Telepathy:

The relation of personality traits to telepathic ability

Ljupco Kimovski, MSc

Contents
Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 4
Defining the problem and basic concepts .................................................................................................... 5
Personality traits ....................................................................................................................................... 5
Thinking ..................................................................................................................................................... 7
Perception ................................................................................................................................................. 8
Extrasensory perception ......................................................................................................................... 10
Parapsychology ....................................................................................................................................... 12
Telepathy ................................................................................................................................................ 15
Synchronicity ........................................................................................................................................... 19
Relevant research ....................................................................................................................................... 22
The Weltmer Experiment........................................................................................................................ 23
Recent telepathic research ..................................................................................................................... 23
Methodology............................................................................................................................................... 32
Results ......................................................................................................................................................... 40
Results of the Ganzfeld experiment........................................................................................................ 40
Results obtained from Retrospect .......................................................................................................... 42
Test results with NEO PI R personality inventory ................................................................................... 46
Summary ..................................................................................................................................................... 58
References .................................................................................................................................................. 60
Abstract

This study aims to investigate the connection between personality traits and telepathic ability .
Although it does not offer solid evidence for the existence of telepathy, it aims to provide a good
basis for the phenomenon itself. It is clear that telepathic ability depends on many factors,
tangible and intangible, as well as the participants in the research. This study contains classical
and modern research, meta-analyzes as well as evidence-oriented experiments. Much more
research is needed to fully clarify the phenomenon.
Introduction

Throughout the history of science, we can see how some phenomena that belonged to
the realm of science fiction, the paranormal or the supernatural slowly began to receive scientific
confirmation. Today for an explanation about the cause of mental illnesses we are looking at,
which were previously described as demonic possession, Clinical Psychology, Genetics, Social
Environment, etc. Some other diseases and accidents that were attributed to fate can now be
predicted and statistically calculated. Following this tendency of man to understand all the
phenomena of life, we can assume that the phenomenon of ESP (extrasensory perception), in
this case telepathy, will one day be explained.

The existence of the possibility to scientific proof telepathy will certainly explain to us
some strange experiences that almost all of us have had, but for which there is still no solid
evidence to explanation. It has happened to us that we want to call one of our friends and realize
that he is already on the line, to say the thoughts of our interlocutor or vice versa, to feel that
something is wrong and then to understand that something bad has happened, to think of
someone we have not seen in years just to see him the same day, etc. Often our words cannot
capture the meaning of what we want to say, not to be understood or completely misunderstood.

From Alexander Graham Bell's historical "Watson, Come Here, I Want to See You" that
changed the way the world functions, which was the first telephone communication, we can only
imagine the benefits of telepathy becoming a normal, everyday way of communicating. Without
the limitation of time, space, technology or any other kind of intermediary, where the messages
would be conveyed to another level of authenticity and depth that cannot be conveyed by the
traditional way of communication.

“Where there is smoke, there must be fire.”

Defining the problem and basic concepts

Personality traits

The characteristics we possess as a person are what makes us different from others, to
feel the way we feel, to behave the way we behave, and so on. (Kidd, 2016). In other words, it
makes us unique and defines us as a person.

When we talk about a person, it refers to the quality or state of "being a person". The
complexity of characteristics is what makes individuals, groups and nations different from each
other, especially the total number of characteristics in individual behavior and emotional
characteristics.

A characteristic is a special quality, which can be defined as a common pattern of

behavior, thinking and feeling, for example, honesty is one of his obvious characteristics. In
psychology, personality traits theory (also called dispositive theory) is an approach to the study
of the human personality.

Personality traits reflect the characteristics and trends of people or patterns of thinking,
feeling and behaving. When we observe the people around us, the first thing we notice is how
different people are from each other. Then, as social psychology teaches us, we compare
ourselves to other people, and so our thoughts and feelings vary according to the meaning we
attach to that comparison. To say that a person possesses a characteristic, then that person
should be almost always consistent in all situations related to that behavior. For example, if a
person is very sociable at home, with a tendency to be sociable at work, we say that that person
has the characteristic "sociable".

The big five personality traits are known as the five-factor model (FFM) and the OCEAN
model. The theory of the big five characteristics is based on associations between words, but not
on neuropsychological experiments.
 The OCEAN model means:

 Openness: (inventive / curious versus constant / careful),

 Conscientiousness: (efficient / organized vs. relaxed / carefree),
 Extraversion: (lively, sociable / energetic versus withdrawal / reservation),
 Agreeableness: (friendly / compassionate versus difficult / detached),
 Neuroticism: (sensitive / nervous versus confident / confident).

The historical forerunner of the Big Five personality traits were the four types of
temperament of Hippocrates - sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric and melancholic (Musek, 2017).

Personality traits are built since childhood; environment, family, upbringing and many
other factors influence the development of certain characteristics. The family, how someone is
educated, nurtured, the home atmosphere, the relationship of parents between them and the
person and many other family factors, then the environment in which the person lives,
upbringing and education as well as genetic predispositions, affect the characteristics of the
person. "Twin studies as well as other studies have shown that about half of the variation
between individuals is due to their genetics and half to the environment" (Jang, K. L., Livesley, W.
J., Vernon, P. A., 1996).

Many researches have shown us the impact of life experiences during early childhood and
adolescence on personality traits, as well as the possibility of certain diseases altering them.
Cross-cultural research shows some patterns of gender difference in the context of personality
traits. For example, women consistently report higher neuroticism, co-operation, warmth and
openness to feelings, and men often report high assertiveness and openness to ideas, rated by
NEO PI R (Cavallera, G., Passerini, A. & Pepe, A., 2013). Possession of certain characteristics can
facilitate the process of education, regardless of the level of education. It is obvious that they
affect the performance at work, as well as in the choice and further life with the partner.
Thinking

The human brain is the most complex physical object known to us as humanity, to date,
within the entire universe. How it works, what are its capacities and functions and many other
issues we are just beginning to consider, and I believe that we have a long time before we fully
understand them. One of the functions of the brain is thinking.

Thought is a cognitive process by which people use to understand the world around them.
Through the process of thinking, people perceive and interpret reality, giving it meaning in order
to realize their existential and social needs. The thought process combines a person's knowledge
and experience to gain insight into the connection between things. Because thinking is an integral
and everyday phenomenon of people, many sciences examine the thought process from different
angles. It includes Philosophy, Linguistics, Psychology, Neurology, Biology, Sociology and
Cognitive Sciences.

"Cogito, ergo sum" or "I think, so I exist", as we become aware of our thoughts we become
aware of our existence.

The Oxford Dictionary defines thought as "an idea or thought created by thinking, or
appearing suddenly in the mind." (Oxford Dictionaries, 2019)

According to Dr. Jovan Marich thinking means “a targeted flow of ideas and associations
whose result is a realistically oriented conclusion … Thinking is a psychological function by which
person, using thought operations, perceives the real relations between objects and phenomena
and on that basis draws appropriate conclusions." (Marich, J., 2005)

In “Memory, Thought, and Language” Judith Greene discusses the list of mental activities
that make up the thinking process and goes on to explain the privacy and inner quality of thinking.
Through the thinking process, according to Greene, we can symbolically view and create the
world. (Greene, J. 1987)

Thinking means paying attention to the information we receive, thinking about it as well
as making judgments and decisions based on this thinking. When we talk about thinking then we
mean a consciously undertaken action, that action has a certain goal, for example to know the
world, but also to change it. The "thoughts" we have during sleep are unplanned so we cannot
say we think while we sleep.

Thinking involves grouping similar objects, subjects, ideas, or situations to give us a

general idea of something. To understand a concept we group certain features and thus conclude
what it is. For example, a vehicle. In order to understand the concept of a vehicle, we group the
characteristics of that object, in this case it would be a chassis, windows, wheels, engine, seats,
steering wheel, etc. Mentally we have the best example of a certain concept and based on it we
make a comparison with other concepts, that "best concept" is called a prototype. When
mammals are mentioned it usually reminds us of ourselves, humans, but that concept is quite
broad because it includes whales, zebras, elephants, and many others. Through thinking, we
make distinctions and comparisons of concepts to better understand their meaning and place.

Then, through already constructed mental schemes, we generalize the objects, subjects,
ideas or situations. Patterns help us understand the concept, which often generates expectations
for what the concept does.

Perception

The stimuli received, as such, do not mean anything without the ability of our brain to
organize and translate that information into meaningful perception. The process of perception
allows us to understand the meaning of our senses and to experience the world around us.
However, not all that we see is what it truly is. In accordance with our expectations, desires,
knowledge, experience and other psychological factors that make up the perceptual set, we are
predestined in how we perceive our environment. While most people think that, what we see is
what we believe in, perceptual set theory says that we see what we believe. Context, culture,
emotions, motivation are also part of this set.
 There are several theories of perception, its components and different views on the whole
process. Simply put, perception is the process of identifying, organizing, and interpreting sensory
information in order to understand the information received from the environment. Raw
information is transmitted from receptors through the nervous system to the brain, for example,
the light that registers the retina of the eye is called vision, and the changes in air pressure that
are registered by the inner ear are called hearing. That way we become aware of the quality of
the stimulus received. Perception is influenced by learning, memory, expectation and attention.

The American Psychological Association (APA) defines perception as “the process or result
of becoming aware of objects, relationships, and events by means of the senses, which includes
such activities as recognizing, observing, and discriminating. These activities enable organisms to
organize and interpret the stimuli received into meaningful knowledge and to act in a
coordinated manner." (American Psychological Association, 2019).

Marich gives the following definition: "Perception is a psychological function with which
we achieves recognition of information, recognition of objects as a whole, recognition of their
usable value." (Marich, J., 2005).

In his book “Perceptual Theories”, Andrej Démuth writes, "Perception is the basic way we
encounter reality, and for many it is reality." (Démuth, A., 2016). On the one hand, to study
perception is to study what she is made of, on the other hand, the cognitive apparatus and
sensory perception of the individual, adds Démuth.

The process of perception seems to consist of three elements: selection, organization and
interpretation.

