TRADE PROJECT

PROJECT TITLE : PROPOSED LEARNING COMPLEX AT NDUBENETI SECONDARY SCHOOL.

PRESENTER : KIPNGETICH ABINADAB

INDEX NUMBER :

COURSE CODE : 2707/3

INSTITUTION : RIFT VALLEY TECHNICAL TRAINING INSTITUTE

DEPARTMENT : BUILDING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING

COURSE : DIPLOMA IN QUANTITY SURVEY.

SUPERVISOR : MR ABED

SERIES : JULY SERIES

YEAR : 2024

SUBMITTED TO : KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNC

(KNEC) FOR THE PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

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 DECLARATION
I do hereby declare that this my original work and to the best of my knowledge as a sole author. I accept responsibility for any omission
and error of whatever nature that may be detected, positive criticism is therefore welcome.

Student:

PRESENTER : KIPNGETICH ABINADAB

INDEX NO : 5341013505

Sign…………………………………………………….Date…………………………………

Supervisor : MR KERIGA

Sign…………………………………………………….Date…………………………………

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 DEDICATION
My dedication first goes to my parents for support and encouragement during my project work. I also dedicate it to my sister who stood
with me all along.
This project is also dedicated to my very dedicated and supportive project supervisor for the assistance and guidance. Also to all lectures
involved and to the entire Rift Valley Technical Training Institute fraternity for the provision of resources and ample time completion
this project.
To my friends and classmates for staying and supporting me all along.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
My utmost sincere gratitude goes to the almighty God for his unending love and care throughout the entire period. Also for the good
health and enabling to learn and have knowledge to be able to accomplish everything.

My dear parents also had a very huge role in supporting me morally, spiritually and financially in order for me to successfully complete
the proposed trade project in time and without any constraints. My siblings’ efforts won’t go unnoticed because of their relentless support
and sacrifice in terms of time and financial support.

Mr.KERIGA also had a very phenomenal effect in his guidance in our preparation for the write up of the proposed trade project.

To my friends for their enormous mutual support in the completion of the project. Their ideas advice and encouragment made my project
even more success. May almighty God bless you abundantly

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 ABSTRACT.
Education infrastructure includes suitable spaces to learn. This is one of the most basic elements necessary to ensure access to education.
School classrooms are the most common place in which structured learning takes place with groups of students. While learning also takes
place in a variety of different types of spaces - tents, temporary shelters, shade of trees, places of worship, and so on—families and
communities expect formal education to take place in classrooms that have been designed for safety and comfort. Tuition block is
important to facilitate enough space for learning environment. The proposed project of modern tuition block comprises of lecture
theaters, lecture halls, offices seminar rooms and boardrooms. This tuition has a capacity of holding 800 students per sitting which will
greatly increase the number of students enrolled at NDUBENETI SECONDARY SCHOOL. The tuition block will benefit the institution
in that; It will Provide Comfort for students, teachers, and administrators, spaces for teachers and students, with an adequate temperature,
ventilation, and lighting, with water, electricity, and Internet services, as well as sanitary services and the respective drainage of sewage
waters, Spaces for the development of rehearsals and practices such as libraries, and natural sciences, information technology, physics
and chemistry labs will also be realized., spaces for the development of talents and entertainment, sports, and culture. Measurements and
estimating and costing, architectural design, structural analysis e.t.c. Surveying I will prepare a details of site plan showing ll existing
features by chain traverse method, after which a contour map using a suitable method. Soil mechanics I will check the stability of the soil
and analyze them on the basic soil test, it is to determine bearing capacity. The site engineer will know the procedure of the following
test; moisture content, determination test, consolidation test, soil classification and shear test on soil. Architectural drawing, I will prepare
a plan, section, elevations, and critical points showing all the construction details and prepare the scheduled for walls, floors, doors,
window, roof, finishes and staircases. Architectural design I will show the details of slab. Column, beams, foundation footing and trusses.
The estimates of load transfer system vertically as well as lateral loads. The analysis of the structure for shear, bending moment, axial
load a deflection on beams.

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 Table of contents
DECLARATION..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
DEDICATION......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
CHAPTER ONE...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
INTRODUTION............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 8
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Objectives............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 10
CHAPTER TWO........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 11
CHAPTER THREE................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 12
METHODOLOGY........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 12
SURVEY WORK...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
i. RECCONAISSANCE SURVEY.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 12
ii. CHAIN SURVEY................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
iii. CONTOUR PLANS............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Point 3................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Point 5:.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 18
Point 5:................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 20
1) ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 25
2) STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENT............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
3) MEASUREMENT ,ESTIMATION AND COSTING.................................................................................................................................................................................... 45
i) Principle of taking off......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 46
ii) Measurement of works...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 48
iii) Squaring and abstracting................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 48
CHAPTER FOUR......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 75
DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 75
4.5.0 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS................................................................................................................................................................................................ 76
PART V: MEASUREMENTS, ESTIMATION AND COSTING...............................................................................................................................................103
BILL OF QUANTITY................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 124
MATERIAL SCHEDULE........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 126
CHAPTER FIVE....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 127
References............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 131

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 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUTION
The classroom is a curated collection of sources of information and similar resources, selected by experts and made accessible to a
defined community for references or borrowing, often in a quiet environment conducive to study. it provides physical or digital access to
materials, and maybe physical location or virtual spaces or both. A Lecture Hall collection can include books, periodicals, newspapers,
CDs, table games video games and database volumes of essential writings, major translations of great works from around the globe, and
rediscoveries of literary and historical merit, the classroom will be of better standards that can occupies upto 60 students this will lead to
the large number of students in one building and this will lead to minimizing the land for other uses in the school.

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Due to high population of student demanded to do their research and revision there be less learning facilities thus doing research will be a
big threat for that situated Lecture Hall. high population of students also will cause inadequate spaces of accommodation. there will be
also hard scheduling time for learning because of high population

There might accrue poor performance because of this high population which will deserve to have high number of workers.

There was the solution to the stated problem above. High population of students that causes the Lecture Hall to face inadequate facilities
will enable the Lecture Hall to purchase high facilities that will suit the intended population around. The managerial staff of this Lecture
Hall will use many ways of getting the money i.e. organising fund rising, writing proposal to the donors in order to expand the spaces for
this Lecture hall to accommodate this population of students

7
The Lecture Hall staff will use all means to employ qualified staff to add on the existing staff members so that it can suit the population
around to enhance proper service to its students. The managerial staff again will renovate footpaths allocated around the Lecture Hall to
enhance freely movement.

