brief on this Theory
lB
(xvii) Meaning of IRP and A brief on this Theory

(xviii) Meaning of IFE and A brief on this Theory
(xix) Bibliography
ya
Project 6 : Livestock–Backbone of Rural India

Go


Brothers
Prakashan
Learn @ ` 1 Per Day
(i) Objective/Reason of Choosing this Project
(ii) Introduction
(iii) Meaning of Livestock
(iv) Role of Livestock on Indian Economy
an
(v) Livestock Population Dynamics
(vi) Livestock Production in India
(vii) Contribution of Livestock in the lives of People
(viii) Objectives of Livestock Farming
sh
(ix) Role of Livestock in Farmers Economy
(x) Role of Livestock in Developing Countries Like India
(xi) Advantages of Livestock Farming
ka
(xii) Disadvantages of Livestock Farming
(xiii) Current Situation in India of Livestock Farming
(xiv) How to improve the Livestock Census?
ra
(xv) Conclusion
(xvi) Bibliography
sP
Project 7 : Sarwa Siksha Abhiyan– Cost Ratio Benefits
er

th

ro
(ii) Introduction
(iii) Meaning of Sarwa Siksha Abhiyan
(iv) Need of Sarwa Siksha Abhiyan
lB
(v) Importance of Education

(vi) History and Origin
(vii) Aim of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
(viii) Features of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
ya
(ix) Aspects of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan

(x) Impact on Budget Every Year
(xi) Strategy of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
Go
(xii) Objectives of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan

(xiii) Funds Allocated by Government
(xiv) Impact of Sarwa Siksha Abhiyan on the Population of India
(xv) Limitations of Sarwa Siksha Abhiyan
(xvi) Challenges Faced by the Government to carry on this campaign

Brothers
Prakashan
Learn @ ` 1 Per Day
(xvii) Achievement in India so far in various sectors
(a) Primary (b) Secondary (c) Higher
(xviii) Impact of Sarwa Siksha Abhiyan in Rural Area
(xix) Case Studies : Any Example of any district of a city
(xx) Education Status
an
(a) Pre Sarwa Siksha Abhiyan (b) Post Sarwa Siksha Abhiyan
(xxi) Provision for SC's and ST's
(xxii) What more should government do to improve education Level in the country in my opinion?
(xxiii) Conclusion
sh
(xxiv) Bibliography
Project 8 : Minimum Support Prices
ka
ra
4. Certificate (4th Sheet) sP
(ii) Introduction
er
(iii) Understanding the meaning of Minimum Support Prices
(iv) Historical perspective of Minimum Support Prices (Covering a time line)
(v) Objectives of Minimum Support Prices
th
(vi) Need of MSP.

(vii) What is Buffer Stock?
(viii) Criteria for calculation of MSP of each crop
ro
(ix) List of Commodities Covered under MSP

(x) How Minimum Support Prices helps farmers from low income trap?
(xi) When Minimum Support Prices is announced?
(xii) Who prepares the Minimum Support Prices?
lB
(xiii) Advantages/Disadvantages of Minimum Support Prices

(xiv) Farmer's protest (2020-2021) in India: A Brief about the whole scenario
(xv) My point of view on Kisaan Andolan.
ya
(xvi) Case Study : MSP in Sikkim (or any other state)

(xvii) Conclusion
(xviii) Bibliography
Go
Project 9 : Waste Management in India : Need of the Hour


Brothers
Prakashan
Learn @ ` 1 Per Day
(ii) Introduction
an
(iii) Meaning
(iv) Classification of Waste on the Basis of
(a) Properties (b) Effect (c) Origin
(v) Importance of Waste Management.
sh
(vi) Principle of Waste Managements
(vii) Methods of Waste Disposal
(a) Landfills (b) Incineration/Combustion (c) Recycle, Recover, Reuse
ka
(d) Plasma Gasification (e) Composting
(viii) How to Dispose Solid Waste?
(ix) How to Dispose Liquid Waste?
ra
(x) Waste Management Market in India
(xi) Facts/Statistics/Figures Related Waste Generated in India
(xii) Why We Need to Manage our Waste? : Waste Management (Need of the hour)
sP
(xiii) What is impact of Managing Waste in India?
(xiv) What are the Environmental Benefits of Waste Management?
(xv) What will be the impact if Waste is not Managed?
er
(xvi) Initiatives taken by the Government to Manage Waste
(xvii) Swachh Bharat Mission 2.0
(xviii) Waste to Wonder park in Delhi
th
(xix) Eco Brick Initiative