In Gestalt psychology, there are the terms figure and background. Where our attention
is, that is our figure, and everything else is the background. Often our attention shifts from one
figure to another so that the old figure is now part of the background. This indicates the selectivity
of perception, i.e. we cannot simultaneously perceive few things, we can be good at shifting our
attention from one figure to another and have a good memory, but our attention is always
focused on one thing. In a lecture hall, for example, we can focus on just one figure, be it the
professor, the phone, the book, colleagues, the room or many other elements. Strong stimuli or
those to which we are more sensitive can distract us, which would make them a new figure.

In the process of perception, we organize the received stimuli by proximity or grouping

close figures together, continuity or perception of a continuum of patterns rather than
discontinuity and closure i.e. we fill in the gaps to create a complete picture. Finally to interpret
them.

Extrasensory perception

The term extrasensory perception (ESP) refers to the perception of things that are outside
our "normal" perception of the five senses. Assuming there is another sense (sixth sense) that
we are not familiar with. This would be more simply explained by our limitations in perception.
For example, we can see only part of the spectrum of light and hear only part of the sounds that
exist in the universe, everything that is below and above the capacity of our senses, we do not
register. However, what we as humans cannot see, hear, etc. does not mean that it does not
exist. Technology is a good indicator of that, for example, we cannot see X-rays.

The scientist Joseph Banks Rhine, who worked at Duke University in Nevada, USA and
aimed to condemn psychic abilities, was the first to use the term ESP. In the 1930s, while Joseph
was working in a laboratory and trying to understand these phenomena experimentally, his wife
Louisa worked to collect spontaneous cases of these phenomena. Joseph made a set of cards
with five symbols (Zener cards) in order to investigate the existence of clairvoyance. His
experiments were widely criticized because most of the results could not be replicated as well as
the techniques he used.

There are several so-called major types of ESP:

 Clairvoyance, the ability to see something happening at the same time and beyond the
visual field. For example, see what our friend in another city is doing. It is something that
happens at the same time, but there is a barrier that prevents that perception.
  Clairsentience is the ability to feel the emotions of others.
 Clairaudience is the ability to receive messages and information through "supernatural"
listening.
 Telepathy (reading impressions) is the ability to know what is going on in the minds of
others, what they think and feel.
 Precognition, the ability to tell what will happen in the near or distant future. This includes
dreams that have prophetic messages.
 Retrocognition, the ability to see past situations. That would include recognizing a place,
a person or simple knowledge of what happened then and there, for which the person
has nothing to do with the time and place when that situation occurred.
 Mediumship is the ability to communicate with the spirit world and the dead. For this
ability to exist one must accept the belief that there is life after death and that the being
is willing to communicate.
 Psychokinesis is the ability of the mind to influence or move something. Theoretically, this
would range from bending a spoon to moving objects.

Others tend to categorize ESP differently.

Extrasensory perception is still considered taboo, except in some parts of the world, such as
England and Scotland, where much research has been done and is still being done to prove these
phenomena. Often in movies and science fiction series, we see how superheroes have different
abilities and how they are too widespread, which is not the case. The strange thing is that these
abilities do not seem to be limited by time and space and yet seem to challenge the laws of
physics. That is, several established laws of physics would change dramatically if there is
telepathy. For example, it seems that shared thoughts can travel far, through matter, and
overcome all barriers, even the time barrier.” (Ennadifi, S. E., 2018). As crazy as it sounds,
quantum biology, which is gaining momentum, based on this non-limitless, is trying to use the
knowledge of quantum mechanics and theoretical chemistry of biological objects and problems.
Some believe that it is this science that will bring us the explanation for ESP in the future.
 Shamanism, which some consider to be one of the first, if not the first religions, as well as
Plato later pointing out the influence of belief on the manifestation of psychic abilities. Here, of
course, the influence of psychological factors such as attention, desire, emotional state and
others should be emphasized, which are also very important for whether an ability will be
manifested or not.

Buddhism, Hinduism and Yoga have their own name for ESP, siddhi. The term refers to
magical powers or capacities that are achieved through rigorous practices such as yoga and
meditation. The Sanskrit meaning of the term is "perfection" or "achievement" which indicates
the fact that siddhi are the fruit of spiritual practices and the attainment of perfection. Siddhi,
are generally abilities to control oneself, others and the natural world. It is said that they are not
supernatural but are accessible to everyone and can be explained rationally. "They appear
naturally when, through spiritual practices, emptiness and openness of mind are achieved."
(Yogapedia, 2019)

"In our lives, people, animals, plants, objects, or all the things we have ever experienced or
seen are made up of a large number of elementary particles that interact with each other through
a small number of fundamental forces." (Steiner, R. L., 1942).

Parapsychology

Buddha said, "Do not believe in anything because it is repeated by many others ... even if
it is in the holy books." Rinpoche sees Buddhism not as a religion but as a science of the mind,
the Dalai Lama said that if science ever disproves Buddhism, then it must change.

Parapsychology is considered the study of psychic phenomena such as telepathy, distant

hearing or seeing, divination, psychokinesis, near-death experiences, synchronicity,
reincarnation, mind over matter influence, and many other paranormal phenomena. The word
psychology comes from the Greek "psyche" which means "breath, soul, spirit" and "logia"
meaning "science of", i.e. science of the soul, parapsychology, "para" meaning "together with"
psychology.

The term parapsychology is relatively new (1889) by the German philosopher Max Dessoir
and then in the 1930s changed to "research on supernatural phenomena" in order to approach
experimental methodology and academic disciplines. In 1973, a long and detailed paper entitled
"Parapsychology: Fiction or Reality?" was published by four eminent members of the Moscow
Academy of Pedagogical Sciences. In that paper, one can see the explicit view of the Soviet Union
regarding parapsychology. "Obviously, so-called parapsychological phenomena do happen;
however, the main obstacle to their acceptance is ignorance of the basis of their operation.”
(Maire, F. L. & Major LaMothe, J. D. (1975).

“The argument that a hundred years of research has not achieved this and therefore the
phenomena have to be false, is built on a misconception: the research resources of
parapsychology are equivalent to a mere two months of research in American psychology and
these resources have been nearly exclusively devoted to research aimed at the accumulation of
evidence rather than process-orientated research.” (Schouten, 1998) This shortage of resources
and research related to parapsychological phenomena, which are needed to satisfy the relentless
claims of lack of evidence, is accompanied by a reduction in subsidies for further research as well
as academic positions in parapsychology. It is often repeated that quantitative research does not
provide significant evidence for these phenomena, or if there are then they are minimal and
difficult (if at all possible) to repeat, suggesting that resources be diverted to the study of belief
rather than to parapsychology (Parker , A. & Brusewitz, G., 2003).

Psychologists and skeptics generally easily reject the validity of spontaneous cases,
believing that modern cognitive psychology can deal with these experiences based on selective
memory, hallucinations, and cognitive bias. “While not denying these theories their validity, in
reality there is no better reason for dismissing all the well documented cases of psychical
research than there is for dismissing out of hand all human testimony, and indeed some good
ones for not doing so." (Parker, A., 2002) "Granted this, the greatest value of spontaneous cases
is then in showing that psi phenomena are not mere empty statistical anomalies, at best
belonging to quantum physics, but that they do have an important psychological content and
meaning." (Parker, A. & Brusewitz, G., 2003).

Yesterday's 'impossible' is often tomorrow's 'confirmed fact'.

Telepathy

In our materialistic worldview, we always seek causality. Before every consequence, there
must be action, for something to exist in the physical world we must be able to be see it and
measure it. Following that logic telepathy must be based on some signal or some energy that is
sent, like radio. However, nothing like that can be seen. Maybe the phenomenon is not a particle
or a wave that can be measured with today's technology? or is it simply more related to
consciousness? But what is the consciousness that everyone is talking about, is it a product of
our mind? What is clearer is that we are only aware of our biological aspects of our existence and
our environment, but we do not know what consciousness actually is, what its characteristics are
and where it comes from.

Telepathy, from the Greek words "tele" meaning "distant" and "pathos" meaning "feeling,
perception, passion, pain, experience", is a way of transmitting information without using the
five senses. The term telepathy is relatively new and has been used extensively in research by
the Society for Psychical Research, founded in England in 1882. However, there is an objection to
the second part of the coinage, "pathos", which refers more to feeling than to thought. Some
authors prefer the term "telæsthesia", which is loosely translated to mean "perception by the
senses of distance" (Atkinson, W. W., 2013). The term may be new but the telepathic
phenomenon seems to have lost its roots. Many ancient legends and peoples give us examples
of the effect that one mind had on another at a distance. In India, in particular, the belief in
thought transfer has prevailed since time immemorial. There are many stories of how the Hindus
transmitted information over long distances during the Great Wars.

Most materialists say that telepathy cannot exist because it violates the laws of physics.
They say that if telepathy has a real existence, our whole understanding of how the universe
works needs to be fundamentally revised. However, quantum entanglement has given telepathy
a place in quantum physics, which examines this phenomenon from a different perspective,
where two separate particles are interconnected and react to each other's variations. This
suggests that, at the subatomic level, information exchange through telepathy is possible.
(Ennadifi, S. E., 2018)
 The English Society for Psychical Research defines telepathy as "the communication of
impressions of any kind from one mind to another, independent of recognized channels of the
senses." (Society for Psychical Research, 2019) Freud in one of his unpublished publications,
“Psychoanalysis and Telepathy", speaks of his interest in the telepathic effects, but at the same
time very cautious when it comes to researching such a dangerous, occult sphere that is not
"scientific ". Scientists cannot wait any longer to overcome the "limitations of the known laws of
physics and chemistry" to develop a proper material and mechanical interpretation of the unique
human qualities of mind and spirit (Freud, S., 1921). He writes precisely about the possibility of
"thought transfer", which refers to an unconscious way of communicating that can result in
knowledge of another person becoming conscious at the same time or later (Freud, S., 1922). In
a way, Freud's concept of telepathy is related to the Oedipus complex, the transfer in
psychoanalysis, and of course sexuality. Freud believed that telepathy could involve an
unconscious desire that was somehow "embedded" in the receptive mind of the other.

Parnov speaks of at least three paradoxes that expand the scientific field without denying
it and yet be within the limits of traditional dogma and materialist principles. (1) Telepathic
communication is independent of distance; (2) telepathic communication is achieved without the
use of known senses and has no obvious connection with electromagnetic waves; (3) Some cases
of spontaneous telepathy and clairvoyance contradict the law of causality.“ (Parnov, Ye., 1966).