Objectives
-Design a Lecture Hall for studying e-learning offices, cybercafé, conferencing, and toilets facilities for both sex and other rooms for
multi-purpose use

-Design a modern facility (amenities) i.e. Fun, lights and parking apartments

-The complex will be able to support students and teachers with modern washrooms and toilet facilities

-The complex will help promote the beauty appearance of the school.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

According to the research done by one of the founder members around kapsabet town there was the need for setting up a learning
complex so that to facilitate the learning programme in the area. Biding on his research there was high population of

people yearning to be more elite on education but because of insufficient materials available around it was a problem that is way there
was a need of opening up a big Two Storey Lecture Halls to solve the problem.

The learning complex will be located at TANGARATWET compound. This is the strategic area where there is high population of
students but scary thus this learning complex will enable many people who wished to be elite on studies to do their research hence
promoting education in the area it will have two floor building.

The Learning complex is aimed at providing high level of education in the area because it will contain quality learning facilities thus
students will be in apposition to do their research effectively. The project again will provide job opportunities to the people surrounding
the situated location of library.

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 CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
SURVEY WORK
The main objective of the survey was to generate data which would produce out the topographical nature of the site for the construction
of the proposed library.

SURVEY STAGES
The work was carried out in stages as follows:

i. RECCONAISSANCE SURVEY

Site visit was done and found that the suitable site is located within the School compound. The site is clear with no structures to be
demolished and the topography is gently sloping. That be done easily by use of a dumpy level or theodolite to suitably take readings. In
our case we adopted a theodolite.

ii. CHAIN SURVEY

The actual surveying work started by establishing a temporary benchmark on the site from a known benchmark. The exercise involves
the use of the following instruments and tools.

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  Theodolite
 Tape measure
 Pages
 Leveling staff
 Ranging rods
 Plumb bob
 Theodolite stand.
iii. CONTOUR PLANS

Contouring

A contour line is an imaginary line which connects up a series of points of some level on the earth surface shown on maps by continuous
line dotted.

CONTOUR LOCATION (GRID METHOD)

The area is divided into a number of squares of sides 10m. After which squares are plotted to scale of plan and reduced levels of three
entered.

This method is suited for low undulation factor for deciding contour interval.

 Nature of ground
 Purpose of the map

11
  Scale of the map
 Scale of the site

INTERPOLATIONS OF CONTOURS

The process of proportionate between points plotted in relations to ground.

Grid method

The interpolation was done to help in calculation the contours.

12
 P BS IS FS RISE FALL RL REMARKS
A1 2.610 1782.245
A2 2.885 0.275 1782.970
H3 A3 1.025
3.200 0.645 1787.1151781.655
0.315
A4 10.335 50465
2.765 0.433 1782.090
B1 3.325 2.715 0.050 1782.140 CP
∑(BS- ∑FS) = ∑(RISE)-
B2 3.275 0.050 1782.190
∑(FALL)
B3 2.880 0.395 1782.585
B4 3.175 0.295 1782.290
C1 3.270 0.095 1982.195
C2 3.010 0.260 1782.445
C3 3.090 0.080 1782.375
C4 2.520 0.570 1782.945
D1 2.290 0.230 1783.175
D2 2.535 0.245 1782.198
D3 2.770 0.235 1782.695
D4 2.930 0.160 1782.535
E1 2.435 0.495 1783..030
E2 2.190 0.245 1783.275
E3 1.915 0.275 1783.550
E4 1.315 0.600 1783.150
F1 0.970 1.635 0.320 1784.830 CP
F2 1.370 0.440 1783.430
F3 1.810 0.440 1782.990
F4 1.500 0.310 1783.300
G1 0.875 0.625 1783.925
G2 0.570 0.305 1784.230
G3 0.210 0.360 1784.590
G4 2.710 2.500 1783.090
H1 3.430 0.090 2.620 1784.090 CP
H2 0.380 3.050 1787.760

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CONTOURS BY INTERPOLATION METHOD

The highest RL=1785.760mm

Lowest RL=1781.655mm

Difference=1787.760

1781.6555

6.105

No. of contours to be

drawn=3 1st=1782.000

2nd=1783.000
3rd=1784.000

CONTOUR 1 RL=1782.000

Point 1:

1782- 1781.970=0.03

1782.245-1787.970=0.275

(0.03/0.275)x9.0=0.98

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 Point 2:

1782.000-1781.970=0.03

1782.140-1781.790=0.17 (0.03/0.17)x9.0=1.59

Point 3

1782.000-1781.655=0.345

1782.090-1781.655=0.435

(0.345/0.435)x9.0=7.3

CONTOUR 2 RL=1783.000 Point1

1783.000-1782.945=0.055

1783.175-1782.945=0.230

(0.055/0.230)x9.0=2.15

Point2:

1783.000-1782.930=0.070

1783.000-1782.930=0.245

(0.07/0.345)x9.0=2.57

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Point 3:

1783.000-1782.930=0.07

1783.275-1782.930=0.345

(0.07/0.345)x9.0=1.83

Point 4

1783.000-1782.695=0.305

1783.000-1782.695=0.335

(0.305/0.335)x9.0=8.19

Point 5:

1783.000-1782.535=0.465

1783.030-1782.535=0.495

(0.465/0.495)x9.0=8.45

Point 6:
1783.000-1782.990=0.01

1783.430-1782.992=0.44

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(0.01/0.44)x9.0=0.20

Point 7:

1783.000-1782.990=0.01

1783.300-1782990=0.31

(0.01/0.31)x9.0=0.29

CONTOUR 3

Point 1

1784.000-1784.55o=0.450

1784.150-1783.550=0.600

(0.450/0.600)x9.0=6.75

Point 2:

1784.000-1783.830=0.170

1784.150-1783.830=0.320

(0.170/0.320)x9.0=4.78

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 Point 3:
1784.00-1783.830=0.170

1784.240-1783.830=0.400

(0.170/0.400)9.0=3.825
Point 4:

1783.000-1783.0305=0.075

1784.230-1783.925=0.305

(0.075/0.305)x9.0=2.21

Point 5:

1784.000-1783.925=0.075

1783.760-1783.925=3.826 (0.075/3.825)x

( b) site contour

iv) SOIL MECHANICS

INVESTIGATIONS

COLLECTION OF SOIL

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The trial pits are excavated from different fields at the selected corners of the field at the field.

At the selected area, the top of the soil is dug and removed which is 400mm (0.4) then a depth of 1300mm (1.3m) is excavated below the
ground to make up a 1700mm (1.7m) depth forming a cube.

SOIL CLASSIFICATIONS

The aim of this exercise is to know the general characteristic and hence obtain soil bearing capacity.

PARTICLE SOIL ANNALYSIS/DISTRIBUTION

Apparatus

 Weight balance
 Measuring cylinder
 British standard sieve (BS)
 Scoop
 Water
 Plan
 Oven

Procedure

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  Air-dry the sample
 Pass it through sieve number 20mm and carry out riffing/quartering to obtain a representative sample. Weigh
about 1250g of the sample and add water until it over flow.
 Wait for at least24 hours.
 Take this sample and wash it through BS sieve number 0.075mm until its clean (no more dirty water comes out)
 Over dry the sample for at least 16 hours at a temperature of between 105-110degrees Celsius.
 Pass the sample through a series of sieve from 20mm-0.075mm except sieve number 4.
 Plot the graph of percentage passing against sieve.

PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST

The main aim was to obtain the maximum dry density of our soil in site.

Apparatus

 Proctor mold , base and its color

 Hammer
 Chisel
 Straight ledge
 Modified
 Proctor moisture tins
 Pans

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  Two weighing machine
 Oven
 Scoop
 Measuring cylinder

Procedure

 Take one quarter of the riffled sample

 Take two moisture tins of and weigh their masses and fill them with the air dried sample to obtain present moisture
content(PMC)
 Put them in an oven to obtain the present moisture
 Take the pans and put equal masses of 2500g
 To the first, add water 12% mass of specimen. Use the scoop to mix thoroughly the sample until a homogeneous material
is obtained.
 Weigh the mold with its base only.
 Put the color and put the specimen in sequential layers being compacted with 25 blows each.
 Dismantle the color and straighten the surface using the straight edge
 Weigh the wet mass of sample.
 Repeat the procedure using the remaining sample increasing water by 2%
 Put the tins with specimen into the oven at a temperature of between 105-110degrees Celsius for 24hours.
 Determine the dry density of the sample at every percentage increase of water
 Find the moisture content of the sample and plot a graph of dry density against Mposture content.

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 MDD and OMC were obtained from the graph

CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST (CBR)

 CBR mold base plate and collar
 Weighing balance
 Scoop
 Oven
 Spatula
 CBR penetration machine 20mm sieve
 Measuring cylinder
 Swell gauge
 Soaking tank
PROCEDURE
 Sieve the sample through 20mm sieve to obtain enough sample
 Weigh the mold base plate
 Using the values obtained in proctor test
 ≤MDD, OMC, PMC≥ calculate the material to be weighed as shown above.
 Add 465ml of water and mix thoroughly to obtain a homogeneous material.
 Prepare the CBR mold with its base plate , weigh and record its mass

22
  Put a filter paper on the base, add collar then weigh 1378g of the sample and put it in the mold
 Put filter add spacers and compact using hand.
 Remove the filter paper, track the surface and put the second layer and repeat the above procedure.
 Put the third layer put a filter paper then compact using CBR machine.
 Remove the collar and spacers, weigh the specimen and record.
 Find the initial swell using the swell gauge.
 Put the collar and spacer and soak for four days.
 Take the specimen out water, remove the collar and spacers and take the final swell.
 Remove the base plate and test for penetration using CBR tester machine.
 Plot a graph of prove ring against penetration.

1) ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS
This will include floor plans, elevations, sections, . Window and door schedule
Site plan and location
2) STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENT
A) DESIGN

This section deals with design of the structural members in contamination works. The structural members are such as:

23
 a) COLUMNS

In columns design the designer has to educate the type and size of reinforcement to be used longitudinally as well as laterally. This
design column enables the designer to determine whether the column is longer or short. In long column design ration coefficient is
introduced.

b) BEAMS

Beams are horizontal structural members used in the structural design to distribute the load to the columns. The design of beams help the
designer to know And the diameter of reinforcement beams to be used on main bars as well as distribution beam.

c) FLOOR SLAB

In slabs there are two forms either one way or two way slabs. Slabs are designed into continuous and non-continuous slabs.

In designing slabs the designer is able to determine the size, type and number of reinforcement bars. Also on designing of slabs the
designer is able to determine whether the slab is one or two way.

d) STAIRS

These are designed in construction of a building which is providing an access to the upper floor from the floor.

3600

24
 2700

LOADINGS

Self-weight of waist

=0.15x1x1.118=4025kN/m

Riser=0.15/2x1x1.24=1.8kN/m

Live loads=1.5x1x1=1.5Kn

TOTAL LOADS

7.325k N/m

3800

: total loads

M=4L2/8= (7.325X3.82)/8

25
=13.22KN/m

Use 12mm Ø bar and 15mm cover

D1=150-(12/2x15) =129mm

A depth 129mm

δ 1 required =v (m/kb) =v (13.22x106)/1287x1000)=101.358mm

N1=MPcb/ (pst+MPcb) = (15x7)/ (140+15x7) =0.4284

A1=1-(n1/3) =1-(0.4283 /3) =0.857

K=1/2 Pcb a1 n1=1/2xnx0.4284x0.857=1.284

1a=a1 δ1=0.857x129=110.553mm

Ast=M max /P st lab= (13.222x106) / (140x110.553) =854.28 mm2

A dept RR @125mm dc (905mm2)

Distribution bars=0.15% bd

= (0.15 /100) x1000x129=193.5 mm2

A dept RD @ 225 mm dc (223 mm2)

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DETAILS

R12@129

R3 @225 c/c

RR@125 c/c

27
: Stairs details

e) STRUCTURAL DESIGN

SYMBOLS USED

Pcb - this is permissible compressive stress in concrete due to bending.

Pst – permissible tensile stress in St.

Ast – Area of steel in tension

Asc -Area steel in compression

d1 –Effective depth to the center of tensile reinforcement

dn –Neutral axis depth

la –n live arm

M – Modular ratio

K – Constant

a1-level arm

n1 –shear force

MR –Moment of resistance

q –maximum shear stress

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d –overall depth

b –Breath of the beam

Unit weight of concrete= 24k N/m3

Permissible stress in shear=0.8 N/mm2

400mm

250mm

Figure 12: beam design

Required to design and detail the elevation

Solution:

Loading (from the deflection control table)

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(Span/depth) <20 d= (8000/20) =400mm

Self-weight of the beam;

W=0.25X 0.4X24X8=19.2k N

Per meter run 19.2/8=2.4 k N/m

Total weight

= self-weight +imposed load

= (2.4+10.5) k N/m

= 12.5 kN/m

8M

30
 Figure 13: weight distribution

Maximum bending moment

Mmax=WL 2/8= (12.5X82) /8=103.2 k N/m2

Check the adequacy of depth provided overall depth=d1+φ/2+cover

Assume 25mm φ bars and a cover of 25mm

Therefore; 400=d1+25/5+25

d1=400-25/5+25

d1=362.5mm provided

Actual d1=√ (4MR)/Pcb b

d1=√ (4x103.2x106)/ (8.5x250) =440.74mm

Since d1 provided is <d1 required (actual) then we redesign i.e. provided> d1 required.