(xx) Case Study : Recycle Couple of Jodhpur
(xxi) Conclusion
ro
(xxii) Bibliography
Project 10 : Vertical Farming–An Alternate Way

lB

ya

Go

(ii) Introduction
(iii) Concept of Vertical Farming
(iv) History of Vertical Farming
(v) Need of Vertical Farming

Brothers
Prakashan
Learn @ ` 1 Per Day
(vi) Features of Vertical Farming
(vii) How does Vertical Farming Work?
(viii) What are the Benefits of Vertical Farming?
(ix) What are the drawbacks of Vertical Farming?
(x) Limitations of Vertical Farming.
an
(xi) Social and Economic Impact of Vertical Farming
(xii) Components/Material needed for Vertical Farming
(xiii) Design of Vertical Farming
sh
(xiv) Cost of Vertical Farming
(xv) Current States of Vertical Farming
(a) In India (b) Around the Globe
ka
(xvi) Case Study : Sky Green Vertical Farming, Singapore
(xvii) More real life examples of Vertical Farming across the
(a) Globe (b) India
(xviii) Conclusion
ra
(xix) Bibliography
Project 11 : Rise of Concrete Jungle – Trend Analysis

sP
er

th

ro
(ii) Introduction
(iii) Meaning of Rise of Concrete Jungle – Trend Analysis
(iv) What are the reasons leading to the rise of Concrete Jungle?
(v) What are the positive effects of Urbanisation?
lB
(a) To production (b) To Economy (c) To Consumption

(d) To human beings
(vi) What are the negative effects of Urbanisation?
ya
(vii) The Urban Health Penalty

(a) Obesity (b) Mental Math (c) Psychological Penalty
(d) Increased Social Cohesion (e) Stressed Lifestyle
Go
(viii) Environmental Impact of rise of Concrete Jungle

(ix) Sustainable development V/S Urbanisation
(x) Do we have enough nature in our cities?
(xi) Is Urban city: The modern approach?
(xii) An urban word, are we ready for it?

Brothers
Prakashan
Learn @ ` 1 Per Day
(xiii) The solution of it all : Nature

(a) Physical Health (b) Mental Health
(xiv) Trends of Urbanisation
(a) Global Level (b) India level
(xv) Graphs of trends of Urbanisation
an
(a) State wise of India (b) Global Level
(xvi) Analysis of these Graphs
(xvii) What initiatives should Government take to control urbanisation as per my point of view?
sh
(xviii) Do I prefer the increasing trend of Concrete Jungle? Why? Why not?
(xix) Conclusion
(xx) Bibliography
ka
Project 12 : Food Supply Channel in India
ra
2. Name of the Project (2nd Sheet) sP
er
(ii) Introduction
(iii) Meaning of Food Supply Channel
th
(iv) The Basic Ecosystem of Supply Chain

(v) Current Scenario of Food Supply Channel in India
(vi) Supply Chain Design
ro
(vii) Agriculture Service Ecosystem in India

(viii) Advantages to Indians in Food Supply Channel
(ix) India's Agriculture Scenario
(x) Standard, Food Safety and Hygiene
lB
(xi) Delivery Service infrastructure : Cold Chain

(xii) Distribution logistic in India
(xiii) Major Giants in this area : Reliance, Food land, Adani, Aegi etc.
ya
(xiv) Importance of Food Supply Channel

(xv) Challenges Faced by Retail Sector
(xvi) Challenge Faced by Food Supply Channel
Go
(xvii) How to use the existing System to its full potential?