APA defines telepathy as “the alleged direct communication of information from one
mind to another, in the absence of any known means of transmission. It is a form of extrasensory
perception." (American Psychological Association, 2020) From this definition, we can see the
scientific skepticism towards the phenomenon of telepathy.

In a publication “Thinking about Telepathy”, Prof. Dr. Dead Radin wants to capture this
skepticism: “Cynics wring their hands, lamenting that the apocalypse is near because the general
public believes in extrasensory perception (ESP). They assume that this widespread belief is a sigh
of mass mental deterioration because science has declared ESP to be impossible, Why is it
impossible? Because psychic phenomena violate unspecified Laws of Science, and therefore all
claims about such events must be hopelessly flawed or fraudulent.” (Radin, D., 2003).
 Although it is well known that the CIA as well as other powerful intelligence agencies have
done a lot of research on telepathy, the CIA side becomes inaccessible when the word telepathy
is searched, however there are documented cases on the official NASA (National Aeronautics and
Space Administration) website of telepathy to which everyone has access. Apollo 14 astronaut
Edgar D. Mitchell conducted personal experiments with mental telepathy during the flight to the
moon and back. A psychic in Chicago concentrated at the same time trying to receive the signals.
"Mitchell confirmed that he was doing experiments, but refused to disclose the details." (NASA,
1972). After the Mitchell mission, Mitchell opened the “Mitchell's Mind Science Institute” in
California, later renamed the Institute of Noetic Science, which to this day conducts various
experiments to understand supernatural phenomena.

Ronald N. Bracewell, a Professor of Electrical Engineering of the Space,

Telecommunications, and Radioscience Laboratory at Stanford University, has received top
accolades from NASA for his first lunar landing, as well as many others. He writes about life in the
universe and how different beings can communicate. Lists:

A. Electromagnetic waves,

B. DIFFERENT WAVES,

C. Transfer of matter and

D. Exotica.

“An apology is needed for mode D, which some readers might label science fiction, but
there is a good reason for including items such as tunneling through black holes, tachyons
(particles that travel faster than light), and telepathy… telepathy does not suffer from attenuation
by matter. If this proved to be so, there would be a serious signal-to-noise problem in separating
the wanted signal from all the other thoughts from all over the Universe simultaneously
clamoring for attention. This may be why telepathy is so hard to exhibit on demand!” (Ronald, N.
B., 1979)

Several different types of telepathy are mentioned in the literature, occurring individually
or in pairs. Here are a few:
 Dream telepathy, that is, sending an impression to a sleeping person, can happen
consciously or unconsciously. Research by several scientists on identical twins has shown
that synchronized knowledge is possible when one is sleeping and the other is going
through trauma. This usually occurs in the REM phase. (National Geographic, 2009) In
other studies, the twins shared the same dream. During the 1960s and 1970s, controlled
results from dream research were published in 25 studies, which covered 450 attempts,
and again the overall goal rate was significantly above the expected chance. (Radin, D.,
1977) "So in working with Mrs. Rhine, she worked with what's called spontaneous
experiences, and so people would write to her about their spontaneous experiences, like
telepathy. One thing that stands out in mind would be one woman wrote that she woke
up in the middle of the night and she heard her sister screaming… She found out later
that her sister had been in Nepal and the vehicle that they were in went over the edge,
and she was killed there."(Catherine, TO, 1999),
 Physiological telepathy, i.e. transmission of feelings and sensations in real time. Research
has shown that people who have developed a good emotional connection at a time when
one is feeling something the other may feel the same or similar sensations. In one such
study, twins were housed in different rooms, one connected to a polygraph to measure
skin conductance and changes in heart function, and the other exposed to stress. The
devices showed that at a time when one feels stress followed by physiological changes,
changes in the functioning of the heart, brain and skin occurred in the other twin (Wagner,
S., 2019),
 Animal telepathy. Telepathy between humans and animals is not much different from
telepathy between two people, according to Raphaela Pope. “My experience is that
telepathy is the universal language of the animal kingdom. I believe that humans are
actually born with telepathic ability, but tend to suppress or forget it when they learn
spoken language. Telepathic communication assumes that animals are sentient beings
with their own purposes, desires, choices, and manner of looking at the world.” (Wagner,
S., 2019),
  Telepathy, as a transmission of impressions in real time, a form that will be considered in
this study.

Synchronicity

Jung called the effect "synchronicity", which suggests a special acausal relationship
between two "significantly" related events that otherwise have no obvious causal relationship
with each other. (Jung, C. G., 1955) Jung's essay on synchronicity was truly revolutionary at the
time of its publication in 1952, as it proposed the establishment of a radical theoretical synthesis
between psychology and physics. Arthur Koestler, a very influential figure in parapsychology, who
made a huge contribution to this field of science and whose name is given to the Institute of
Parapsychology in Edinburgh, Scotland, part of the Faculty of Psychology. He stated: "It was the
first time in the history of modern thought that the hypothesis of acausal factors working in the
universe was given the joint stamp of respectability by a psychologist and a physicist of
international renown." (Koestler, A., 1972)

Jung's concept of synchronicity helps us to understand that two events can be

interconnected through the subconscious even though they seem to be unrelated. However,
even with the help of the famous quantum physicist Wolfgang Pauli, Jung could not point to a
direct "quantum connection" between individuals, which in some ways justifies Freud's
skepticism. Nevertheless, there is little difference between telepathy and what is called the
synchronicity effect, which derives from Jung's concept. Both effects would involve simultaneous
thoughts through a relationship between two individuals separated by distance, which by the
usual definition must exist in the form of direct thought communication. An improved
mechanism based on the latter can point to many more possibilities. In fact, there could be
significant subconscious synchronization between a pair of individuals acting through natural,
social, and psychological coherence that result in simultaneous cognition or action. This would
be more analogous to the "hidden variable" that Einstein proposed in his famous ERP theory of
"spooky action at a distance". (Haas, A. S., 2011)
 The idea of synchronicity proposed by Jung ultimately seeks to resolve the duality of
Western thought by offering itself as evidence in the healing of the mind / body, the subject /
object division. In other words, a symbiosis of spiritual knowledge and scientific achievements in
order to have a deeper understanding of reality. "... pointing metaphorically like a Zen koan or
scientifically like a mathematical solution, to a final reconciliation of spiritual consciousness with
physical reality - the uncanny meeting ground of mind and matter. The implications of this
proposal are quite literally infinite." (Hart, J., 2005)

The articulation of synchronicity is not Jung's original idea; it already existed in some form.
What Jung reintroduced, explained, and adapted to the Western world does not exclude the
roots of the idea, "… is a modern derivation of the archetypal belief in the fundamental unity of
all things transcending mechanical causality." (Keutzer, C. S., 1984). Hippocrates, the father of
medicine, spoke of the unity of people, between them as well as the unity that exists as a principle
of nature. (Jung, C. G., 1960). Heraclitus, before him, taught philosophy with an emphasis on flux
- the persistence of permanent change, the only constant being LOGOS or the principle of order.
"Coincidentally, a similar philosophy had gained prominence in Asia around the same time with
the advent of Buddhism." (Hart, J., 2005)

Jung clearly distinguishes synchronicity from pure coincidence by emphasizing the

intensity, essential psychological and spiritual qualities of this phenomenon, and he sought
evidence for the emergence of synchronicity in Taoism and Tai Chi. "Since Taoism allows an
essentially similar conception of the cosmos, both Leibniz and Lao Tzu are forerunners of his
conception of synchronicity." (Progoff, I., 1973)

The influence of Schopenhauer's philosophy can be seen in the ideas of both Freud and
Jung, who was either well acquainted with Hinduism and Buddhism or was too perceptive of the
ideas of universal consciousness. He said: " Causality was only one of the rulers of the world: the
other was a metaphysical entity, a kind of universal consciousness, compared to which individual
consciousness is a dream compared to wakefulness ..... this is something that surpasses our
powers of comprehension, and can only be conceived as possible by virtue of the most wonderful
pre-established harmony ... It is a great dream dreamt by that single entity, the Will to Life: but
in such a way that all his personae must participate in it. Thus everything is interrelated and
mutually attuned.” (Koestler, A., 1972)

Interestingly, what drove Jung to the theoretical thought process related to synchronicity
were his personal conversations with Einstein. (Cua, A.S., Ivanhoe, P. J., Coward, H., Axtell G.S. &
Patterson, J., 1991)
Relevant research

Telepathic research began with the formation of the English Society for Psychical
Research. The first decade of the society was entirely devoted to the research of telepathy,
thought transfer and similar phenomena. The early experiments of the society were fully
documented and those documents, which consisted of several volumes, gave the world
documentation of supernatural phenomena that are of exceptional importance to science. In
many of their researches, one can see the remarkable results obtained in various experiments.
The members of the association were well-known scientists, doctors of science and professors
from different fields of science.

The purpose of science is to prove the truth and to understand the conditions under which
certain phenomena occur. “It is either a very bold man, or else a foolish one, who in these days
can positively assert that anything is scientifically impossible." (Atkinson, W. W., 2013).

Cross - cultural, most commonly reported experience is that of telepathy, from 33% to
50% of respondents. (Glicksohn, J., 1990; Palmer, J., 1979; Rice, T., 2004; Targ, E., Schlitz, M., &
Irwin, H., 2000). Gianotti et al. (2001) suggests that paranormal experiences are underpinned by
cognitive disinhibition, and suggest a continuum of associative processing, from creative thinking,
through paranormal formulation of ideas and concepts in healthy individuals to
psychopathological delusion, disordered thought processes or apophenia - the “specific
experience of abnormal meaningfulness”. (Gianotti, L., Mohr, C., Pizzagalli, D., Lehmann, D., &
Brugger, P., 2001)

Additional research on quantum physics over the last 15 years has found that physical
objects are not as separate as previously thought. At the level of quantum particles, all separation
disappears and everything is connected. Schrödinger describes this process as "entanglement".
Einstein described it more descriptively as "spukhafte Fernwirkung" or "strange action at a
distance." He believed that quantum entanglement would one day be seen as a mathematical
error in calculation. (Erickson, D. L., 2019).
The Weltmer Experiment

Probably the pioneer and one of the most famous series of experiments for telepathy is
the Weltmer Experiment, which is unique in itself. Conducted by prof. Dr. Sidney A. Weltmer,
head of the Weltmer Institute in Nevada, USA, and his older son Ernest Weltmer.

