NAME : __________________

ADM. NO. ________________

SINGLE PHASE AND THREE PHASE

RECTIFIER
1. AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:
a. To verify the output of Single phase rectifier for R and R-L load under
different firing angles for
i. Full controlled
ii. Semi controlled
iii. Half controlled
b. To verify the output of three phase rectifier for R and R-L load under different
firing angles for
i. Full controlled
ii. Semi controlled
iii. Half controlled

2. APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Seria Name of the Specification Model No./Serial no. Makers Quantity
l No. Instrument of the Instrument Name
1.

2.

3.

4.

3. THEORY:
a. SINGLE PHASE FULLY CONTROLLED CONVERTER :
The single phase SCR’s fully controlled converter is given in Fig. 1. Four SCR’s
are used in this unit, condition take place only when SCR’s are fixed. During positive
half cycle SCR–1 & 2 are forward biased and when there two SCR are fired
simultaneously at a firing angle ‘’ the load is connected to the input supply. During
negative half cycle SCR’s 3 & 4 are forward biased and firing of these SCR’s will
apply the supply voltage across SCR’s 1 & 2, as reverse blocking voltage. SCR’s 1 &
2 will be turned off due to line or natural commutation. The load may be of resistive,
R – L or with back emf.

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ADM. NO. ________________

Fig. 1. Single Phase Fully Controlled rectifier

The average output voltage is given as:

2Vm
Vdc= *cosα (continuous conduction)
π
Vm
Vdc= *(cosα-cosβ) (Discontinuous conduction)
π
(NOTE: In case of resistive load or freewheeling diode, β is equals to 180˚)
b. SINGLE PHASE SEMI-CONTROLLED CONVERTER :
Single phase semi-controlled converter consists of 2 SCRs and 2 diodes as shown
in figure. In positive half cycle SCR 1 is triggered at firing angle α and diode D2
conducts as it is forward biased. the Similarly, in negative half cycle SCR 3 is triggered
and diode D1 conducts as diode D1 is forward biased. The average valve of the load
voltage is given as:
Vm
Vdc= *(1+cosα)
π

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Fig. 2. Single Phase half Controlled rectifier

c. SINGLE PHASE HALF WAVE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER:

Single phase half wave controlled rectifier consists of a single diode as shown
in the figure. In the positive half cycle thyristor is forward biased. When thyristor is
fired at an angle α, thyristor conducts whereas thyristor acts as open circuit in negative half
cycle of the voltage.

Fig. 1. Single Phase half wave rectifier

The average output voltage is given as:

Vm
Vdc= *(cosα-cosβ)
2π
(NOTE: In case of resistive load or freewheeling diode, β is equals to 180˚)

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4. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

THEORY: (Three Phase Rectifier)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

A
SCR1 SCR2 SCR3
3 Phase E
N
L
AC
o
a V0
C B
d

SCR4 SCR5 SCR6

Fig. 1. Three Phase Fully Controlled Bridge Rec tifier.

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In Fig. 1, SCR1, SCR3, & SCR5 are triggered during the positive half cycle of the
phase voltages A, B and C, respectively.
During the negative half cycle of the phase voltages SCR2, SCR4 and SCR6
conduct. The SCR must be triggered into conduction during the interval when its
anode-to- cathode voltage is positive, otherwise the previously conducting SCR
continues to conduct until it is naturally commutated (due to phase reversal. Depending
on the firing angle of the SCR, the average output voltage may be positive or negative.
The waveforms are shown in Fig. 2 .The ac input line voltages are represented by
EAB, EBC, ECA, and so on. At t = (/6 + ), SCR5 is already conducting and SCR1
is turned on. During the interval (/6 + ) to (/2 + ) SCR1 and SCR5 are in the
conducting state and a line-to-line voltage E AB appears across the load (E AB = EA –
EB).❑❑

The average output voltage is

Vdc = (33 /  ) * Em cos 

The average output current is

Idc = (33Em / R) * cos 

Where Em is the maximum phase

voltage and  is firing angle in
degree.