(xviii) Effects of COVID-19 on Food Supply Channel
(xix) Case Study : Any one Industry which Provides Food Supply Channel
(xx) Conclusion
(xxi) Bibliography

Brothers
Prakashan
Learn @ ` 1 Per Day
Project 13 : Disinvestment Policy of the Government

an
sh
(ii) Introduction
(iii) Meaning of Disinvestment
ka
(iv) History/Origin of Disinvestment
(a) Phase-I – 1991 to 1999
(b) Phase-II – 1999 to 2004
ra
(c) Phase-III – 2004 to 2014
(d) Phase-IV – Post 2014
(v) Need of Disinvestment sP
(vi) Types of Disinvestment
(vii) Importance of Disinvestment Policy of the Government
(viii) Salient features of Disinvestment Policy of the Government
er
(ix) Merits of Disinvestment Policy of the Government
(x) Demerits of Disinvestment Policy of the Government
(xi) Different Approaches to Disinvestment
th
(xii) Methods of Disinvestment

(xiii) Procedure of Doing disinvestment
(ivx) Impact of Disinvestment
ro
(xv) Biggest examples of Disinvestment: Air India, BPCL, SCI, NDPL

(xvi) Case Study of any one firm divested
(xvii) Current Scenario
lB
(xviii) Conclusion
(xix) Bibliography
ya
Project 14 : Health Expenditure

Go


Brothers
Prakashan
Learn @ ` 1 Per Day
(ii) Introduction
(iii) What is Health and Who is said to be healthy?
(iv) Need for Health Care
(v) Some facts related to health care expenditure.
an
(vi) Tabular presentation of Health expenditure and Health Indication of 10-20 countries.
(vii) Pattern of health expenditure of Central Government in last 3 decades
(viii) Pattern of health expenditure of State Government in last 3 decades
sh
(ix) Which state I am choosing and reasons for selecting that state (Delhi, Kerala, Maharastha or any
other state)
(x) Healthcare Industry in India
ka
(a) Primary
(b) Secondary
(c) Tertiary
ra
(xi) Health care industry of Kerala
(xii) Overview of Kerala
(xiii) Hospitals in Kerala
(xiv) Expenditure trend on health care
sP
(xv) Budgeting allotted v/s Actual implementation
(xvi) Condition of women's Health in Kerala compared to other states
(xvii) Initiatives taken by Government to improve this sector
er
(xviii) Impact of Covid-19 on Health Care Industry

(xix) What more do we need?
th
(xx) New Health Policies needed to be implemented

(xxi) Top 3 hospitals in India and their location
(xxii) What can we do at individual level to improve health care in India as per my point of view?
ro
(xxiii) Conclusion
(xxiv) Bibliography
Project 15 : Inclusive Growth Strategy

lB

ya

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(ii) Introduction
(iii) What is Inclusive Growth Strategy.
(iv) What is Inclusive Growth Strategy about in detail

Brothers
Prakashan
Learn @ ` 1 Per Day
(v) Elements of inclusive growth
(a) Skill Development (b) Financial inclusion
(c) Technological Advancement (d) Economic growth
(e) Social development
(vi) Need of inclusive growth
(vii) Measuring inclusive growth
an
(a) Inclusive development index (b) Social progress index
(c) Global slavery index
(viii) Problems before Inclusive Growth Strategy in India
sh
(ix) Challenges faced in implementing Inclusive Growth Strategy
(x) Measures taken in India to achieve inclusive growth
MGNREGA, PMEGP, SSA, NRHM, Swachh Bharat Mission, PMJDY
ka
(xi) Sustainable growth and inclusive growth
(xii) Aspects of inclusive growth
(xiii) Various strategies for inclusive growth
(a) Rapid growth and employment in agriculture
ra
(b) Public Expenditure Health Care
(c) Public Expenditure on Education
(d) Improved infrastructure sP
(e) Effective Governance at all level
(xiv) Strategies and initiatives taken by NITI Aayog
(xv) Suggestion to promote inclusive growth Strategy from my point of view
er
(xvi) Budget 2015: A stepping stone towards inclusive growth (Key highlight points)
(xvii) Conclusion
th
Project 16 : Trends in Credit Availability in India

ro

lB

ya
(ii) Introduction
(iii) Meaning of credit
(iv) What are the types of credit?
Go
(v) What are the reason for which different types of Entries/Association/People needs credit?
(vi) Credit Environment of India : A Brief
(vii) How does credit works?
(viii) What are the various sources of credit?