They conducted an experiment in which they wanted to send telepathic messages to a

large population at the same time. Having its own weekly magazine, the institute added a blank
sheet in which readers could write down messages sent to them by father and son telepathically,
at an agreed time, and then readers sent back a letter with messages received telepathically. The
messages were then qualitatively systematized, sorted, and published in each new magazine.

The experiment lasted for about a year, and the messages ranged from very simple like
"Love, Strength, Courage, Health", and sometimes practical objects or colors like "Red, Horse,
Cap". Some were very long and complex sentences like "I will strive to see only the good, the
beautiful, the true, in each person and thing that lies in my path this year”.

The messages were selected for the experimenters by a commission. The messages that
were simple had a higher number of hits than the long messages, which were quite criticized by
the experimenters as well as by the readers. Detailed statements can be found on the side of the
magazine. (Weltmers Magazine, 1902-1924)

Recent telepathic research

For the past 130 years, scientists from universities around the world have accumulated a
large theoretical basis for telepathy, but empirical facts have been lacking. The most effective
way to research telepathy is the Ganzfeld (German - whole field) experiment used by German
psychologists to explore the nature of mental images. To achieve a ganzfeld state the person is
usually leaned on a chair in a soundproofed room, with transparent halves of a ping-pong ball in
each eye. Person’s face is illuminated with a light red light and a white noise is emitted through
headphones. After a few minutes in this state, most people report that the red glare and static
disappear, and are quickly replaced by weak visual and auditory hallucinations and even altered
states of consciousness.

From the mid-twentieth century onwards, ganzfeld has been used in a variety of research
contexts. Starting with perceptual organization, the ganzfeld technique is used to manipulate the
global mental state of subjects; in particular, to induce an artificial "hypnotic" state, similar to
states that occur spontaneously at the onset of sleep. (Witkin, H. B. & Lewis, H. A., 1963)

Ganzfeld-like conditions can be found in exceptional natural environments, for example,

during high-altitude flights, exploratory trips to mountains or deserts, or extreme sports. (Witkin,
H. B. & Lewis, H. A., 1963)

Today, a standard ganzfeld telepathy test involves two people, a sender and a receiver.
They are located in different rooms; the sender is shown a picture or a short video that he should
mentally send to the receiver who is in ganzfeld condition. This procedure takes from 20 to 45
minutes. The receiver is then shown four videos / pictures - the correct one and three baits - at
random. Videos / pictures should be as diverse as possible. Starting from the statistical
probability that one in four will hit, or 25%. To prove that telepathy is possible and exists, the
"hit" average can be calculated and if that average is sufficient above 25%, it is considered to
provide evidence of telepathy.

Although multiple sensory stimuli, such as sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell, can be
tested with ganzfeld, in most cases ‘ganzfeld imagery’ prevails, becoming synonymous with
ganzfeld subjective experience. The next most commonly reported sensory modality is auditory,
which may occur on its own but is more often accompanied by visual perceptions. Auditory
hallucinations can range from simple as ringing or laughing, to complex as voices or musical
melodies. Tactile or kinesthetic sensations may also occur. Olfactory sensations occur very rarely,
because it is difficult to control the stimuli of these senses in normal laboratory conditions, the
difference between real sensations from technical - artificial is often uncertain. (Wackermann, J.,
Pütz, P., Büchi, S., Strauch , I. & Lehmann, D., 2002)
 Individuals who are prone to hallucinatory experiences during ganzfeld under such
"favorable" circumstances may perceive unrealistic things and beings. (Brugger, P., Regard, M.,
Landis, T. & Oelz, O., 1999; Arzy, S., Idel, M., Landis, Th. & Blanke, O., 2005). While in experimental
situations subjects are aware of the illusory nature of their perceptions, the conditions for
understanding the perceptions that occur spontaneously in the natural ganzfeld may be
different. Factors such as social isolation, inability to directly (physically) check reality, exhausting
situations or high excitement, etc. may contribute to the reduction of cognitive processing of
perceptions, resulting in claims of real experiences of the unreal and even the "supernatural".
(Wackermann, J., Pütz, P., Büchi, S., Strauch, I. & Lehmann, D., 2002)

Images that appear during the ganzfeld state are not experienced continuously but in
transitory episodes, sometimes slowly evolving over time to achieve full clarity, sometimes
appearing abruptly. In a study by Pütz et al. (2006), 40 respondents were trained in self-report
image reporting. Seven of them identified as "good receivers" were placed in a multimodal
ganzfeld (MMGF) for 45 minutes; the number of picture episodes described in the session ranged
from 0-9, or an average of ~ 5 minutes for the preparatory phase between episodes. Subjective
estimates of the duration of hallucinatory episodes ranged from 3 seconds to 7 minutes. There
seem to be inter-individual differences between subjective "reactivity" to MMGF. (Wackermann,
J., Pütz, P., Büchi, S., Strauch, I. & Lehmann, D., 2002)
Picture no. 1 Headset of light diffusers for ganzfeld (a) ping-pong anatomically shaped contours.
(b) Subject exposed to multimodal ganzfeld. (Photo by Andreas Fischer)
 Unpublished data from a 2006 study by Pütz et al. showed the personal profiles of seven
selected "good receivers" when tested with the NEO Five Factor Inventory (Costa, P.T. & McCrae,
R.R., 1992) differed from the others in the group by the factor ( C ) "Conscientiousness". (Pütz,
P., Braeunig, M. & Wackermann, J., 2006)

Hyman, 1985, published a critical evaluation of 42 ganzfeld studies, reportedly 55% of

which achieved significance in the primary index in ESP. (Hyman, R., 1985) In 1994, psychologists
Bem and Honorton independently published meta-analyzes of all ganzfeld telepathic
experiments done until then. (Bem, D.J. & Honorton, C. (1994) The combined score from 28
published studies was 37%, instead of the 25% as expected by chance which corresponds to a
trillion to one chance. They again checked these results, where the two decided to perform the
procedure under strictly controlled protocols. They found a hit of 34% in total, 106 hits from 329
sessions. (Adrian, P., 2017)

Psychiatrist Ganesan Venkatasubramanian and colleagues in 2008 conducted a brain

imaging study in which they prepared images for a mentalist (someone who is telepathic) and a
non-telepathic control subject. The mentalist could create an image very similar to the one that
was prepared for him, while the controlled subject could not. These researchers have shown that
when telepathy is successful, the right parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) was activated, while it was
not active in the non-telepathic person. Instead, the left inferior frontal gyrus is activated. (Pillay,
S., 2018)

Today there is a technology that is in its infancy, but still brings promising results for
telepathy. Tests were first performed on monkeys and mice before it was finally perfected to the
point where it could be applied to humans. The first attempts began in the 1960s and in the last
15 years a level was reached, that can be used and measured. The technology is called B2B (brain
to brain) but using a computer so it becomes BCI (brain computer interface). An integration of
BCI and CBI neurotechnology shows a direct link between two minds.
 Picture no. 2 on the left, the BCI subsystem is shown schematically, including electrodes
over the motor cortex and the EEG amplifier / transmitter wireless box in the cap. Motor imagery
of the feet codes the bit value 0, of the hands codes bit value 1. On the right, the CBI system is
illustrated, highlighting the role of coil orientation for encoding the two bit values.
Communication between the BCI and CBI components is mediated by the internet.

Carlos Grau, a neurologist at the University of Barcelona, and colleagues set up a smart
experiment in which EEG signals from electroencephalograms in India were transmitted over the
Internet as an email to other subjects in France who had TCM (Trans Cranial Magnetic)
stimulators on their scalp. TCMs, used to treat anxiety and depression, electrically stimulate
nerve activity in the brain without altering the scalp using strong magnetic fields. In this
experiment, TCM stimulators were placed on the occipital (visual) cortex of the back of the brain,
creating a receptive flash of light, called phosphenes, through neurological activation of the
cortex. (Haseltine, E., 2015)
 Significant results have been achieved in both studies conducted with this technology.
The first, March 28, 2014 and the second, on April 7, 2014, scientists from India and France
exchanged a few simple words. The messages sent were as simple as "hola" in the first
transmission and "ciao" in the second. In the first experiment the transmission error was 6%, 5%
and 11%, and in the second 2%, 1% and 4%. (Grau, C., Ginhoux, R., Riera, A., Nguyen., TL, Chauvat,
H., Berg, M., Amengual, JL, Pascual-Leone, A., Ruffini, G., 2014)

The use of technology today is considered normal and mandatory. Computers and
smartphones are evolving at a tremendous rate, which of course has a huge impact on the
economy as well as their usefulness.

Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg has expressed interest in "telepathic writing" and the
company is supporting research aimed at creating an external headset that can translate 1000
words vocabulary at 100 words per minute with just thought. (The Royal Society, 2019) A
technology called F8 should enable Facebook users telepathic communication. (Titcomb, J., 2017)
So far, with this technology words can be written without using auto-correction.

In the last 20 years, video games have taken a significant place when it comes to the
development of faster computers with better graphics and memory. A special case of contextual
scenarios is pseudo-telepathic games. These are games that can be won by players who do not
communicate but share quantum resources, yet cannot win the game classically without
communication. Pseudo-telepathic games n𝑡ℎ are a type of game in which players receive binary
input (question) and are asked to give, without communication, binary output (answer). (Anshu,
A., Hoyer, P ., Mhalla, M., & Perdrix, S., 2017)

Various tests and advances in technology are currently underway that could help people
suffering from mental or physical disabilities. In a report by the Royal Society published in
September 2019, conducted by top scientists from Imperial College London entitled "iHuman:
Blurring lines between mind and machine", scientists suggest possibilities that will change the
way psychology and medicine are viewed using neural interface technologies. (Anthony, C., 2019)
 Neurological interfaces are devices embedded in the body, or worn externally, that are
capable of recording or stimulating activity in the brain or peripheral nervous system. This offers
new horizons in the treatment of conditions such as dementia, paralysis, mental health
conditions and obesity. “Meanwhile, the announcements of 'Big Tech' companies and
entrepreneurs show their potential to change the way we communicate and interact with
technology." (Anthony, C., 2019)

External and internal neurological interfaces are already used in medical settings, from
stroke rehabilitation to epilepsy and commercial products that promise better appetite control,
or improved sleep and focus are already a reality. “The Royal Society expert working group says
there is a possibility that, in the future, “people could become telepathic to some degree” as
more sophisticated neural interfaces emerge.” (The Royal Society, 2019)

In July 2019, tech mogul Elon Musk announced that as early as 2020, his company,
Neuralink, could apply to start human trials in the United States using ultrafine electrodes
inserted into the brain to allow people with paralysis to control a computer or telephone. (Jee,
C., 2019) This technology will allow people to exchange thoughts and feelings when they are
sufficiently developed.