Therefore; d=d1+φ/2+25=440.74+25/2+25

D1=478.24 mm

Adopt 500 mm

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New self-weight of the beam;

W=0.500x0.25x24x8=24 K N/m

Per meter length 24/8=3k N/m

Total weight =3+10.5=13.5k N /m

New max=WL2/8= (13.5X82)/8=108k N/m2

Per meter run=108/8k N/m

Provision of reinforcement

D=d1+φ/2+cover

500=d1+28/2+25

D1=452.5mm

La=3/4d1=3/4x462.5=346.89 mm

Moment=AstPstLa

Ast=M/PstLa= (108x106)/ (230x346.89) =1353.64mm2

Provide 4Y20 (1257 mm

32
Detailing

2 Y6

2 legY6@200mm c/c

500mm

4Y20

33
 250mm

Figure 14: detailing

Shear reinforcement

q=Q/bLa when Q=……………………………….

Q= (13.5 x8)/2= 54k N/m

= (54x100)/ (250x346.89)=0.623N/mm2

0.623<0.8 check ok

Hence provide shear reinforcement at 1.12% bd.

= (0.12/100)250x1500=150mm2

Use 2 legs Y6@ 200mm

COLUMN DESIGN

Column-vertical element which transmit loads from slabs, beams and walls to the bases

DATA

 Size =(300x300)m with both ends fixed

34
  Le =4375m
Axial load=800k N/m

Pcc=5.3 N/mm2

Psc=175N/mm2

Shear=0.7 N/mm2

Use punch shear method

Required to design the column

Po=175ASC+5.3(3002-Asc)

80,000=175ASC+531,000-5.3ASC

ASC=1903mm

Adopt 4Y25 (1963mm2)

Check for steel reinforcement

(1903/3002) x100=2.1% falls 0.8 %< 2.1 %< 8%

Steel reinforcement ok.

Traverse reinforcement

1/4x25=6.25mm

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Adopt 6mm φ bars (Y6)

PITCH

 300mm
 25x12=300mm
 300mm
Adopt a pitch of 300mm

Adopt 300mm dc as a pitch of lateral bars provide Y6@ 300mm dc

4Y25

300mm

36
 300 mm

Figure 15: column design

COLUMN FOOTING DESIGN

Design procedure

 Compute the load on the footing

 Size the footing
 Compute the erect upward pressure on the footing
 Compute the maximum bending moment
 By using either elastic method or the load factor method compute the.
 Effective depth required
 Tensile reinforcement required
 Check for punching shear
 Check for local bond

37
DATA

Column =300x300

Pcb=7N/mm2

Pst=210N/mm2

Shear=0.7N/mm2

Use shear punch method

Axial load=800k N

Soil bearing capacity= 275k N/m2

Solution

WO=Axial load +10% axial load

WO=800+ (10/100) X800=880k N

Size of the footing;

WO/L2< soil bearing capacity

38
 (880/L2)=275

L2=3.2

L=1.78=adopt 1.8m

Thickness of footing; df =axial load/ (_ of column punching shear)

-800/ (300x4x0.7)0.95mm

Net upwards pressure-

Actual weight of footing 1.8x 1.8x0.95x24=73.872kN

Net upwards pressure= (800+73.872)/1.82=269.71kN/m2

2669.11<275 k N/m2 (size ok)

Maximum bending moment

MMax=WL2/2=(269.71X 0.752)/2=75.86k Nm

From loads factor method

Mmax= (Pcb^ bd12)/4

d1=√ (4MMax/pcbb) =√ (4x15.86x106)/ (7x1000) =208.2mm

Provision of tensile reinforcement

Mr=PstAstLa

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La=3/4x 208.2=156.15

78.86x106=210Astx156.15

Ast=2313.4 mm2

Provide Y20@150mm dc (2096 mm2)

D1 provided

Assume cover of 40mm

D=d1+φ/2+cover

D1=950-50=900mm

Check for punch shear;

qcal =Q/bLa La=3/4x900-675 mm

Q= 269.71(0.75-0.9)

q=(269.71X0.15)/(1000X675)=0.059X103N/mm2

0.059x10-3<0.7N/mm2

DESIGN

Design procedure

 Categorize the slab

40
  Size the slab
 Compute the loadings
 Compute the moment
 Compute the required tensile reinforcement
 Sketch the reinforcement details
DATA

Slab measurement=4.5m by 5m

Thickness=150mm

Pst=225N/mm2

Pcb=8N/mm2

Unit weight of concrete= 24k N/m3

Life loads=7.5k N/m2

Finishes=0.5kN/m2

Solution:

Classification of slabs;Ly/Lx=5000/4000=1.25 (two way spanning)

Loading on the slab

Dead weight=24x1x1x0.15=3.6kNm2

41
ay= (1.3-1.2) =0.055-0.059

0.1= -0.004

(1.3+1.25)= (0.055-y)

0.05=0.055-y

0.1= -0.004

ay=0.053

Mx=axWLX2=0.089X11.6X42=16.52k Nm

My=ayWLX2=0.057X11.6X42=10.58k NM

Check for the adequacy of the slab assume using 12 mm φ bars and a cover of 15.

D=d1+cover+φ/2

D1=150-(c+k)

D1=129 mm provided also

Mx=pcbb d12)/4

D1=√ (16.52x103x4)/8=90.88 mm (required)

D1 adopted is okay so d1 (required) <d1

Provision of main reinforcement

42
M=PstAstLa

16.52x106=225xAstx (129/4) x3

Ast=461.05mm2

Provide Y12 at 200mm (566mm2)

A) DRAWINGS
This will include beams, column pad foundations, slab staircase, and ramp.
3) MEASUREMENT ,ESTIMATION AND COSTING

5 )SITE ORGANISATION

LAYOUT

Site organization is the arrangement made in site to facilitate the safe running of the activities in progressing the project.

Each section will have leader who must ensure that the work of his/her group is coordinated with the effort of the other sections.

SITE LAYOUT PREPARATION

All preliminaries required in the site should be arranged well for easy access to site and materials within the shortest time possible and
without interruption to one another.

Preliminary required in site location

43
- Hoarding(fencing)

- Access routes

- Avail water

- Locate storage houses

- Changing rooms

- Toilets

- Hotel café

All should be interlinked to avoid confusion and waste of time.

i) Principle of taking off

MEASUREMENT WORK

This section deals with measuring and dimensioning of a structure as to be able to calculate the contract fee for the project. In
measurement the structural members are broken into sections and their dimension column, squaring columns, description columns and
waste column.

Then the taken off items are used to prepare bills of quantities for the tank on exaction.