Brothers
Prakashan
Learn @ ` 1 Per Day
(ix)
What do you mean by credit crunch?
(x)
Causes of Credit Crunch
(xi)
Effects of credit crunch
(xii)
Credit availability state wise in India
(xiii)
Initiatives taken by Government to avail credit
an
(xiv)
Challenges in credit availability
(xv)
Sources of rural credit
(xvi)
Scenario in India of credit
sh
(a) Pre Covid (b) Post Covid
(xvii) Impact of credit availability
(a) Pre Covid (b) Post Covid
ka
(xviii) Conclusion
(xix) Bibliography
ra
Project 17 : Role of RBI in Control of Credit
Overview of the project sP
er
th
(ii) Introduction
(iii) History/Origin of RBI
(iv) Structure of RBI
ro
(v) Various Function of RBI

(vi) Credit Control Function
(a) Qualitative Methods : All Methods Explained in Detail
lB
(b) Quantitative Method : All Methods Explained in Detail

(vii) Need of Doing Credit Control
(viii) Advantages of Doing it
ya
(ix) Disadvantages of Doing it

(x) Limitations
(xi) Objectives Behind It
Go
(xii) Current Rates of all the Instruments

(xiii) Graph/Trend of Various Rates of CRR, Bank Rate, SLR etc. over the years
(xiv) Demonetization Policy and Its Effect on Credit Control
(xv) Conclusion
(xvi) Bibliography

Brothers
Prakashan
Learn @ ` 1 Per Day
Project 18 : Trends in Budgetary Condition in India

an
sh
(ii) Introduction
ka
(iii) Meaning of Budget
(iv) What are the components of Budget?
(v) Who presents the Budget?
(vi) When is Budget issued? Why is this date chosen?
ra
(vii) What is the need of the Budget?
(viii) Time-line of Finance Minister who presented the Budget since 1947.
(ix) Budgetary Conditions sP
(a) Pre LPG stage
(b) Post LPG stage
(x) Budgetary trends and finance allocation of each state in India
er
(xi) Trend of Budget Expenditure allocation since 1947 (decade wise)
(xii) Financing pattern to this Budget since 1947
(xiii) Trends of rising taxes (Indirect as well as direct) and reasons behind it
th
(xiv) Analysis of Highlights of Union Budget

(a) Latest year
(b) Year previous to it
ro
(xv) Criticism to Budget

(a) A Perspective of a Middle man
(b) At the time of Covid-19 outbreak
lB
(xvi) How can the Budget be improved as per my point of view?

(xvii) Conclusion
ya
Project 19 : Currency War–Reasons and Repercussions

Go


Brothers
Prakashan
Learn @ ` 1 Per Day
(ii) Introduction
(iii) Meaning of Currency
(iv) Why do we need Currency of other countries?
an
(v) Meaning of Currency War?
(vi) How is exchange rate of different countries is determined?
(vii) Mechanism behind devaluation
sh
(viii) History behind it
(ix) Currency war
(a) Great Depression (b) Bretton woods era
ka
(c) From 1973 to 2000 (d) 2000 to 2008
(e) After 2009 (f) In 2013
(g) In 2015
ra
(x) What are the reasons because of which a country devaluate its currency?
(xi) What are the positive effects of it?
(xii) What are the negative effects of it? sP
(xiii) Are we in a Currency War now?
(xiv) Solution of Currency War
(xv) Is India in a Currency War?
er
(xvi) Example of Currency war (Explain the whole scenario in brief properly)
(a) US (b) China
(c) Japan (d) European Union
th
(xvii) Impact of Currency War on other countries