Technology seems to have become a substitute for our abilities, and thus a big step back
in human evolution. On one hand, it helps us to perform some actions easier, faster and more
efficiently and on the other hand, we have become very dependent and lazy. Everyday
distractions from telephones, televisions and other small and large, mechanical and electronic
appliances seem to have taken us away from our true nature and from the depths of our souls.
Natural selection shows us that when something is not used it is first suppressed and then
disappears.

Has this happened already or is it still happening to us?

The Czech researcher Cernousek suggests that primitive levels exist in every human being
and that there is a regressive nature of the telepathic phenomenon. His idea of telepathy
involved a high degree of empathy. His theory is based on extensive research in the Soviet and
Czech literature on psychology, creativity, and human evolution. (Cernousek, M., 1973)
 However, what if some mentally ill people are just hypersensitive and can still reach for
these abilities. If we isolate them from the environment that is poisonous to them, would their
symptoms disappear?

In the following decades, it is believed that technology will make our lives much easier.
What is frightening is how far and who will have access to the information and opportunities that
this technology brings with it. Of course, the ethics of using such devices, the privacy that can be
violated, as well as the use of this technology for military purposes and mass manipulation should
also be mentioned here. That is why many scientists and others suggest that governments and
the elite should take some precautionary measures to prevent this technology from falling into
the hands of a few giants.

If telepathy becomes our "sixth sense”, we can only assume the changes that will occur
in the daily functioning of people and radical changes in modern science. The benefits would be
enormous. Take, for example, Psychology and Medicine, to what extent the professional-client
relationship would change!
Methodology

The subject of this research is the question of whether there is a connection between
personality traits and telepathic ability. From several sources, we can see that the phenomenon
of telepathy exists; new technologies bring us closer to understanding the process of how it
happens and under what conditions. The problem that arises is not whether telepathy exists but
who has that ability and whether it is a latent phenomenon influenced by a number of factors.
What this research aims towards is whether there is a connection and differences in personality
traits between people who have developed to some extent the ability to telepathy and those
who do not. If it turns out that certain personality traits possessed by "good receivers" are related
to the ability to telepathy, then all that remains is to develop those personality traits that we lack,
i.e. to remove those that are undesirable in order to develop telepathic ability.

Given that this topic is not sufficiently researched, the need to understand such a complex
phenomenon arises that could help psychologists in their work, for a better understanding of
human nature, awareness, evolution, potentials and more. If the phenomenon of telepathy is to
be fully understood, as well as the circumstances in which it occurs and the ways for its
development to full capacity, the work of psychologists and in general of all those professions
that try to help others would be much easier. It would start with people with some physical and
mental disability, then those who go through a difficult period in life to the point that we can fully
realize ourselves as individuals or self-actualization.

The psychotherapist, for example, if he has telepathic abilities could understand the client
/ patient to that extent, which would remove many obstacles that require a lot of effort to
overcome some psychological blockages as well as clients’ / patients’ inability to properly express
themselves. This would make the recovery process much faster and more effective. The mere
thought that it could mean life or death in depressed patients, for example, or in people with
physical disabilities, being able to express themselves and be understood is more than enough
reason for such research to continue.
 Mental telepathy is the process in which impressions are transmitted from one mind to
another without using the known five senses. In this study, a ganzfeld experiment was used to
determine the existence of telepathy.

Psychologists use a variety of methods and techniques to determine personality traits.

The NEO PI R personality inventory examining the personal BIG FIVE traits (Neuroticism,
Extroversion, Openness, Collaboration and Conscientiousness) was used here. Each of these
categories has six subcategories.

Neuroticism is the domain along which manifests the differences in emotional stability,
adjustment and general resistance to stress on the one hand, versus instability in the form of
emotional vulnerability with easy susceptibility to anxiety and negative emotional moods, on the
other. Narrower aspects of this domain are:

 Anxiety: fear, anxiety and tension;

 Hostility: feelings of anger, irritability, frustration and resentment;
 Depression: feelings of guilt, sadness, helplessness and loneliness;
 Self-consciousness: shame, anxiety, sloppiness in contact with others, sensitivity to
gossip, tendency to feel inferior;
 Impulsiveness: inability to control impulses and urges;
 Vulnerability to stress: sensitivity to stress, weak capacity to cope with stress, propensity
to depend on others, hopelessness and panic in stressful situations.

Extraversion is the domain that refers to the level of sociability. On the one hand, they
are active, proactive, dynamic and open individuals, as opposed to reserved, withdrawn and
passive, but also somewhat more independent individuals on the opposite side. Components are:

 Warmth: kind emotional, friendliness, easy creation of emotional connections and

affection for others;
 Gregariousness: striving to be around other people, the need to socialize;
 Assertiveness: domination, strength, social ascent;
 Activity: fast pace, energetic movements, desire to constantly do something;
 Excitement seeking: the need for excitement, new content and stimulation;
  Positive emotions: striving to experience positive emotions such as joy, happiness,
excitement.

Openness to experience means a set of traits such as intellectual curiosity, intraceptivity,

aesthetic sensitivity, non-conformism and independent thinking, as opposed to a conservative-
dogmatic way of understanding things, a relatively narrow range of interests and a general
preference for conventional patterns and values of living. Aspects that make it up are:

 Fantasy: lively imagination, daydreaming, but not as an escape from reality but as a
creation of a living inner world;
 Aesthetics: inclination and admiration for art and beauty;
 Feelings: high receptivity to one's own emotions, valuing emotions as something
important in life, refined, intense and differentiated emotional life;
 Action: preference for the new and the unknown versus the known and the routine - a
desire to try different activities, to see new places, to taste unusual food;
 Ideas: intellectual curiosity, open mind, intrigue of new, unconventional, unusual things
and ideas;
 Values: openness and willingness to reconsider conventional social, political and religious
values.

Agreeableness refers to the degree of trust in others and constructiveness in social

relationships. On the one hand are individuals with a social pattern based on altruism, solidarity,
trust and empathy, as opposed to the opposite set of epithets such as mistrust, selfishness,
egocentrism, antagonism and general disinterest and insensitivity to the needs of others.
Subordinated aspects are:

 Trust: belief in the goodness and honesty of others;

 Straightforwardness: honesty, integrity, morality;
 Altruism: generosity, selflessness, willingness to help, solidarity, active care for the good
of others;
 Compliance: low aggression, willingness to forgive and forget, kindness, gentleness;
  Modesty: withdrawal, tendency to remain in the background, weakly expressed need for
public recognition, success and promotion;
 Tendermindedness: sympathy and care for others, humanity.

Conscientiousness is a domain that refers to self-discipline, i.e. attitude towards the

obligations and organization of their own time. On the one hand are individuals with a high
degree of control and discipline in terms of their own duties and the expectations of the
environment, with a stable focus on the goal and careful organization of time and resources. On
the other hand, there are individuals with a more relaxed and spontaneous attitude towards
these aspects of everyday life, often hedonistic and carefree towards everyday life. The aspects
that are part of this domain are the following:

 Competence: sense of personal efficiency, ability and strength, expressed self-

confidence;
 Order: good personal organization, orderliness in the performance of duties, appearance
and personal appearance;
 Dutifulness: behavior driven by a sense of duty, acceptance and adherence to moral
principles;
 Achievement striving: developed motivation to achieve, high degree of aspiration,
readiness for hard and long-term work to achieve a goal;
 Self-discipline: perseverance in work regardless of fatigue, boredom and other obstacles,
ability to self-motivate:
 Deliberation: deliberation of actions, good thinking and preparation before taking any
action.

Each of these personality traits can vary from very low> low> average> high> to very high.

With this exploratory research, which has the character of qualitative and quantitative
research, the aim was to understand the relationship between personality traits and telepathic
ability.

As similar studies have already been performed, this study also serves as a test of the
results obtained by other researchers.
 The general goal was to obtain scientific knowledge about the relationship between
personality traits possessed by psychology students at the Slavic University in Bitola and
telepathic ability.

To determine whether there are differences in the personality traits of individuals who
possess or do not possess the telepathic ability.

The tasks set were intended to determine the personality traits of good and bad receivers
and then to find a statistically significant relation and difference between these two groups.

The hypothesis also defines the research variables, which in this case can be many.
Independent variables in this research are personality traits and the dependent variable is the
telepathic ability. It must also be mentioned that the large number of relevant variables that
could affect the research, environmental factors such as sound and light were kept under control.
All other relevant variables were not taken into account, and they are various psychological
factors such as attention, concentration, attitudes, beliefs, then previous similar experiences,
experimental conditions, current emotional state of the sender / receiver. Add that the thought
that the sender wants to transfer, the receiver can receive it in their own way and give their own
interpretation, which can be spiced with additional associations, thoughts, feelings and / or ideas.
Many other factors.

Because this is a very complex phenomenon, and in order to better understand it, 30
individual, 5 specific and one general hypothesis arising from the NEO PI R personality inventory
were set.

Ganzfeld experiment, retrospection and NEO PI R personality inventory were used for this
study.

