Geography End Of year revision notes paper 1

GIS

What is GIS?

The geographic information system (GIS) allows you to display information, analyse data
and find correlations between different maps.

How does it work?

GIS is often used by the police. They enter lists of crimes and the locations where they
occurred. Then they examine the map on their screens for patterns and criminal hotspots.
These indicate where more patrols are required. GIS can be used like this for many other
uses.

What are its uses?

GIS TO FIGHT CRIME: GIS is often used by the police. They enter lists of crimes and the
locations where they occurred. Then they examine the map on their screens for patterns and
criminal hotspots. These indicate where more patrols are required.

SAT NAV: This tells you where you are going, and can also tell you if there are traffic jams,
accidents , radars as well as the fastest route. The GPS gives you your location.

WHERE TO BUILD A WINDFARM: You can use different layers to tell you where the strong
winds, buildings, wildlife patterns, movement of migratory birds and relief.

TO SEND AN AMBULANCE: The address or data about where the incident is. Location of
ambulances/stations to send the closest one.

DELIVERING PARCELS: We use GIS to type in the addresses and contact details. The
locations pop up as dots on the map . The program then finds the best and quickest route for
you. Press a message button and the people will get a notification saying the package is on
the way.

SAVING CHIMPS: Use GPS and hidden cameras to collect data about the chimps locations.
GIS shows the data on maps and satellite images. They then mark the areas which need to
be protected.
Population

How has population grown?

1. Higher fertility rates: more births than deaths

2. Better healthcare: advances in medicine and healthcare mean people can living
longer and healthier.
3. Improved agriculture: new farming techniques can produce more food to feed more
people.
4. Sanitation and hygiene: good hygiene can help have a healthier lifestyle and reduce
the spread of diseases.
5. Advances in technology: more efficient transport and ways of communication
6. Migration - people coming from different countries increased the population

Why has population grown?

1. Medical advancement
2. Technological progress
3. Economic development
4. Cultural factors

Problems population growth causes

1. Overcrowding - too many people living in an area can lead to pollution.

2. Pollution - can happen due to overcrowding and can spread diseases
3. Crime - dangerous crimes can occur frequently
4. More demand for food, water, technology, energy, healthcare, etc.
5. More demand for money and jobs

How can we manage it?

1. Government policies - implanting laws to only have a small family

2. More access to contraceptives - stops women from getting pregnant
3. Investing in education - educating people about the benefits of smaller families and
contraceptives.

Push and pull factors

Factors that can attract people to live in a urban area:

1. Good shops
2. Airports
3. Well paid jobs
4. Lots of places to eat
5. Hospitals and other health services
6. Colleges, universities, and all kinds of classes
7. Frequent buses, trams and trains
8. Concerts, clubs, cinemas, fun
Factors that can push people away from living in an urban area:

1. Crime
2. Pollution
3. Noise
4. Crowd
5. Competition for housing
6. Competition for jobs
7. Traffic
8. More expensive

Factors that can attract people to live in a rural area:

1. Prices and the cost of living is cheaper

2. More peaceful and quieter
3. Closer to nature
4. Access to healthier food
5. Less crime
6. Less pollution

Factors that can push people away from living in a rural area:

1. Intolerance
2. Poor employment
3. Housing shortages
4. Low income
5. Social upheaval
6. Natural disasters
7. Adverse climatic conditions

Urbanisation

Today over 55% of people live in urban areas.

Push factors of living in an urban area
Pull factors of living in an urban area
Coasts

Erosion

Types of erosion:

Hydraulic action: when waves force water into cracks in the rock.

Solution: waves dissolve subtle material from the rock.

Abrasion: waves fling sand and pebbles against the rock. These wear away like sandpaper.

Shingle: small pebbles.

Sand: crushed pebbles

Longshore drift: how sand or other material is carried parallel to the shore, by the waves.
Groynes are built to help stop this.

Landforms created by waves

Bay: A smooth curve of coast between two headlands.

Headland: Land that juts outinto the sea.

Beach: An area of sand or small stones, deposited by waves.

Salt march: A low lying marshy area, by the sea, with salty water from the tides.

Spit: A strip of sand or shingle in the sea.

Cave: Forms due to attacks in cracks in a headland.

Arch: Forms when the waves erode all the way through the cave.

Stack: A pillar of rock left standing in the sea when the top of an arch collapses.

Stump: Eroded and smaller piece of an arch.

Wave-cut notch: A notch cut in a cliff face by the action of waves.

Wave-cut platform: the flat rocky area left when waves erode a cliff away.
Coastal defence

Sea walls: a way to keep the sea out. They are often curved to reflect the waves away.

Rock armour: Big rocks that soak up the wave’s energy. It slows down the erosion of cliffs
and sea walls.

Artificial reefs: Help the waves break earlier.

Revetments: They are similar to fences. The waves hit them instead of the cliffs.

Groynes: They help stop sand being carried away. Sand absorbs some of the waves energy.

Beach nourishment: Addition of sand or shingle to the beach to huild it up.

Weather and climate

Factors that influence climate

1. Latitude: the sun heats up the the Earth unevenly, and in return, Earth warms the air
which rises. Rising air leads to wind. And the sun also causes evaporation which
leads to clouds and precipitation
2. Earth’s tilt: Earth travels non-stop around the sun. It is tilted as it travels, giving us the
4 seasons during the year it orbits.
3. Distance from the coast
4. Altitude: height above sea level. The higher you go the cooler it gets.
5. Ocean currents

Asia

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