ORDER OF TAKING OFF

 Site clearance

44
 Top soil excavation
 Fdn(foundation) excavation
 Trench exaction
 Plunking and strutting
 Dewatering
 Formwork to column base
 Formwork to column
 Concrete in column base
 Concrete in column
 Foundation walling
 Dpm (damp proof membrane)
 Concrete in bed
 Hardcore
 Concrete in foundation strip
 Formwork in soffit
 Plastering
 Concrete in beam
 Adjustment roof finish

ii) Measurement of works

iii) Squaring and abstracting

45
 QT RAT
DESCRIPTION Y UNIT E AMOUNT
PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF A TWO
STOREY BUILDING

ELEMENT NO.1
SUBSTRUCTURES
(ALL PROVISIONAL)
Excavations
Clear site of all shrubs and undergrowth
including grubbing up of roots and dispose off as
directed. 357 Sm 120 42,840.00
Excavate top vegetable soil average 300mm
thick and dispose away from site 357 Sm 120 42,840.00

Excavate trenches for strip foundation not

exceeding 1.5metres from reduced level 292 Cm 350 102,200.00
Return, fill and ram with selected and approved
excavated material around excavations 214 Cm 200 42,800.00
Load and cart away excavated materials from
site 78 Cm 350 27,300.00
Approved hardcore bed handpicked, well 127 Cm 850 107,950.00

46
watered and compacted in layers of 150mm thick
50mm selected fine material to hardcore
surfaces, well rolled and leveled to receive
concrete 514 Sm 450 231,300.00
Apply "Termite" or other similar and approved
anti termite chemical treatment on blinded
surfaces 254 Sm 300 76,200.00
Total carried to collection 673,430.00
QT RAT
DESCRIPTION
Y UNIT E AMOUNT
500 gauge polythene sheeting with sides and end
254 Sm 150 38,100.00
laps as described laid on blinded surfaces

Plain concrete (1:3:6)

50mm Thick blinding to strip foundation 113 Sm 475 53,675.00
Vibrated reinforced concrete grade 20/20(1:2:4)
in :
1500
23 Cm 345,000.00
Strip footing 0
1500
Column base 1 Cm 15,000.00
0
Column 0.4 Cm 1500 6,000.00

47
 0
150mm thick concrete floor bed 272 Sm 2250 612,000.00
Extra over thicknessing to underside bed size
100mm thick average 200mm, forming sinking
26 Lm 450 11,700.00
in hardcore, dressing polythene sheeting to
profile
Sawn formwork to;-
Edges of floor bed 75-150mm high 103 Lm 90 9,270.00
Sides of strip footing 94 Sm 600 56,400.00
Column base and column 5 Sm 600 3,000.00
Square twisted steel reinforcement as described
including cutting to length, bending and fixing
including all necessary tying wires and spacing
blocks (all provisioal)
10mm diameter high tensile square twisted bars 364 Kg 160 58,240.00

12mm diameter high tensile square twisted bars 656 Kg 170 111,520.00

Steel fabric mesh reinforcement to B.S 4483

No. A142 fabric in one layer and weighing
2.22Kg per square metres fixed inground floor 272 Sm 450 122,400.00
bed

Quarry dressed natural stone walling in cement

48
and sand (1:3) mortar and including reinforcing
with 20x3mm thick hoop iron in every alternate
course.
carried to collection 1,442,305.00
QT RAT
DESCRIPTION UNIT AMOUNT
Y E
200mm thick quarry dressed natural stone
walling laid in cement sand mortar with hoop 262 Sm 1800 471,600.00
iron in every alternate course
Plinths
12mm thick cement and sand (1:3) render to
67 Sm 350 23,450.00
plinths
Prepare and apply three coats bituminous paint
67 Sm 300 20,100.00
to rendered plinths
Allow for keeping the whole of the excavations
free from all water; including for draining or 1000
Item 10,000.00
other wise keeping all works free from water as 0
necessary over the entire contract period
Allow for maintaining and upholding sides of
1000
excavations and keeping excavations clear of all Item 10,000.00
0
fallen materials,rubbish etc
Paving slabs around building

49
600x600x50mm thick precast concrete paving
slabs bedded and jointed in cement and sand
(1:4) mortar laid on and including 50mm thick 71 Sm 1300 92,300.00
sand bed including preparing base to receive
slabs
Carried to collection 627,450.00
COLLECTION
FROM PAGE SH/1 673,430.00
FROM PAGE SH/2 1,442,305.00
FROM ABOVE 627,450.00
TOTAL FOR ELEMENT NO.1
2,743,185.00
SUBSTRUCTURES CARRIED SUMMARY
QT RAT
DESCRIPTION UNIT AMOUNT
Y E
ELEMENT NO.2
REINFORCED CONCRETE
SUPERSTRUCTURE FRAME
Vibrated reinforced concrete(1:2:3) class 20/20
in;
1500
17 Cm 255,000.00
Beams 0
Circular columns 0.4 Cm 1500 6,000.00

50
 0
Sawn formwork to;
Sides and soffites beams 181 Sm 600 108,600.00
Circular columns 5 Sm 700 3,500.00
Steel reinforcement as described including
cutting to length,bending,hoisting and fixing
including all necessary tying wires and spacing
blocks (square twisted bar)
(All provisional)

8mm diameter high tensile square twisted bars 384 Kg 170 65,280.00

12mm ditto 716 Kg 160 114,560.00

TOTAL FOR ELEMENT NO. 2
REINFORCED CONCRETE
552,940.00
SUPERSTRUCTURE FRAME CARRIED
TO SUMMARY
QT RAT
DESCRIPTION UNIT AMOUNT
Y E
ELEMENT NO.3
WALLING
200mm wide approved quality 3-ply bituminous
188 Lm 150 28,200.00
felt damp proof ourse under walls

51
Smooth chisel dressed natural stone walling in
cement and sand (1:4) mortar reinforced with
and including 25x3mm thick hoop iron in every
alternate course
200m thick walling externally 177 Sm 1800 318,600.00
Medium chisel dressed natural stone walling in
cement and sand (1:3) mortar reinforced with
and including 25x3mm thick hoop iron in every
alternate course
200mm ditto 108 Sm 1800 194,400.00
150mm thick ditto 64 Sm 1600 102,400.00
100mm ditto 86 Sm 1500 129,000.00
Eaves filling to 200mm thick wall extreme
69 Lm 450 31,050.00
height 300mm

75mm thick precast concrete (1:2:4) vent block

41 Prs 420 17,220.00
each size 250x300mm fixed in opening

TOTAL FOR ELEMENT NO.3 - WALLING

824,110.00
CARRIED TO SUMMARY
QT RAT
DESCRIPTION UNIT AMOUNT
Y E
ELEMENT NO. 4

52
ROOFING
Approved I.T.4 prepainted sheets gauge 28 fixed
to purlins with approved roofing nails and rubber
caps 370 Sm 1200 444,000.00
Ridge cap 400mm wide 40 Lm 450 18,000.00
Raking cutting IT4 sheets 36 Lm 120 4,320.00
TIMBER TRUSSES
ALL PROVISIONAL
The following Roof trusses as per T1,T2,T3 and
T4 in first grade pressure impregnated sawn
cypress including hoisting and placing in
position. height not exceeding 3500mm
150x50mm Rafters 241 Lm 300 72,300.00
Ditto tie beams 192 Lm 300 57,600.00
Ditto king post 24 Lm 300 7,200.00
75x50mm purlins 456 Lm 150 68,400.00
100x50mm struts and ties 354 Lm 280 99,120.00
Ditto collar splices 12 Lm 280 3,360.00
100x50mm wall plate bolted to wall with and
including 12mm diameter bolts 200mm long at
1000mm centres 74 Lm 280 20,720.00
200x50mm ridges board 40 Lm 350 14,000.00