A standard laboratory ganzfeld telepathy experiment involved two individuals, a sender

and a receiver of messages. They were in different rooms; the sender was shown a random image
on a computer that was to be mentally sent to the receiver who was in ganzfeld state. This
procedure took 20 minutes. Relevant factors that were to be avoided but could affect the
ganzfeld condition are:
  The light was regulated by placing ping-pong anatomically shaped contours on the
receiver’s eyes and a red light directed at the face.
 To avoid auditory distractors and less effort in listening, "celestial white noise" was used,
in which each recipient could adjust the volume level individually to their needs before
starting the experiment.

After twenty minutes spent in ganzfeld, the receiver were shown four pictures - the
correct one and three baits - at random. A computer program was used to randomly select the
images. The images were as diverse as possible so that the phenomenon could be better seen.

The ganzfeld experiment determined whether the subjects possessed telepathic ability or
not. The results then calculated the percentage of hits as well as the frequency of hits in male
and female respondents.

Retrospection is an action or process of reviewing things that have passed. Introspection

is a reflective look inward: examining one's own thoughts and feelings in real time, that is,
following one's own mental and emotional processes. In other words, retrospection can be seen
as an introspection that has passed. While introspection is simultaneous and used in some
ganzfeld experiments, for this research it was decided the use retrospection where the subjects
after the end of the experiment recount and write down the experience they had during the
experiment.

The statements were then divided into 5 categories:

 Describes the image very well: the statement describes the idea of the image as well as
the supporting elements very well, in colors, shapes, context,
 Describes the image well: the statement describes the general idea of the image as well
as the supporting elements well,
 Badly describes the image: the statement describes the general idea of the image as well
as the supporting elements badly,
 The statement does not reflect the idea of the picture at all,
 Personal associations: the statement reflects the emotional understanding of the image.
 Finally, respondents were tested with NEO PI R personality inventory. Personality traits
could be measured psychometrically and then compared to "good receivers" and "bad receivers".

The NEO PI R inventory measures the five broad domains or dimensions of a person. The
answers given in the statements regarding the thoughts, feelings and goals of the respondents
could be compared with other adults to give a description of the person. The NEO PI R inventory
measures differences between normal populations, it is not a test of intelligence or ability, and
is not intended to diagnose mental problems or adaptation. However, it does give an idea of the
uniqueness of the way we think, feel and interact with others. Although re-testing results may
vary minimally, for most individuals personality traits tend to be quite stable.

By scoring the answers, we get raw scores for each dimension (category) as well as for
each sub-dimension (subcategory) which then placed on the scale show us the presence of a
personality trait and at what end of the scale it is located. There is a different t-score for each of
them. The variations are from:

 Very high,
 High,
 On average,
 Low and
 Very low.

In general, for this research we were interested in whether there is a personality trait and
at what extreme, i.e. generally low scores (including very low and low scores) and generally high
(including very high and high scores) and the scores that are within the average were not taken
into account.

If we want to fully investigate this phenomenon, then we need to examine the entire
human population that has existed, exists and will exist, because it is impossible, 30 psychology
students have been selected, volunteers, studying at the Slavic University, Bitola in the academic
2019-2020.
 The data obtained from the correct and incorrect "hit" of the ganzfeld experiment were
then statistically calculated using measures of central tendency, i.e. the arithmetic mean was
calculated for each characteristic, which was then compared with the average of the general
population.

From the ganzfeld experiment, the goal rate was calculated and since a sufficient
deviation from the predicted 25% was shown, it was determined that the experiment was
successful.

The t-test of significance of differences calculates whether there were statistically

significant differences in personality traits between good and bad receivers of messages.

A chi-square test calculated the percentage difference in the prevalence of personality

traits to determine if there was a statistically significant relationship between personality traits
and telepathic ability.

The standard deviation shows the deviation of the big five characteristics as well as the
30 subscales.

The narrative statements of the students were then systematized and divided into
categories in order to see any connection or similarity of the statement with the picture, i.e. how
much their statement reflects the idea of the picture that the sender wanted to send
telepathically.

The NEO PI R results showed us which personality traits the two populations possessed,
the "good receivers" and the "bad receivers", with the use of arithmetic mean and standard
deviation was determine the deviation.

The research was conducted during the month of October 2019 in the premises of the
Slavic University, Bitola.
Results

The following is an analysis of the results of the ganzfeld experiment (which determines
the existence of telepathy), retrospective (which makes a qualitative analysis of statements), as
well as the results of NEO PI R (determination of personality traits), which are obtained from this
research.

Results of the Ganzfeld experiment

Starting from the statistical probability and assumption that 25% of the respondents will
score a hit, with this experiment it was shown that this percentage is higher, i.e. 30%, making this
experiment a success. Out of 30 (n) respondents who were included in the experiment, 9 (𝑓1) of
them score a hit, i.e. 30%, and 21 (𝑓2) did not, i.e. 70%. It was calculated by p.

𝑓1 9 𝑓2 21
𝑝1 = = = 0.3 𝑝2 = = = 0.7
𝑛 30 𝑛 30

In the selected population, there is a statistically significant difference between the

gender and the hit rate. Table 1 shows the frequency of the sample by gender, 3 are male (10%),
27 are female (90%).

Gender Frequency %

Male 3 10
Female 27 90

Total 30 100

Table no. 1 Demographic characteristics of the respondents by gender

 Graphic presentation of expected and obtained results:

Percentage of hits in the ganzfeld experiment

25 22.5
21

20

15
9 Expected
10 7.5
Obtained

0
Good Receivers Bad Receivers
Expected 7.5 22.5
Obtained 9 21

Graph no.1. Percentage of hits in the ganzfeld experiment

From this data, we can further calculate the percentage of hit by gender. Male
respondents scored 66.66%, i.e. 2 out of 3, noting that the qualitative analysis shows 100% good
or very good image description, female respondents scored 25.92%, i.e. 7 out of 27. This indicates
a significant difference in the gender at the level of 0.01. However, it should be noted that the
sample is relatively small and the gender distribution is big.
 Graph no.2 Hits by gender

Results obtained from Retrospect

By categorizing the statements given by the respondents, one can go one step closer in
determining the randomness in the choice of the image. From table no. 2 we can see the
distribution by categories:

Statement describes the image Number of responders

Very well 3
Well 1
Badly 6
Description doesn’t match 18
Personal associations 2
Total 30
Table no. 2 Categories of description

Out of 30 respondents, three statements describe the picture very well, two statements
describe the picture well, five describe the picture badly, 18 statements did not match the picture
and a special type of category is that of personal associations where based on feelings the
pictures’ meaning is understood. The following are examples for all five categories:

Example of a VERY Well description:

“Disco”

"I felt excitement,

fear, hustle and
bustle, the thought of
losing consciousness,
a dark, suffocating
light."

“Rain”

"The experience was

interesting, a little strange,
relaxed. I had a lot of
thoughts about what the
picture might look like. I
saw white and black. I saw a
picture like a cell with dots.
Listening to sounds like a
heartbeat, then waves and
then rain."
 “Castle”

"First the feeling of cold and then

warm followed by the color blue
and orange. There were pictures
of mountains, snow, a small
house / hut, buildings, a bird in
warm colors, a river of contrast
between hot and cold. Eventually
there was a strong feeling of
density as if I were under water."

Example of WELL description:

“Mountain”

"I had the feeling that I was in a

peaceful and pleasant place as in
some nature, but as time passed
as if I suddenly found myself in a
place of chaos, in some chaos, as
if I was lost. The sound was
getting more and more
unpleasant."
Example of BAD description:

“Firetruck”

"The experience of
the experiment is
hearing a sound
from an altitude and
a mountain place. A
place where there
may be a vehicle. "

Example of how the description does not match:

“Telephone”

"At first I was upset with the

music, after I relaxed the sounds
seemed stimulating and calming. I
kept getting pictures that changed
periodically. There was a train, a
forest fire, waves, a waterfall, a
steel mill, siren sounds. I felt a
burning sensation in my left palm
and a slight tremor. "
Example of PERSONAL ASSOCIATION:

“Beach”

"At the beginning of the experiment I felt a slight pressure in the middle of my forehead
which later shifted to the lungs (chest, I do not know how to explain) I started choking and then
hyperventilated to the point that I wanted to vomit. After that, I felt very cold and started crying.

Somewhere near the end, I began to see a shadow of a man moving left - right and then
approached a degree of fear.

I was just waiting for the last minutes of the experiment to end faster."

After recording her experience from the experiment, I asked the respondent why she
chose exactly that image, which according to my experience and associations is pleasant, to
which the respondent replied: “I am afraid of water. I felt like I was drowning."

Test results with NEO PI R personality inventory

The personality traits of the psychology students at the Slavic University in Bitola who
participate in the research were psychometrically calculated with a NEO PI R personality
inventory. From the tables and graphs that follow, we can see the representation of each feature;
separately for each respondent, in groups of good and bad receivers as well as in total for all
respondents, in raw scores and percentages. Based on these data and the data obtained from
the gaznfeld analysis, the correlation of certain characteristics calculated with NEO PI R and the
telepathic ability, and the differences in the personality traits between the "good" and "bad"
receivers.

The t-test of significance of difference showed that there are statistically significant
differences in personality traits between good and bad receivers of messages.

We can see that there is a negative correlation in neuroticism, agreeableness and

conscientiousness. This indicates that the characteristic is moving in the opposite direction and
that the absolute value of the experimental t-score is less than the value found in the table of
degrees of freedom, which indicates a statistically significant difference between the two groups.

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances

Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 92.88889 94.90476
Variance 327.6111 248.1905
Observations 9 21
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 13
t Stat -0.2903
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.388082
t Critical one-tail 1.770933
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.776164
t Critical two-tail 2.160369
Table no. 3 t-test N

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances

Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 110.1111 115.4762
Variance 147.1111 121.8619
Observations 9 21
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 14
 t Stat -1.13999
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.136709
t Critical one-tail 1.76131
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.273417
t Critical two-tail 2.144787
Table no. 6 t-test A

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances

Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 108.6667 108.8095
Variance 52 79.2619
Observations 9 21
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 19
t Stat -0.04622
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.481808
t Critical one-tail 1.729133
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.963615
t Critical two-tail 2.093024
Table no. 7 t-test C

Taken individually for each subcategory we can see that there is no positive correlation
between the two groups but there is a negative correlation in several subcategories: Anxiety,
Self-consciousness , Vulnerability to stress, Warmth , Assertiveness , Aesthetics, Trust,
Straightforwardness, Altruism, Compliance / Cooperation, Order, Self – Discipline, Deliberation.

