IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISlE 2009)
Seoul Olympic Parktel, Seoul, Korea July 5-8, 2009
Three-Phase Grid Synchronization Techniques
for Grid Connected Converters in Distributed
Generation Systems
Davood Yazdani, Member, IEEE, Majid Pahlevaninezhad, Student Member, IEEE,
and Alireza Bakhshai, Senior Member, IEEE
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
Abstract-- This paper briefly reviews the
synchronization techniques for three-phase converter-
interfaced distributed generation (DG) systems. These
techniques are compared in terms of their capability in
tracking the grid frequency variations in the presence of
low order harmonics and unbalance conditions. Moreover,
this paper introduces a new three-phase adaptive notch
filtering (ANF) synchronization technique. The techniques
introduced in this paper are applicable for a wide range of
converter-interfaced DG units, e.g, wind, photovoltaic, and
fuel cells, and also in active power filters and uninterrupted
power supplies.
Index Terms-Grid-synchronization techniques, grid-
connected converters, distributed generation systems, grid
monitoring.
I. INTRODUCTION
One important part of the grid-connected converters is
the grid synchronization unit [1]. Synchronization
techniques play an important role in providing a
reference phase signal synchronized with the grid voltage
to meet the power quality standards in all grid-connected
converters especially distributed generation (DO)
systems and renewable energy resources [1]-[2]. The
new issued grid codes put more stringent demands
regarding the capability of the DO systems to ride-
through grid disturbances, such as voltage and frequency
variations in the utility network. This requires the fast
and accurate detection of the positive-sequence
component of the utility voltage in order to synchronize
the converter-interfaced DO units with the utility systems
and keep generation up during the grid faults [2]. In
general, a good synchronization technique with a
positive sequence extractor or in general a symmetrical
components extractor must i) proficiently track the phase
and frequency variations of the utility signal, and ii)
forcefully reject harmonics, disturbances and other types
of pollutions that exist in the grid signal. These factors,
together with the implementation simplicity and the cost
are all important when examining the credibility of a
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978-1-4244-4349-9/09/$25.00 ©2009 IEEE
synchronization scheme. The main objectives of this
paper are to evaluate and to compare existing three-phase
synchronization algorithms with the proposed three-
phase ANF-based technique. The selected structures are
classified into three groups: 1) filtering techniques, 2)
phase-locked loop (PLL)-based and 3) adaptive notch
filter (ANF)-based techniques.
II. ORID SYNCHRONIZATION TECHNIQUES
A. Filtering Algorithms
Filtering the grid voltages in an a-p stationary
reference frame, or in a d-q synchronous rotating
reference frame is a simple way to detect the phase angle
of the grid voltage. Fig. 1 depicts one of such filtering
approaches in a-p stationary reference frame. Three
phase voltages are transformed into the ap reference
frame, and filtering is applied to both a and p
components of the grid voltage [7]. In [3], different
filters such as low pass filter (LPF), notch filter, space
vector filter, etc. are investigated and their effectiveness
is discussed. It is a well-known fact that filtering causes
delay, which is unacceptable especially for detecting the
grid voltage angle; therefore care must be taken into
consideration when designing such filters. When design
the filters, a trade-off should be made between the
robustness and the transient convergence speed. A
smaller cut-off frequency results in less distortion in the
estimated angle. However, this results in a slower rate of
convergence. In [8]-[9], a good resonant band-pass filter
that does not introduce a delay is proposed in the a-p
plane.
abc
e
Fig. 1 Synchronization method using filtering on a~ frame.
 Filtering techniques in the d-q reference frame are
easier to design, since voltage components are de
variables, Fig. 2. Various filtering techniques including
notch filter, low-pass filter, band-stop filter, etc. have
been introduced in the rotating d-q reference frame [8].
Major deficiencies of filtering methods include their bad
performance in case of grid frequency deviations, or
voltage unbalance situation [1], [2].
atan
Fig. 2 Synchronization method using filtering on dq frame.
B. PLL-based Methods
A common structure for grid synchronization in
three-phase systems is a phase locked loop implemented
in the d-q synchronous reference frame, as illustrated in
Fig. 3 [11]-[13]. This structure of PLL consists of two
major parts, the transformation module and the PLL
controller. The transformation module has no dynamics.
In fact, the PLL controller determines the system
dynamics. Therefore, the bandwidth of the loop filter