53
Carried to collection 809,020.00
QT RAT
DESCRIPTION UNIT AMOUNT
Y E
ROOFING - (CONTINUED)
Bore hole in 50mm thick timber for 12mm
diameter bolts 75 No 50 3,750.00
Make mortice in reinforcement concrete for
12mm diameter bolts 75 No 50 3,750.00
Eaves
50x50mm second grade cultured and well-
seasoned cypress timber branding 120 Lm 120 14,400.00
75x50mm ditto but plugged 96 Lm 150 14,400.00

50x25mm prime grade cypress timber slats at

75mm centers nailed to branding (M.S) 79 Sm 1500 118,500.00
Coffee tray tacked to timber at eaves 79 Sm 350 27,650.00
Fascia Board
250x25mm thick wrote cypress fascia and barge
boards fixed to end of rafters (M/S) 122 Lm 350 42,700.00
Rain water goods
Gutters

200x150mm galvanized iron gutter gauge 18

80 Lm 900 72,000.00
fixed to fascia boards (m/s) with and including

54
approved steel brackets at 1000mm centres
Extra over gutters for stopped ends 8 Lm 450 3,600.00
Extra over for bends 8 No 500 4,000.00
Ditto but for 100mm diameter outlet 8 No 400 3,200.00
Carried to collection 307,950.00
QT RAT
DESCRIPTION UNIT AMOUNT
Y E
Downpipe
100mm diameter galvanized iron downpipe
gauge 18 fixed to wall with and including holder 22 Lm 750 16,500.00
butts at 1000mm centres
Extra over downpipe for swanneck 1200mm
8 No 650 5,200.00
long
Ditto horse shoe 500mm long 8 No 500 4,000.00
ROOFING
Decoration and painting
Knot,stain prepare and apply three coats gloss oil
paint to;-
General surfaces 79 Sm 280 22,120.00
Surfaces of timber 200-300mm girth 80 Lm 84 6,720.00
General surfaces of metal gutters 88 Sm 280 24,640.00
Surfaces of large pipes 22 Lm 56 1,232.00

55
Carried to collection 80,412.00
COLLECTION
FROM PAGE SH/6 809,020.00
FROM PAGE SH/7 307,950.00
FROM ABOVE 80,412.00
TOTAL FOR ELEMENT NO. 4 (ROOFING)
CARRIED TO SUMMARY 1,197,382.00
QT RAT
DESCRIPTION UNIT AMOUNT
Y E
ELEMENT NO. 5
DOORS
Wrot mahogany or other equal and approved
hardwood
150x50mm 2 No. labours; plugged door frame 91 Lm 1200 109,200.00
100x50mm ditto 78 Lm 1000 78,000.00
40x35mm moulded architrave 169 Lm 60 10,140.00
150x50mm rebated door frame 14 Lm 1200 16,800.00
25x25mm moulded quadrants 169 Lm 50 8,450.00
45mm thick solid core flush doors veneered with
mahogany veneer and lipped on all edges in
approved hardwood
Single swing door size 750x2055mm 16 No 6500 104,000.00

56
Single swing door size 800x2050mm high 12 No 7000 84,000.00
Ditto size 600x2050mm high with 1No.
300x900mm fanlight infilled with glass and
approved beading all round 4 No 6500 26,000.00
50mm thick wrot mahogany pannelled door 2500
overall size 600x2050mm to architect's design 4 No 0 100,000.00
Carried to collection 536,590.00
QT RAT
DESCRIPTION UNIT AMOUNT
Y E
Iron monger
Supply and fix the following to UNION
catalogue or other equal and approved
manufacturer

To hardwood or the like fixing with screws

Three lever mortice lock complete with set lever
aluminium handle furniture 4 N0 3500 14,000.00
Two lever ditto 12 No 2700 32,400.00
Indicator bolt 16 No 1800 28,800.00
100mm brass coated steel butt hinges 54 No 300 16,200.00
125mm long aluminium barrel bolt 16 No 350 5,600.00

To concrete or blockwork; fixing with bolts;

57
plugging

Rubber door stop complete with 38mm rawl bolt 36 No 150 5,400.00
Approved stainless steel coat hook fixed 16 No 400 6,400.00
Painting and Decorations
Prepare and apply one coat etching primer,one
undercoats clearvarnish to crown solo or other
equal and approved to;-
General surfaces of timber doors; over 300mm
girth internal 118 Sm 280 33,040.00
Supply and fix steel door cramp 160 No 80 12,800.00
Carried to collection 154,640.00
DESCRIPTION QT UNIT RAT AMOUNT
Y E
On wood
Aluminium primer or other equal and approved
wood primer before fixing;-
Backs of frame, board, etc over 100mm but not
exceeding 200mm girth 169 Lm 20 3,380.00
Knot, prime and stop; prepare and apply one
undercoat and two coats of clear varnish to;-

General surfaces of timber doors over 300mm 6 Sm 280 1,680.00

58
girth ;external
Frames; over 200mm but not exceeding 300mm
91 Sm 280
girth; internal 25,480.00
Ditto girth 100mm -200mm 78 Lm 56 4,368.00
Frames not exceeding 100mm girth; internal 169 Lm 56 9,464.00
6mm thick clear glass in panes 0.10-0.50 square
metres fixed with hardwood beading
5 Sm 1500 7,500.00
25x15mm hardwood glass beading 38 Lm 50 1,900.00
Carried to collection 53,772.00
COLLECTION
FROM PAGE SH/9 536,590.00
FROM PAGE SH/10 154,640.00
FROM ABOVE 53,772.00
TOTALS FOR ELEMENT NO.5 ( DOORS)
745,002.00
CARRIED TO SUMMARY
DESCRIPTION QT UNIT RAT AMOUNT
Y E
ELEMENT NO. 6
WINDOWS
Bull- nosed concrete(1:2;4) finishing fair on all
exposed surfaces and hoisting and placing in

59
position, bedding, jointing and pointing in
pigmented cement and sand(1;3) mortar
150x25mm thick concrete(1;2;4) window cill
61 Lm 850 51,850.00
once weathered and throated
6mm thick clay window cill girth 150mm 61 Lm 50 3,050.00
Wrot mahogany
150x25mm thick window board including bull-
nosed edges and 25x25mm bearer;plugged, 61 Lm 650 39,650.00
counter sinking and flush pelleting
15x15mm quadrant bead 61 Lm 50 3,050.00
Pelmet box
20mm diameter chrome plated curtain rail
complete with runners,stoppers and other 20 No 1000 20,000.00
accessories overall length 2100mm
Curtain Tracks;
" Silent Gliss " standard I-section light duty brass
single curtain track screwed to soffits of pelmet
rail (m/s) with brass plated screws, one bracket 42 Lm 500 21,000.00
runner per 75mm of rail, two end stops per
length and complete accessories to approval
Carried to collection 138,600.00
DESCRIPTION QT UNIT RAT AMOUNT