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances

Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 19.55556 21.09524
Variance 23.02778 40.49048
Observations 9 21
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 20
t Stat -0.72688
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.23786
t Critical one-tail 1.724718
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.47572
t Critical two-tail 2.085963
Table no. 8 t- test Anxiety
 t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances

Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 14.88889 15
Variance 19.86111 21.4
Observations 9 21
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 16
t Stat -0.06186
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.475719
t Critical one-tail 1.745884
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.951438
t Critical two-tail 2.119905
Table no. 9 t- test Self-consciousness

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances

Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 9.777778 12.95238
Variance 7.194444 14.84762
Observations 9 21
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 22
t Stat -2.58653
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.00842
t Critical one-tail 1.717144
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.01684
t Critical two-tail 2.073873
Table no. 10 t- test Vulnerability to stress
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances

Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 18.33333 19.42857
Variance 8.5 15.65714
Observations 9 21
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 21
t Stat -0.84249
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.204505
t Critical one-tail 1.720743
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.409009
t Critical two-tail 2.079614
Table no. 11 t- test Warmth
 t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances

Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 18 19.04762
Variance 16 8.447619
Observations 9 21
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 12
t Stat -0.70953
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.245776
t Critical one-tail 1.782288
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.491553
t Critical two-tail 2.178813
Table no. 12 t- test Assertiveness
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances

Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 20.33333 20.95238
Variance 11.25 8.947619
Observations 9 21
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 14
t Stat -0.47816
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.319957
t Critical one-tail 1.76131
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.639914
t Critical two-tail 2.144787
Table no. 13 t- test Aesthetics
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances

Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 17 19.19048
Variance 31.5 23.5619
Observations 9 21
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 13
t Stat -1.01888
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.163424
t Critical one-tail 1.770933
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.326847
t Critical two-tail 2.160369
Table no. 14 t- test Trust
 t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances

Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 18 19.66667
Variance 13.75 14.93333
Observations 9 21
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 16
t Stat -1.11386
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.140895
t Critical one-tail 1.745884
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.281791
t Critical two-tail 2.119905
Table no. 15 t- test Straightforwardness
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances

Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 21.66667 23.71429
Variance 13.5 13.21429
Observations 9 21
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 15
t Stat -1.40325
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.090451
t Critical one-tail 1.75305
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.180903
t Critical two-tail 2.13145
Table no. 16 t- test Altruism
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances

Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 17.11111 19.47619
Variance 18.11111 15.5619
Observations 9 21
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 14
t Stat -1.42532
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.087989
t Critical one-tail 1.76131
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.175978
t Critical two-tail 2.144787
Table no. 17 t- test Compliance / Cooperation
 t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances

Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 14.22222 14.7619
Variance 4.444444 8.990476
Observations 9 21
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 21
t Stat -0.56206
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.290011
t Critical one-tail 1.720743
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.580023
t Critical two-tail 2.079614
Table no. 18 t- test Order
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances

Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 20.11111 20.61905
Variance 7.111111 7.947619
Observations 9 21
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 16
t Stat -0.46987
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.322393
t Critical one-tail 1.745884
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.644787
t Critical two-tail 2.119905
Table no. 19 t- test Self – Discipline

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances

Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 14.44444 15.38095
Variance 24.02778 13.04762
Observations 9 21
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 12
t Stat -0.51623
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.307537
t Critical one-tail 1.782288
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.615074
t Critical two-tail 2.178813
Table no. 20 t- test Deliberation
 The Chi-squared test shows the association of personality traits with telepathic ability.
The percentage representation of personality traits possessed by the good and bad receivers was
calculated, and the chi-square was calculated on those percentages. The results are shown
graphically for more visibility on graph no. 3, no. 4, no. 5 and no. 6.

With a significance of 0.05 there is an association of high scores of 9 personality traits

with telepathic ability:

 N6: Vulnerability to stress,

 E1: Warmth,
 E2: Gregariousness,
 E4: Activity,
 A2: Straightforwardness,
 A4: Compliance,
 A5: Modesty,
 C5: Self - Discipline,
 A: Agreeableness.

chi-square with a significance level of 0.05 of high scores

A
11%
C5 N6
5% 26%
A5 N6
5%
E1
E2
E4
A2
E1
4% A4
E2 A5
A4
4%
27% C5
E4
4% A

A2
14%

Graph no. 3 chi-square with a significance level of 0.05 of high scores

 With a significance of 0.01, there is association between the high scores of four
personality traits and telepathic ability:

 N6: Vulnerability to stress,

 A2: Straightforwardness.
 A4: Compliance,
 A: Agreeableness.

chi square of high scores with a significance of 0.01

A
14%

N6
33%

N6
A2
A4

A4 A
35%

A2
18%

Graph no. 4 chi square of high scores with a significance of 0.01

With a significance of 0.05, there is a correlation between the low scores of the 13
personality traits and telepathic ability:

 N4: Self- consousness,

 N6: Vulnerability to stress,
 E3: Assertiveness,
 E5: Excitement Seeking,
 O3: Feelings / Emotionality,
 O4: Actions,
 O5: Ideas,
  A1: Trust,
 A6: Tendermindedness,
 C3: Dutifulness,
 N: Neuroticism,
 O: Openness to experience,
 A: Agreeableness.

chi square on low scores with a significance of 0.05

A N4
O 5% 5% N6 N4
6%
9%
N N6
8% E3
C3
3% E3
A6 E5
15%
3% O3
O4
A1 O5
3%
A1
A6

E5 C3
O5 13% N
19%
O
O3 A
O4
6%
5%

Graph no. 5 chi square on low scores with a significance of 0.05

With a significance of 0.01, there is a correlation between the low scores of the 10
personality traits and telepathic ability:

 N4: Self- consousness,

 N6: Vulnerability to stress,
 E3: Assertiveness,
 E5: Excitement Seeking,
 O3: Feelings / Emotionality,
 O4: Actions,
  O5: Ideas,
 N: Neuroticism,
 O: Openness to experience,
 A: Agreeableness.

chi square of low scores with a significance of 0.01

A N4
O 5% 6%
N6
7%
10%
N N4
8%
N6
E3 E3
16%
E5
O3
O4

O5 O5
21% N
O
E5 A
14%
O4
6% O3
7%

Graph no. 6 chi square of low scores with a significance of 0.01

In table no. 9. we can see the standard deviation ie the deviation of each of the big five.
Generally seen on The BIG five personality traits, most of the respondents deviate on the scales
N and O and the smallest deviation on the scales C and E.
 Graph no. 7 Standard deviation and arithmetic mean of the Big five

The arithmetic mean obtained for each scale was then compared with the t - score from
NEO PI R and thus a comparison was made with where the sample was moving compared to the
general population.
Summary

Calculated by chi-square test, it indicates a statistically significant association of the

following personality traits with the ability to telepathy:

 Low self – consciousness,

 Vulnerability to stress,
 High level of Warmth,
 High level of Gregariousness,
 Low level of Assertiveness,
 High level of Activity,
 Low level of Excitement seeking,
 Low level of Feelings / Emotionality,
 Low level of Action/ Adventurousness / Exploration,
 Low level of Ideas / Intellectual Interest / Curiosity,
 High level of Straightforwardness,
 High level of Compliance,
 High level of Modesty,
 Low level of Tendermindedness,
 Low level of Dutifulness,
 High level of Self – Discipline,
 Agreeableness,
 Low level of Neuroticism and
 Low level Openness to experience.

This connection does not explain how the good and the bad receivers differ. For further
explanation, a t-test of differences was used where the differences in personality traits of the
respondents from both groups can be seen. The negative correlation indicates that the
characteristic is moving in the opposite direction in both groups. The "good" receivers differ
statistically from the "bad" receivers in the following characteristics:
  Negative correlation with the existence of a statistically significant difference in Anxiety,
Self – Consciousness, Warmth, Assertiveness, Aesthetics, Trust, Straightforwardness,
Altruism, Compliance, Order, Self-Discipline and Deliberation.
 Negative correlation without statistically significant difference in Vulnerability.

No other statistically significant differences were found in the other personality traits.

Then from 5 special hypotheses, 2 of them are rejected, 1 is partially confirmed and 2 are
directed to an alternative hypothesis, it can be said that there is a statistically significant
correlation of several personality traits with telepathic ability.

Calculated by chi-square test, it indicates a statistically significant association of the

following big five personality traits with telepathic ability: Neuroticism, Openness and
Agreeableness.

The "good" receivers differ statistically from the "bad" receivers in the following
personality traits:

 Negative correlation with the existence of a statistically significant difference in

Neuroticism, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness.

In this research, the general hypothesis was started: "There is a relationship between
personality traits and telepathic ability in psychology students at the Slavic University in Bitola."

According to the results, the general hypothesis is accepted.

As the surveyed population was relatively small, if we want to check whether these results
apply to the general population, additional research with a larger number of respondents is
needed. In order to check these results, it is suggested that respondents be tested with NEO PI
R, in order to identify the desired personality traits and then carry out the same procedure on a
larger sample.