FIRING CIRCUIT BLOCK DIAGRAM :

The firing circuit comprises of Zero Crossing Detector (ZCD), Integrator,
Comparator, Logic Gates and Pulse Amp. and Isolation Transformer.

440 V AC STEPDOWN ZCD INTEGRATOR COMPARATOR AND PULSE G1

TRANSFORMER GATE ISOLATION

SWI

PHASE
DETECTOR CONTROL DEBOUNCE
VOLTAGE LOGIC

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SCR1 SCR2 SCR3 SCR1

ES

A B C A

0 t
 

Ig

SCR6 SCR4 SCR5


t


V0

EAB EAC EBC EBA ECA ECB EAB

0 t
 

SCR1 SCR2 SCR3 SCR1 SCR

CONDUCTION
SCR5 SCR6 SCR4 SCR5 PERIODS



Fig. 2. Waveforms of different voltages and currents

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ADM. NO. ________________

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:-

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5. CONNECTION PROCEDURE: (Single Phase Rectifier)

a. Connect transformer secondary terminal output to rectifier input terminal.
b. If circuit is not working properly, please interchange the P and N wires of
transformer output.
c. Set control mode to FULL, HALF or SEMI for full controlled, half wave or
semi controlled rectifier operation respectively.
d. Connect the switching pulse to SCRs properly.
e. Connect oscilloscope probe across the load.
f. Connect Voltmeter across the load.

6. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
a. Switch ON the trainer Power switch.
b. Switch on the 30, Volt A.C. voltage switch.
c. Switch ON the toggle switch.
d. Vary the control voltage minimum to maximum step by step.
e. For each step note down output voltage, Firing angle, extinction angle and
calculated voltage.

7. OBSERVATION TABLE:
(For R Load)
Sl. No. Triggering Angle Measured voltage Vo Calculated voltage V
(α)
1

(For R-L Load)

Sl. No. Triggering angle Measured voltage Vo Calculated voltage V

(α)
1

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CIRCUIT OPERATION Three Phase Rectifier):-

A. CONNECTION PROCEDURE: (Three Phase Rectifier)
SELECTOR SWITCH POSITION AT FULL
1. Connect the all firing pulses in sequence.
2. Connect the three phase AC source with both module.
3. Connect the mains cord to 220 Volt AC of firing module.
4. Connect the Resistive load and Inductive load to output terminals.

B. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE :
1. Switch ON the firing module power switch.
2. Switch ON the MCB of power module.
3. Switch ON the logic switch.
4. Vary the control voltage minimum to maximum step by step.

For each step note down output voltage, Firing Angle () and calculated output voltage using
the above given formula
NOTE:- FOR HALF BRIDGE AND HALF WAVE OBSERVATION CHANGE
SELECTOR SWITCH POSITION. IN HALF WAVE POSITION CONNECT
NAGATIVE TERMINAL TO AC COMMON TRMINAL
OBSERVATION TABLE

SL. FIRING MEASURED VOLTAGE CALCULATE

NO. ANGLE VOLTAGE

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8. PRECAUTION:
a. Connection of gate pulse to SCRs should be done carefully.
b. Do not change the mode of operation while circuit is ON.
c. Turn off the supply while circuit is complete.
d. In half wave position connect negative terminal to ac common terminal.
9. QUESTIONS:
a. Describe how a freewheeling diode improves power factor in a rectifier.
b. Write difference between single phase bridge rectifier and single phase mid-
point rectifier.
c. What are the advantages of semi-controlled rectifier over full bridge rectifier?
d. What will happen if firing angle α is greater than 90˚ in case of full controlled
rectifier feeding RLE load?
e. What is the effect of source inductance on single phase full bridge rectifier?
f. A three phase full wave converter Y connected 440 V, 50 – 60 Hz supply and
load resistance R= 100Ω. If it is required to obtain an average output voltage
of 50% of the maximum possible output voltage, calculate
i. the delay angle α,
ii. the RMS and average output currents,
iii. the average and RMS thyristor currents
iv. the rectification efficiency
v. the TUF
vi. the input PF

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