60
 Y E
Supply ,assemble and fix the following purpose -
made mild steel casement windows; standard
metal section from approved manufacturer
complete with frames, transomes,mullions and
with and including permanent ventilators
comprising "T" bar, gauge and 16 gauge sheet
metal hood 50mm highx50mm projection to full
width of window,coupling mullions, approved
ironmongery and one coat manufacturer's
primer; all welding ground.
steel; for glazing with putty ,lugs to two jambs,
cutting and pinning to concrete or blockwork,
fixing to head and sill with screws;plugging

Window ,overall size 1800x1500mm high with 216,000.00

2N0. side hung openable lights; 1No. Top hung 1080
opeable light and 1No. Middle fixed light 20 No 0
Window, overall size 600x900mm high complete 16 No 32,000.00
with 1 No. top hung light size 600x450mm high
2000
13,500.00
3 No 4500
Window size 1200x900mm;with 1 No. top hung

61
openable light and 1No. Lower fixed light
Glazing
5mm thick clear sheet glass panes over 0.1 but 85,500.00
not exceeding 0.5 square metres 57 Sm 1500
Ditto but obscured panes ditto 12 Sm 1800 21,600.00
Painting and decorations
On metal works
Prepare and apply three coats oil paint full gloss
to crown solo or other equal and approved to;-

General window surfaces; over 300mm girth 19,320.00

internal 69 Sm 280
General window surfaces; over 300mm girth 19,320.00
external 69 Sm 280
On wood
Aluminium primer or other equal and approved
wood
Backs of frame, board, etc over 200mm but not 1,220.00
61 Lm 20
Carried to collection 408,460.00
DESCRIPTION QT RAT
Y UNIT E AMOUNT

Prepare and apply three coats polyurethane clear

62
varnish
Frames;200 to 300mm girth 61 Lm 84 5,124.00

Frames not exceeding 100mm girth ; internal 61 Lm 28 1,708.00

Carried to collection 6,832.00
COLLECTION
FROM PAGE SH/12 138,600.00
FROM PAGE SH/13 408,460.00
FROM ABOVE 6,832.00
TOTAL FOR ELEMENT NO. 6 WINDOWS
CARRIED TO SUMMARY 553,892.00
DESCRIPTION QT RAT
Y UNIT E AMOUNT
ELEMENT NO. 7
EXTERNAL FINISHES
Extra over walling for smooth chisel dressing 198 Sm 150 29,700.00
with flush pointed vertical joints and recessed
horizontal joints
12mm thick 2 coat gauged lime (1:2:9) plaster
to;
Beams 42 Sm 350 14,700.00
Walls and Arch 34 Sm 350 11,900.00

63
Prepare and apply three coats of first grade silk
vinyl emulsion paint to;
Plastered surfaces of beams 42 Sm 260 10,920.00
Ditto walls and Arch 34 Sm 260 8,840.00
FLOOR
20mm thick polished terrazzo on floor 52 Sm 1500 78,000.00
20,600.00
20x100mm polished terrazzo skirting on floor 103 Lm 200
20mm thick cement sand (1:3) screed troweled 20,800.00
rough to receive terrazzo (M.S) 52 Lm 400

TOTAL CARRIED TO COLLECTION 195,460.00

DESCRIPTION QT RAT
Y UNIT E AMOUNT
INTERNAL FINISHES
FLOORS
32mm thick cement sand screed steel trowelled
rough to receive tiles 203 Sm 450 91,350.00
8mm thick ceramic floor tiles as "saj" or equal
and approved size 300x350mm fixed with the
approved adhesive 203 Sm 1300 263,900.00
100x20mm mahogany or other equal and
approved HARDWOOD skirting fixed 186 Lm 350 65,100.00

64
CEILING
50x50mm celcured cypress timber brandering 535 Lm 120 64,200.00
75x50mm ditto but plugged 356 Lm 150 53,400.00
12mm thick chipboard ceiling nailed to timber
brandering (m/s) 199 Sm 850 169,150.00
Extra over celotex ceiling for trap door size
600x450mm wide comprising with and including
50x50mm timber framing 4 No 2000 8,000.00
100x25mm thick wrot softwood moulded
cornice 361 Lm 150 54,150.00
Prepare and apply three coats first grade plastic
emulsion paint to;-
Chipboard ceiling surfaces 199 Sm 260 51,740.00

Timber surfaces not exceeding 100mm girth 361 Lm 26 9,386.00

Carried to collection 830,376.00

DESCRIPTION QT RAT
Y UNIT E AMOUNT
WALLING
12mm(minimum) two -coat plaster ;9mm first
coat of cement sand (1:6) , 3mm second coat of

65
cement and lime putty(1:10);steel trowel led to;-
Masonry walls 656 Sm 350 229,600.00
Prepare and apply three coats first grade silk
matt plastic emulsion paint to;- -
Plastered walls 656 Sm 260 170,560.00
6mm thick wall ceramic tiles as "saj" or other
equivalent each size 200x250mm fixed with
approved adhesive on and including 6mm thick
cement sand plaster 155 Sm 1000 155,000.00
Extra over wall tiles for rounded edge 124 Lm 300 37,200.00
Carried to collection 592,360.00
COLLECTION
FROM PAGE SH/15 195,460.00
FROM PAGE SH/16 830,376.00
FROM ABOVE 592,360.00
TOTAL FOR ELEMENT NO.7 BUILDING
FINISHES CARRIED TO SUMMARY 1,618,196.00
DESCRIPTION QT RAT
Y UNIT E AMOUNT
ELEMENT NO.8
BUILDER'S WORK IN CONNECTION
WITH SPECIASLIST SERVICES

66
(provisional)
Builder's work in connection with plumbing and
drainage installations
Labour and materials
Form or leave hole in 100mm reinforced
concrete worktop,425mm wide for wash-hand
basin and later make good 20 No -
Form or leave hole in 200mm thick natural stone
wall for large pipe and later make good
12 No -
Ditto for small pipe and ditto 10 No -
Form or leave hole in 100mm thick natural stone
wall for small pipe and later make good
16 No -
Cut horizontal or vertical chase in natural stone
walling for small pipes and later make good
46 Lm -

Ditto for small large pipes 13 Lm -

Carried to collection -
DESCRIPTION QT RAT
Y UNIT E AMOUNT
MANHOLES
Consisting of 150mm thick class 20/(20mm)

67
bed, 100mm thick masonary walling in cement /
sand (1:3) mortar 100mm thick suspended cover
slab reinforced with 8mm dia. Mild steel bars at
20mm centresboth ways ,concrete class 'Q'
benching and channelling for pipes,12mm thick
cement/sand (1:3) rendering to sides and
bottom,inclinding all necessary excavations,
formwork,approved filling and cart away.