Such research is of great importance, if we want to understand the phenomenon of

telepathy, ie under what conditions it occurs, what factors affect the manifestation of this ability,
as well as the ways for its development to full capacity.
References

1. Adrian, P. (2017). Ganzfeld, psi-encycopedia, Превземено на 13 Септември 2019 г.

https://psi-encyclopedia.spr.ac.uk/articles/ganzfeld
2. American Psychological Association. (2019). Превземено на 9 Јуни 2019 г.
https://www.apa.org/
3. Anshu, A., Hoyer, P., Mhalla, M., & Perdrix, S. (2017). Contextually in multipartite pseudo-
telepathy graph games. Превземено на 3 Септември 2019 г.
https://www.researchgate.net
4. Anthony, C. (2019). Brain-computer interface will make people telepathic, scientists say,
Превземено на 13 Септември 2019 г. https://www.independent.co.uk
5. Arzy, S., Idel, M., Landis, Th. & Blanke, O. (2005). Why revelations have occurred on
mountains? Linking mystical experiences and cognitive neuroscience. Medical
Hypotheses, 65: 841–845.
6. Atkinson, W. W. (2013). “Telepathy: It’s Theory, Facts and Proof”. Chicago, IL. YOGeBooks.
страна 9.
7. Bem, D. J. & Honorton, C. (1994). Does psi exist? Replicable evidence for an anomalous
process of information transfer. Psychological Bulletin. 115(1), 4-18.
8. Bracewell, Ronald. (1979). The Galactic Club: Intelligent Life in Outer Space.
9. Brugger, P., Regard, M., Landis, T. & Oelz, O. (1999). Hallucinatory experiences in extreme
altitude climbers. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology. 12: 67–
71.
10. Catherine, T. O. (1999). NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project Edited Oral
History Transcrip. Превземено на 13 Септември 2019 г. https://www.nasa.gov/
11. Cavallera, G., Passerini, A. & Pepe, A. (2013). “Personality and gender in swimmers in
indoor practice at leisure level”. Social Behavior and Personality. 41 (4): 693-704. doi:
10.2224/sbp.2013.41.4.693
12. Cernousek, M. (1973). A Psychotronic Model of Man. презентирано на првиот конгрес
за психотронско истражување, Прага
13. Costa, P.T. & McCrae, R.R. (1992). Revised NEO personality inventory and NEO five-factor
inventory. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
14. Costa, P.T., Terracciano, A. & McCrae, R. R. (2001). Gender differences in personality traits
across cultures: robust and surprising findings. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology. 81 (2): 322-331. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.2.322. PMID 11519935
15. Cua, A.S., Ivanhoe, P. J., Coward, H., Axtell G.S. & Patterson, J. (1991). Philosophy Easy and
West: A Quarterly of Oriental and Comparative Thought, Volume 41 Number 2. University
of Hawaii Press.
16. Démuth, A. (2016). Perception Theories. Canada. Springer.
17. Ennadifi, S. E. (2018). “Telepathy: Evidence and New Physics”. Превземено на 7
Септември 2019 г. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323811942
18. Erickson, D. L. (2019). An Interdisciplinary Journal of Neuroscience and Quantum Physics
Intuition, Telepathy, and Interspecies Communication: A Multidisciplinary Perspective.
Превземено на 10 Јуни 2019 г. http://www.neuroquantology.com
19. Freud, S. (1921). Psychoanalysis and telepathy. Standard Edition; 18: 173-193.
20. Freud, S. (1922). Dreams and telepathy. Standard Edition; 18: 195-220.
21. Gianotti, L., Mohr, C., Pizzagalli, D., Lehmann, D., & Brugger, P. (2001). Associative
processing and paranormal belief. Psychiatry and Cognitive Neurosciences, 55, 595-603.
22. Glicksohn, J. (1990). Belief in the paranormal and subjective paranormal experience.
Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 675-683.
23. Grau, C., Ginhoux, R., Riera, A., Nguyen.,T. L., Chauvat, H., Berg, M., Amengual, J. L.,
Pascual-Leone, A., Ruffini, G. (2014). Conscious Brain-to-Brain Communication in Humans
Using Non-Invasive Technologies. Превземено на 13 Јуни 2019 г.
https://journals.plos.org/
24. Greene, J. (1987). Memory, thinking and language. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd.
25. Haas, A. S. (2011). The Interpretation of Telepathy‐like Effects: A Novel Electromagnetic
and Synchronistic Version of the Psychoanalytic Model 25-35. Превземено на 11 Јуни
2019 г. http://www.neuroquantology.com
26. Hart, J. (2005). Synchronicity: A Glimpse of the Higher Power?. Comprehensive Exam
Paper, California Institute for Human Science.
27. Haseltine, E. (2015). Mental Telepathy is Real: Scientists show mind-to-mind
communication over the Internet. Превземено на 13 Јуни 2019 г.
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us
28. Honorton, C., Berger, E., Vargolis, M. P., Quant, M., Derr, P., Schechter, E. I. & Ferrari, D.
C. (1990). Psi communication in the ganzfeld: Experiments with an automated testing
system and a comparison with a meta-analysis of earlier studies. Journal of
Parapsychology. https://www.rhine.org/researchjournal.htm
29. Hyman, R. (1985). The ganzfeld psi experiment: A critical appraisal. Journal of
Parapsychology. 49(1), 3-49.
30. Jang, K. L., Livesley, W. J., Vernon, P. A. (1996). Hertability of the big five personality
dimensions and their facets: twin study. Journal of Personality. 64 (3): 57-97. doi:
10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00522.x
31. Jang, K.L., Livesley, W. J. & Vernon, P.A. (1996). Heritability of the big five personality
dimensions and their facets: a twin study. Journal of Personality. 64 (3): 577-91. doi:
10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00522.x. PMID 8776880
32. Jee, Charlotte. (2019). Elon Musk’s Neuralink says it’s nearly ready for the first human
volunteers. Превземено на 13 Септември 2019 г.
https://www.technologyreview.com/f/613969/elon-musks-neuralink-says-its-nearly-
ready-for-the-first-human-volunteers/
33. Jung, C. G. (1955). The Interpretation of Nature and the Psyche: Synchronicity: An Acausal
Connecting Principle. New York: Pantheon Books.
34. Jung, C. G. (1960). The Structure and Dynamics of the Psyche; Bolingen Series XX, The
Collected Works of C.G. Jung, Volume 8. New York: Pantheon Books, Inc.
35. Keutzer, C. S. (1984). The Power of Meaning: From Quantum Mechanics to Synchronicity.
Journal of Humanistic Psychology. 24, 80-94.
36. Kidd, K. (2016). Individual Personality Traits. PSY/250.
37. Koestler, A. (1972). The roots of Coincidence. London: Pan Books Ltd.
38. Maire, F. L. & Major LaMothe, J. D. (1975). Soviet and Czechoslovakian Parapsychology
Research. Defense Intelligence Agency, Сад
39. NASA. (1972). Astronautics and Aeronautics. Превземено на 13 Септември 2019 г.
https://www.nasa.gov/
40. National Geographic. (2009). “Telepathy”. серија на документарни филмови.
Превземено на 7 Септември 2019 г.
https://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/tv/naked-science/episodes.aspx
41. Oxford Dictionaries. (2019). Превземено на 9 Јуни 2019 г.
https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/
42. Palmer, J. (1979). A community mail survey of psychic experiences. Journal of the
American Society for Psychical Research, 73, 221-251.
43. Parker, A. & Brusewitz, G. (2003). A Compendium of the Evidence for Psi. European Journal
of Parapsychology. 18, 33-52
44. Parker, A. (2002) Cognitive psychology’s day in court. European Journal of
Parapsychology. 17, 97-108.
45. Parnov, Ye. (1966). The Neutrino – Why not. Nauka I Religiya, Русија
46. Pillay, S. (2018). The Biology of Telepathy: Is brain-to-brain communication possible?
Here's what research finds. Превземено на 13 Јуни 2019 г.
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us
47. Progoff, I. (1973). Jung, Synchronicity, and Human Destiny. New York: The Julian Press.
48. Pütz, P., Braeunig, M. & Wackermann, J. (2006). EEG correlates of multimodal-ganzfeld
induced hallucinatory imagery, International Journal of Psychophysiology, 61: 167–178
https://www.journals.elsevier.com/international-journal-of-psychophysiology
49. Radin, D. (1977). Unconscious perception of future emotions: An experiment in
Presentiment. Journal of Scientific Exploration. Превземено на 7 Септември 2019 г.
http://deanradin.com/articles/1997%20presentiment.pdf
50. Radin, D. (2003). Thinking about Telepathy. Превземено на 10 Јуни 2019 г.
https://www.researchgate.net
51. Rice, T. (2004). Believe it or not: Religious and other paranormal beliefs in the United
States. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 42, 95-106.
52. Ronald, N. B. NASA. Life in the Universe: Manifestation of Advanced Civilizations.
Превземено на 13 Септември 2019 г. https://www.nasa.gov/
53. Schouten, S. (1998). Are we making progress? In Psi Research Methodology: A Re-
examination, Proceedings of an International Conference, pp. 295-322, edit. L. Coly & J.
McMahon, New York, N.Y.: Parapsychology Foundation
54. Society for Psychical Research. Посетено на 7 Септември 2019 г. https://www.spr.ac.uk/
55. Steiner, R. L. (1942). “Review of Thoughts Through Space”. American Journal of
Orthopsychiatry. Превземено на 7 Септември 2019 г.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/19390025
56. Targ, E., Schlitz, M., & Irwin, H. (2000). Psi-related experiences. In E. Cardeña, S. Lynn, &
Krippner, S. (Eds.), Varieties of anomalous experience: Examining the scientific evidence,
(pp. 219-252). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
57. The Royal Society. (2019). Government urged to investigate ethics and applications of
brain, body and machine-merging technology. Превземено на 13 Септември 2019 г.
https://royalsociety.org/
58. Titcomb, J. (2017), Mark Zuckerberg confirms Facebook is working on mind-reading
technology. The Telegraph. Превземено на 14 Септември 2019 г.
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2017/04/19/mark-zuckerberg-confirms-
facebook-working-mind-reading-technology/
59. Wackermann, J., Pütz, P., Büchi, S., Strauch, I. & Lehmann, D. (2002). Brain electrical
activity and subjective experience during altered states of consciousness: ganzfeld and
hypnagogic states. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 46: 123–146
https://www.journals.elsevier.com/international-journal-of-psychophysiology
60. Wagner, S. (2019). “Telepathy with animals”. Превземено на 7 Септември 2019 г.
https://www.liveabout.com/
61. Weltmers Magazine. (1902-1924). Превземено на 12 Септември 2019 г.
http://www.iapsop.com/archive/materials/weltmers_magazine/
62. Witkin, H. B. & Lewis, H. A. (1963). The relation of experimentally induced pre-sleep
experiences to dreams: a report on method and preliminary finding. Journal of American
Psychoanalytic Association, 13: 813–849. https://journals.sagepub.com/
63. Yogapediа. Превземено на 30 Ноември 2019.
https://www.yogapedia.com/definition/5172/siddhi
64. Марич, Ј. (2005). “Клиничка Психијатрија”. Београд: Наша Куча, 10-22.