determines the filter's filtering performance and its time
response. As a consequence, the loop filter parameters
have a significant influence on the lock quality and the
overall PLL dynamics. The method in Fig. 3 is also
called the synchronous reference frame PLL (SRF-PLL)
[1]. Under ideal utility conditions, i.e., balanced system
with no distortion, a loop filter of a wide band-width
yields a fast and precise detection of the phase angle and
the amplitude of the utility voltage vector. This method
will not operate satisfactory if the utility voltage is
unbalanced, distorted by harmonics or frequency
variations. Several works have been published based on
the SRF-PLL of Fig 3 to improve its performance [6],
[14]-[17]. In [18], notch filters are added to the SRF-PLL
structure to remove the double frequency ripple caused
by input unbalance.
Fig. 3 General structure of dq PLL method.
To handle unbalance situations, a decoupled double
synchronous reference frame PLL (DDSRF-PLL) was
introduced in [19], Fig. 4. In DDSRF-PLL, an
unbalanced voltage vector, consisting of both positive-
and negative-sequence components, is expressed into a
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double synchronous reference frame to detect the
positive-sequence component [19]. This system when
combined with a proper decoupling procedure enables a
fast and accurate detection of phase angle and amplitude
of the utility voltage positive-sequence component under
unbalanced utility conditions. The results show that the
performance of the method degrades when the input
signal is distorted with harmonics. To attenuate the
harmonics, the PLL bandwidth can be reduced at the
expense of increasing its time response.
e
u;q
u;
Decoupling I + - - - - - - - l
scheme
abc
Fig. 4 The DDSRF-PLL.
u;q
Fig. 5 The structure ofDSOGI-PLL.
u,
til
"S
u,
l~§
00 u;
g S'
j8
B
.s
u, V:
Fig. 6 Positive sequence extractor based on EPLL [23].
In general, improved versions of the SRF-PLL use
specific "filtering" techniques to deliver a non distorted
signal to the conventional SRF-PLL structure.
Synchronous reference frame PLL with positive
sequence filter (PSF-PLL) [14], synchronous reference
frame PLL with sinusoidal signal integrator (SSI-PLL)
[15], and double second order generalized integrator PLL
(DSOGI-PLL) [16]-[17], shown in Fig. 5, are among the
newly developed solutions to improve SRF-PLL
performance. These techniques employ sinusoidal signal
integrators (SSI) as a positive sequence filter to improve
system's robustness against the utility voltage distortions
1106
 and unbalances. In general, many grid-connected
converters use a three-phase PLL configuration that
measures a three-phase signal and derives a single phase-
reference signal. The distinct phase-references for
individual phases are obtained by adding or subtracting
2n/3 radians to the measured phase angle. Such a three-
phase design has the advantage of triple harmonic
cancellation, however, in case of unsymmetrical
transients; the system is unable to correctly measure the
phase angle of each individual phase. In fact, such a PLL
will give an average phase angle over three phases that
poorly represents the individual phase angles [20]. In [4]
and [23], the all-pass filters in [21]-[22] are replaced
with EPLLs. The EPLLs adaptively extract the
fundamental components of the system voltages and their
90-degree phase-shifted versions, Fig. 6. The ISe block
receives the fundamental and its corresponding 90-
degree phase-shifted component and calculates the
positive sequence component of the utility voltages. To
attenuate the harmonics, the PLL bandwidth can be
reduced at the expense of increasing its time response.
c. ANF-based Methods
In [25], an ANF-based approach is proposed for
estimation of power system frequency. The potential
applications of this method such as grid synchronization
tool, selective harmonics extractor, reactive/harmonics
current extractor, and symmetrical components extractor,
Fig. 7, are investigated in several papers [26-31].
~
..s
~
Q)
~ stage which is a computational unit calculates the
r--....J-I..---... v;
Ir-""""""'in----.V;
r-++----...v"6
III.L..--V;;
L....t-- Vb
,---...a...-- V~
Fig. 7 The structure of three-phase ANF by means of three
ANF.
In [32], a method called "double second order
generalized integrator- frequency locked loop (DSOGI-
FLL)" is introduced which its SOGI-FLL accidently
turned out to have the same structure as ANF introduced
in [25]. The only difference is that the proposed three-
phase system in [32] is implemented in a-~ with only one
frequency estimation loop, while the method in [27] uses
three single phase ANFs in abc frame. The main
advantages of the ANF-based techniques compared with
the PLL-based techniques are that they are frequency
based and don't have veo in their structures. In the
presence of low order harmonics, in ANF-based methods
like PLL-based methods, there is always a tradeoff
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between the speed of the response and its capability in
harmonic rejection similar to other PLL-based methods