800x1000mm interal dimensions; 1500mm

average depth to invert including 600x450mm
heavy duty cast iron cover with hand holes and 2000
frame and step irons staggered at 300mm centres 8 No 0 160,000.00
Labour and material
Building in ends of 100mm diameter pipes to
manholes 12 No 100 1,200.00
Ditto, 150mm diameter ditto 4 No 120 480.00
Carried to collection 161,680.00
DESCRIPTION QT RAT
Y UNIT E AMOUNT
Builder's work in connection with electrical
installations

68
Cut away for and make good after Electricain
installing aconcealed conduits system to the
following points including cutting or leaving all
holes, mortices, sinkings in the structure and its
finishes and for all making good therewith;-
Lighting point with associated switch point 30 No 100 3,000.00
External security light fittings with ditto 4 No 120 480.00
Single socket outlet point 4 No 100 400.00
Twin socket outlet points 5 No 120 600.00
DP switch outlet points 4 No 150 600.00
Consumer unit 1 No 500 500.00
Meter board 1 No 400 400.00
Manholes
450x450x600mm deep power and telecom
manholes consisting 150mm thick concrete bed,
100mm thick natural stone wall in c/s (1:3)
mortar, 100mm suspended cover slab reinforced
with 8mm diameter mild steel bars at 20mm
centres both ways,12mm c/s (1:3) rendering to
sides and bottoms and reinforced concrete cover 1500
with BRC A142 mesh 1 No 0 15,000.00
Carried to collection 20,980.00

69
DESCRIPTION QT RAT
Y UNIT E AMOUNT
COLLECTION
FROM PAGE SH/18 -
FROM PAGE SH/19 161,680.00
FROM PAGE SH/20 20,980.00
TOTAL FOR ELEMENT NO. 8 (BUILDERS
WORK IN CONNECTION WITH
SPECIALIZED WORKS) CARRIED TO
SUMMARY 182,660.00
DESCRIPTION QT RAT
Y UNIT E AMOUNT
ELEMENT NO. 9
JOINERY FITTINGS AND FIXTURES
The following in 20 no. wardrobes average size
1500x600x2700mm each
100mm concrete (1:3:6) benching 11 Sm 950 10,450.00
Formwork to benching 75-150mm high 16 Lm 90 1,440.00
25mm blackboard bottom 10 Sm 2500 25,000.00
Ditto sides 34 Sm 2500 85,000.00
25mm blackboard shelves 10 Sm 2500 25,000.00
Ditto partition 17 Sm 2500 42,500.00

70
Ditto top 9 Sm 2500 22,500.00
50x25mm cypress bearer 28 Lm 100 2,800.00
25mm blackboard door mahogany veneered on
both sides size 800x2055 mm 20 No 4500 90,000.00
Ditto size 700x450mm ditto 8 No 1000 8,000.00
Ditto size 800x450mm 12 No 1000 12,000.00
Approved cabinet handle 80 No 650 52,000.00
Total carried to collection 381,090.00

DESCRIPTION QT RAT
Y UNIT E AMOUNT
22,800.0
Approved brass coated piano hinges 57 Lm 400 0
13,000.0
Approved cabinet lock 20 No 650 0
Approved ball catch 20 No 250 5,000.00
Prepare and apply three coats of clear varnish to 24,360.0
timber surface 80 Sm 250 0
60800.0
Total carried to collection 0
COLLECTION
FROM PAGE SH/22 381,090.00

71
 65,160.0
FROM ABOVE 0
TOTAL FOR ELEMENT NO. 9 JOINERY
FITTINGS AND FIXTURES CARRIED TO
SUMMARY 446,250.00
DESCRIPTION QT RAT
Y UNIT E AMOUNT
SUMMARY
SUBSTRUCTURES FROM PAGE SH/3 2,743,185.00
REINFORCED CONCRETE
SUPERSTRUCTURE FRAME FROM PAGE
SH/4 552,940.00
WALLING FROM PAGE SH/5 824,110.00

ROOFING FROM PAGE SH/8 1,197,382.00

DOORS FROM PAGE SH/11 745,002.00
WINDOWS FROM PAGE SH/14 553,892.00

BUILDER'S WORK FROM PAGE SH/21 182,660.00

72
 JOINERY FITTING AND FIXTURES FROM
PAGE SH/23 446,250.00

TOTALS 7245421.00

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

Project is cost effective and time consuming since in terms of cost, materials required are too expensive. Also this project has helped me
developed new skills and putting in what I have learn into real life and practice such as; survey and soil mechanics which exposed me
widely to what is happening in the real world and able to be in touch with the new revolutionary skill methods and equipment newly
invented.

The architectural designs and drawings took much of my time also gave me the expertise unto which I am pursuing during my
professionalism .Measurements, Estimations and Costing proved that the rate of buying materials is rising steadily and that is the key
reason as to why the rate of improving the infrastructure in Kenya is slow

73
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.1.0 CONCLUSION
The main purpose of this proposal is to show the need and requirement of a learning facility in NDUBENETI.It is believed that this
project will benefit the students. Soil test carried out shows values for maximum dry density and optimum moisture content as 510 kg/m
cubic and 22.0% respectively. After surveying was done an error of 0.007 was obtained and the ground was found to be sloppy hence
cutting and filling operation was to be done. The project is ready to undergo construction adhering to the design rules and the findings of
the research.

74
 200 1,300 200 6,000 4,900 200 3,800 200 4,800 200 9,500 200

1,400

200
1,500
Department Lecture hall
wc Class
Lecture
7,700 6,200

6,100 hall 4,400

wc

3,100

3,100
200 1,200 200

Balcony
1,025

wc Veranda wc wc
Class Veranda
Balcony
6,000

6,000
5,000
3,075 Class Dept Depart 5,000

t ment

Class Lecture hall Class

class Stair Stair wc
29,3004,000
Sitting room Sitting room
4,600

4,600
4,000

wc
30,000 30,000

wc wc wc

30,000
Balcony
5,000
Classs ClassClass 5,005

Class

TD
wc Class wc wc
4,000
class

Lecture hall Class

9,795

3,600

wc wc wc

75
 6,000

A
R

N
O
O
FL

PL

76

4,400 200 1,400

 ELEVATION 1

ELEVATION

ELEVATION 3

References
Chand, S. (2008). Reinforced Concrete Structures. oxford. UK: Oxford.

Greeno, C. a. (2005). Construction technology.

77
78