(xviii) Impact of Currency War an inflation.
(xix) Steps to be taken at global level to save the developing and low income adaptations nations from
ro
this war
(xx) Conclusion
(xxi) Bibliography
lB
Project 20 : Alternate Fuel : Types and Importance

ya

Go

(ii) Introduction

Brothers
Prakashan
Learn @ ` 1 Per Day
(iii) Meaning of Alternate Fuel
(iv) Current Scenario of Conventional Fuels.
(v) Need of Alternate Fuel
(vi) Types of Alternate Fuel.
(a) Methanol : Meaning, Method of producing it, Impact on Environment, Advantages
an
(b) Ethanol : Meaning, Method of producing it, Impact on Environment, Advantages
(c) Natural Gas–LNG, CNG : Meaning, Method of producing it, Impact on Environment, Advantages
(d) H2 : Meaning, Method of producing it, Impact on Environment, Advantages
sh
(e) Biodiesel and Biogas : Meaning, Method of producing it, Impact on Environment, Advantages
(f) Electricity : Meaning, Method of producing it, Impact on Environment, Advantages
(g) Battery : Meaning, Method of producing it, Impact on Environment, Advantages
ka
(h) Fuel cells : Meaning, Method of producing it, Impact on Environment, Advantages
(i) Solar fuel : Meaning, Method of producing it, Impact on Environment, Advantages
ra
(vii) Comparison of safety Issue of Alternate Fuels
(viii) Advantages of Alternate Fuel over conventional Fuel
(ix) Challenges faced to develop Alternate Fuel
(x)
(xi)
sP
Government Initiatives to Develop Alternate Fuel
Case Study : Current Working on EV's by Ola, TATA etc.
(xii) Conclusion
er
(xiii) Bibliography
Project 21 : Golden Quadrilateral–Cost Ratio Benefit

th

ro

lB

(ii) Introduction
ya
(iii) What is Golden Quadrilateral Project all about?

(iv) Need/Motivation behind Golden Quadrilateral
(v) History of Golden Quadrilateral
Go
(vi) Route and cities connected because of this project

(vii) Map Showing the Route Covered in Golden Quadrilateral
(viii) State wise length of road in each state in Tabular form
(ix) Benefits to the country

Brothers
Prakashan
Learn @ ` 1 Per Day
(x) Importance of Roads
(xi) Impact of Road Infrastructure
(xii) Challenges Faced
(xiii) Cost behind this project
(xiv) Corruption allegation on Government
an
(xv) Relationship between Cost, Benefit and Corruption
(xvi) Conclusion
(xvii) Bibliography
sh
Project 22 : Relation Between Stock Price Index and
Economic Health of a Nation
ka
ra
sP
(ii) Introduction
er
(iii) Meaning of Stock Price Index

(iv) Meaning of Economic Health of a Nation
th
(v) Relationship Between Stock Price Index and Economic Health of a Nation
(vi) How the Stock Market can affect the economy?
(vii) Graphs related to the relationship between these
ro
(viii) Relationship between Stock Market and developing economics

(ix) Issues in the Stock Market
(x) Importance of Stock Market for an Economy
lB
(xi) Factors affecting Stock Market.

(xii) How does Stock Market affect ordinary people?
(xiii) Does falling share prices causes Recession? Why?
ya
(a) Anticipation effects

(b) Profits as a share of GDP
(c) Ultra-low interest rate
Go
(xiv) Stock Market Crash in 1987 and its impact on Economy

(xv) Effect of 2020 Share Price fall on Economy
(xvi) Conclusion
(xvii) Bibliography

Brothers
Prakashan
Learn @ ` 1 Per Day
Project 23 : Minimum Wage Rate–Approach and