introduced in the preceding sub-sections. In [29]-[30] a
multi block ANF is introduced to achieved a fast
accurate synchronization technique in the presence of
low order harmonics. This multi-block ANF can be used
in the structures of Fig. 7 and Fig 8.
U~
+
Ua
Ua
qu~
+
up
Ub
up PNSC
UC
u-;
up
quP
Fig. 8 The structure of DSOGI-FLL [32].
In [33], a three-phase ANF based method capable of
decomposing a three-phase set of signals into its
constituting positive-, negative- and, zero-sequence
components, is proposed. Basically, the proposed
algorithm is a two stages structure, Fig. 9. The first
structure comprises of three sub-filters which are based
on the concept of ANF. Each sub-filter receives a
component of the three-phase signal and provides the
fundamental and the 900 phase-shift components of that
phase. Three sub-filters are linked together in a parallel
structure, where their operational frequencies are dictated
by a common frequency estimation loop. The six signals
and the estimated frequency are forwarded to the second
instantaneous symmetrical components using a linear
transformation. Adaptive nature of the proposed
technique allows perfect tracking of the frequency and
amplitude variations. Moreover, the proposed technique
demonstrates an advanced performance in corrupted grid
signals and effectively handles the unbalance situations.
- - p~;s~ ~;-pha~ ANF - - ~
I
~a I
I
Uc o
U
Fig. 9 Proposed three-phase ANF.
When the input signal is distorted by harmonics, the
multi-block ANF is proposed in [29]-[30] to allow an
increase in the filter's bandwidth, and thus in the filter's
 convergence speed, Fig. 10. The sub-filters in the multi-
block structure remove low-frequency harmonics and
output a signal for the main ANF that contains no low-
order harmonics. The number of eliminated harmonics
depends directly on the number of sub-filters. The filter
parameters can now be adjusted to increase the
bandwidth of the filter, and achieve a much faster
response with no harmonics at the estimated frequency.
Since the proposed sub-filters are notch filters, their
dynamics only appear around their notch frequency
(harmonic frequencies), and they do not affect the
dynamic of the main filter which is again a notch filter
centered at the fundamental frequency. However, while
removing low-order harmonics, the bandwidth of the
main filter can be increased.
Sub-Filter (n)
! _--.-
!
Sub-Filter (I)
I
1
e 1
1I 11
Fig. 10 Modified structure of sub-filters.
III. COMPARISON
In this section, the proposed three-phase ANF method
is compared with the SRF-PLL, DSOGI-FLL and
DSOGI-PLL under unbalanced, harmonics and
frequency variation conditions. Fig. 11 shows the
response of these systems to a step change of 3 Hz in the
frequency of the three-phase signal. A 0.1 p.u. negative
sequence is added to this signal at t=0.15 s. As expected,
second order harmonics appears in the estimated
frequency by the SRF-PLL.
SRF· PLL
63
S I Oms/div
t·
""
~
"-
60
0.15 0.2
T ime (s)
Fig. 11. Extracted frequency by SRF-PLL, proposed three-
phase ANF, DSOGI-FLL and DSOGI-PLL.
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Fig. 12 shows the response of these systems to a step
change of 1 Hz in the frequency of the three-phase
signal. A 0.1 p.u. negative sequence is added to this
signal at t=0.15 sand THD of the faulty signal is set to
5%. Fast and accurate extraction of the frequency is
obtained by the proposed three-phase ANF. To reject the
harmonics impacts on extracted frequency in the
DSOGI-FLL and DSOGI-PLL methods, the bandwidth
of these methods should be decrease which means slower
techniques.
Three-phase
ANF
61
DSOGI-FLL
"e a
60 - - ---'
U. 15 U.2 U.25
T ime ( s)
Fig. 12. Extracted frequency by three-phase ANF, DSOGI-FLL
and DSOGI-PLL (THD =5%, and O.Ipu negative sequence).
In this section, the proposed three-phase ANF method
is implemented in dSPACE 1103. For this test, under
normal conditions, the input to the system, Fig. 13, is a
set of balanced three-phase sinusoidal voltages of 1.0
p.u. amplitude. Since the system is balanced, no
negative- or zero-sequence components exist. Then, 0.1
p.u. negative-sequence and 0.05 p.u. zero-sequence are
added to the signals and the THD of the faulty signal is
set to 5%.
t 0.5 pu 1di\'
+-----+
Fig. 13. Experimental results ; input signal distorted by
harmonics/unbalance.
0.25 Figs. 14-18 show that the fast response and accurate
performance of the proposed method are revealed even
when the measured signal is simultaneously affected by
harmonics and unbalance. Fig. 18 shows the magnified
error of the extracted frequency. It shows that the
1108
 proposed method successfully rejects the harmonics
impacts and the extracted frequency is harmonics free.
1 Il.Spu/div
DO units with the utility systems and keep generation up
during the grid faults. The three-phase ANF method
detects a voltage-dip or any other faults in the utility
network and extracts the positive sequence of the grid
voltage, and therefore tracks the new phase angle of the
grid voltage.