Application
an
sh
ka
(ii) Introduction
(iii) Meaning of wages
(iv) Meaning of Minimum Wage Rate
ra
(v) History behind it
(vi) Purpose behind fixing Minimum Wage rate
(vii) Revision of Minimum Wage
(viii) Actual Wages rates Prevailing in India
(ix) Mechanism behind Minimum Wages Rate.
sP
(x) What is the Minimum Wage Rate Act, 1948?
er
(xi) What are the Provisions of this Act?
(xii) Issues faced before implementation of Minimum Wage Rate Rates
(xiii) Effects of Minimum Wage Rate Act in India
th
(xiv) Conflict between Minimum Wage Rate Act and MGNREGA

(xv) Facts and figure regarding actual implementation of Minimum Wage Rate in India
(xvi) Conclusion
ro
(xvii) Bibliography
Project 24 : Rain Water Harvesting

lB
Overview of the project rwh

ya

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(ii) Meaning/Introduction of Rain Water Harvesting
(iii) History of Rain Water Harvesting
(iv) Need for Doing it

Brothers
Prakashan
Learn @ ` 1 Per Day
(v) Reason of Doing Rain Water Harvesting
(vi) Advantages of Rain Water Harvesting
(vii) Disadvantages of Rain Water Harvesting
(viii) Objectives of Rain Water Harvesting
(ix) Methods of Rain Water Harvesting (Catchment, Conveyance, Storage)
an
(x) Techniques of Rain Water Harvesting : Pit, Trenches, Hand Pumps, Recharge wells, Recharge
Shafts, Catchment roof, Gutters and downspouts leaf screens and roof washers.
(xi) Groundwater related Issues and Problem
sh
(xii) Case study : Tamil Nadu (1st State to make Rain Water Harvesting mandatory)
(xiii) Reality of Rain Water Harvesting in India.
(xiv) Current issues related to Rain Water Harvesting
ka
(xv) Conclusion
(xvi) Bibliography
ra
Project 25 : Silk Route – Revival of the Past
Overview of the project sP
1. Economic Project File (Sheet)
2. Name of the Project (Sheet)
3. Acknowledgement (Sheet)
er
4. Certificate
5. Index :
th
(ii) Introduction
(iii) Understanding the concept of Silk Route
(iv) History of Silk Route
ro
(v) Map of Silk Route

(vi) Reviving the Silk Route
(vii) Extent and Coverage of the Belt and Road
lB
(viii) New Silk Route

(ix) Countries Along the Silk Route and Advantages and Disadvantages to each country because of it.
(a) China (b) India (c) Persia (d) Arabia (e) Rome
(x) Spread of Religion
ya
(xi) Reasons for Revival

(xii) The Modern Era
(xiii) Alternate Projects to it
Go
(xiv) Upcoming Initiatives

(xv) Facts about Silk Route
(xvi) Latest Developments
(xvii) Conclusion

Brothers
Prakashan
Learn @ ` 1 Per Day
Project 26 : Bumper Production–Boon or Bane for

The Farmers
an
sh
(ii) Introduction
ka
(iii) Meaning of Bumper Production?
(iv) Bumper Production a Boon
(v) Bumper Production not a Boon
ra
(vi) Bumper Harvest Graphs over the last decades
(vii) Bumper Production Crisis
(viii) Causes of Bumper Production sP
(ix) Effect of Bumper Production on various stakeholders
(a) Farmer (b) Government
(c) Rest of the World (d) Economy
er
(x) Advantages of Bumper Production
(xi) Disadvantages of Bumper Production
(xii) Distress of Farmers Due to Bumper Production
th
(xiii) Agricultural Survey

(xiv) Impact of Lockdown during COVID-19 on Bumper Production and farmers
(xv) Bumper harvesting of food grains 2019-20 : Case Study
ro
(xvi) Conclusion
(xvii) Bibliography
lB
Project 27 : Organic Farming–Back to the Nature

ya

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(ii) Introduction
(iii) Meaning of Organic Farming

Brothers
Prakashan
Learn @ ` 1 Per Day
(iv) History behind Evolution of Organic Farming
(iv) Relevance of Organic Farming
(a) Green Revolution
(b) Golden Revolution
(v) Steps of Organic Farming
an
(vi) Types of Organic Farming
(vii) Methods of Organic Farming
(viii) Principles of Organic Farming
sh
(ix) Environmental Impact of Organic Farming
(x) Cost–Benefit Analysis of Organic Farming
(xi) Importance of Organic Farming
ka
(xii) Positive and Negative Impact of Organic Farming
(xiii) Economic Benefits to Farmers of Organic Farming
(xiv) Role of Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer's welfare
ra
(xv) National Programme for Organic Production
(xvi) Participatory Guarantee system
(xvii) Role of Government in Organic Farming
(xviii) Role of Farmer in Organic Farming
sP
(xix) List of various Certification Bodies in Organic Farming and their Roles
(xx) Case Study: India's 1st fully organic state, Sikkim
er
(xxi) India's Status in Globe about Organic Farming: (Contribution to Home country and Globe)
(xxi) Role of Organic Companies in Organic Farming
th
(xxiii) Challenges that entities faces in growth of their Organic business in India
(xxiv) Challenges at customer level
(xxv) Challenges at Producer level
ro
(xxvi) Organic Crop Share in India: Graphs and Pie Charts

(xxvii) Conclusion
(xxviii) Bibliography
lB
ya
Go

Project Work Economics 12

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Project Work Economics 12

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According to Latest Syllabus and Guidelines prescribed by the

Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi

Goyal Brothers Prakashan

Goyal Brothers Prakashan

Lucknow - 226 006, Phone : 0522-2320841

2 Goyal Brothers Prakashan

 Diagrammatic explanation is given wherever required for better presentation of concept.

Project Work in Economics (Class-XII) 3

4 Goyal Brothers Prakashan

 Demonstrate the learning of economic theory

 Develop the communication skills to argue logically

The expectations of the project work are that:

 It will be an independent, self-directed piece of study

 Arrange a presentation of the project file

Scope of the project:

Collection of the research material/data

Analysing the material/data for conclusion

Draw the relevant conclusion

Presentation of the Project Work

 Advantages and disadvantages of situations or issues identified

Project Work in Economics (Class-XII) 5

Suggestive List of Projects :

 Exchange Rate Determination—Methods and Techniques  Currency War–Reasons and Repercussions

 Minimum Support Prices  

 Rise of Concrete Jungle – Trend Analysis  Organic Farming–Back to the Nature

6 Goyal Brothers Prakashan

Importance of Project Work for Students

figures and facts to derive meaningful conclusions.

Guidelines for Teachers

3. Closely supervise the process of project completion.

Project Work in Economics (Class-XII) 7

proforma of the Project File

(Name of the Student)

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I would like to express my special thanks to my Economics teacher Mr./Ms. __________________,

This is to certify that Mr./Ms. ________________________________ has completed his/

guidance. To the best of my knowledge, it is an original piece of work and is worthy

Place: ___________________ ___________________

Date: ___________________ (Name & Signature of the Guide)

Project Work in Economics (Class-XII) 9

10 Goyal Brothers Prakashan

Project Work in Economics (Class-XII) 11

(v) Objectives of Developing MSME's (xiv) Government Schemes under MSME's

(vii) Obstacles/Challenges faced by MSME's (xvi) Case Study

Objective Of the Project

12 Goyal Brothers Prakashan

Classification & Definition of Industries

broadly into 2 categories

Manufacturing Enterprises Service Enterprises

Building) they are classified into 3 categories as under :

Project Work in Economics (Class-XII) 13

List of MSME Projects in India

5. Banana Fiber Extraction and Weaving

11. Bakery Products

14 Goyal Brothers Prakashan

16. Paper Napkins Manufacturing Unit

Objectives of Developing Small Enterprises

mainstream of national development.

in the Whole Country.

Untapped Resources of the Country.

MSME's : Need of the hour

Project Work in Economics (Class-XII) 15

Various Obstacles that msme's goes through

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 Minimum Support Prices 

Place: _ _