Positive Sequence (O.5pu/di\')

Negative Sequence (~.OSpuidiv) ~

- I
\
Zero Sequence (O.OSpuidiv)
Iurn s/d iv
-.

Fig. 14. Experimental results; positive-sequence components.

1 (l. Ip u /div -
IOms/div

Fig. 17. Experimental results; amplitudes of the sequence

component s.

lit O. 1I17Jdiv

I~ ; Id l l
N~ ! I,
Fig. 15. Experimental results; negative-sequence component s.

20m s/di\'
Zero Sequenc e (pu) -.

Fig. 18. The magnified error of the extracted frequency.

Phase Angle (rod)

IV. CONCLUSION

~~r_._._.
Fig. 16. Experimental results; zero-sequence component and
phase angle of the positive-sequence.
The fast response and accurate performance of the
proposed unit in extracting symmetrical components are
revealed under faulty conditions. Results show that the
proposed syst em needs less than one cycle to detect the
fault and therefore extract the symmetrical components.
As mentioned earlier, the fast and accurate detection of
the positive-sequence component of the utility voltage is
required in order to synchronize the converter-interfaced
Among the various solutions to extract the phase
angle, the SRF -PLL is used in almost all PLL techniques
for three-phase systems. This schem e is extremely
simple and provides a highly fast and accurate
synchronization signal under ideal conditions where
there is no voltage distortion/unbalance. The simplicity
of this structure has encouraged some authors to propose
new schemes based on this topology. Improved versions
of SRF-PLL are presented to overcome
distortion/unbalance problems. The PSF-PLL, SSI-PLL,
DSOOI-PLL, and DSRF-PLL are among the newly
developed solutions to improve SRF-PLL performance.
These modified SRF-PLL techniques reported to have a
better performance compared und er unbalance situations.
Another solution to extract the phase angle is ANF ,
which is frequency based. The three-phase ANF by
means of three single-phase ANFs, and DSOOI-FLL are

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