D`y©: evsjvi we¯§„Z wjM¨vwm

ïKivb mvweZ

Dcgnv‡`‡ki me©Î †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g wnmv‡e GKUv mgq AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡iwQj D`y© fvlv| w`wjø,
jv‡nvi Avi j‡ÿèŠi g‡ZvB evsjvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `yB kni XvKv Avi †KvjKvZvI D`y© PPv©i †K›`ª
wnmv‡e cwiwPZ n‡qwQj| fvlvi mv‡_ mv‡_ D`y© mvwnZ¨I Gme GjvKvq we¯Ívi jvf K‡iwQj|
cieZx©‡Z fvlv Av‡›`vjb I ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki Afy¨`‡qi †cÖÿvc‡U evsjv‡`‡k D`y© PPv© w¯ÍwgZ
n‡q Av‡m|
D`y© fvlvwUi BwZnvm Rvb‡Z †M‡j †`Lv hvq, †gvNj Avg‡j GB fvlvi DrcwË| wKš‘ A‡b‡KiB
e×g~j aviYvi Abyev` Ki‡j `vuovqÑ †gvNj Avg‡j nVvr K‡iB D`y©i Rb¥ n‡q‡Q| ev¯ÍeZv n‡”Q,
eû hyM a‡i w`wjøi Av‡kcv‡ki gvby‡li gv‡S cÖPwjZ fvlvwUB gymwjg kvm‡bi m~Pbvj‡Mœi cÖvq
`yBk eQ‡i Aviwe I dviwm kãm¤¢vi wb‡q M‡o DV‡Z _v‡K| hv †gvNj‡`i mg‡q D`y© bv‡g
cwiwPwZ cvq| G fvlvi cÖ_g bgybv cvIqv hvq w`wjøi dviwm Kwe Avgxi Lmiæ (1253-1325)
Ges wnw›` Kwe Kwei `v‡mi (1440-1518) KweZvq|
ÔD`y©Õ kãwU ZzwK©, hvi A_© ˆmb¨| †gvNj ev`kvn kvnRvnv‡bi (kvmbKvj: 1628-1658)
†mbvwbev‡mi bvg wQj ÔD`y©-G gyqvjøvÕ| mnR I †evaMg¨ nIqvq GLv‡b wewfbœ GjvKvi ˆmb¨‡`i
Ôwj½yqv d«v¼vÕ wnmv‡e GB fvlvwU e¨eüZ n‡Zv| kvnRvnvb Zvi †mbvwbev‡mi bv‡g G fvlvi bvg
†`b D`y©|
AvVvi kZ‡Ki †Mvovi w`‡K Kwe Ijx AvIi½vev`xi (1668-1744) mvnP‡h© w`wjø‡ZB D`y© Kve¨
PPv© ïiæ nq| cieZx‡Z dv‡qR (g„. 1715), gvRgyb (g„. 1747), AviRy (g„. 1748) cÖgyL Kwe‡`i
†bZ…‡Z¡ Zv weKvk jvf K‡i|

evsjvq D`y© fvlv I XvKvBqv D`y©

†gvNj Avg‡j evsjv wQj w`wjøi GKwU myevn Z_v cÖ‡`k| myevn`vi Bmjvg Lvb (1608-13)
XvKv‡K GB cÖ‡`‡ki ivRavbx K‡ib| cieZx©‡Z 1713 mv‡j ivRavbx XvKv †_‡K gywk©`vev` Ges
1772 mv‡j Zv †KvjKvZvq ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq| 1912 mvj ch©šÍ †KvjKvZv-B wQj mgMÖ Dcgnv‡`‡ki
ivRavbx| Gm‡ei m~‡Î evsjvq D`y© fvlvi we¯Ívi N‡U|
cÖK…Zc‡ÿ evsjvq †gvNj AvwacZ¨ we¯Ív‡ii d‡j GLv‡b DËi fviZ †_‡K wn›`y¯Ívwb ev †iLZv
Z_v cieZx©Kv‡j ÔD`y©Õ bvgK…Z fvlvfvlx gvby‡li AvMgb N‡U| cÖv‡`wkK I cieZx©Kv‡j †K›`ªxq
ivRavbx m~‡Î PvKwi Ges e¨emvi ¯^v‡_© wewfbœ A‡ji gvby‡li Avbv‡Mvbv e„w× cvq GLv‡b|
we‡kl D‡jøL¨, †gvNj Avg‡j evsjv we‡k^i DbœZ A_©‰bwZK AÂj wnmv‡e AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡iwQj|
Gi d‡j cÖkvmwbK, evwYwR¨K I A_©‰bwZK †ÿ‡Î Gi ¸iæZ¡ AwaK e„w× cvIqvq evB‡ii wfbœ
RvwZi, wfbœ fvlvi gvby‡li AvMgb LyeB ¯^vfvweK n‡q D‡VwQj| mwZ¨Kvi A‡_©B IB mg‡qB
XvKv Km‡gvcwjUb wmwU wn‡m‡e Avwef©~Z nq| wewfbœ A‡ji gvby‡li G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g wnmv‡e D`y© Ges XvKvBqv D`y©i g‡Zv AvÂwjK D`y© fvlvi Rb¥ I weKvk nq|
XvKvi Awaevmxiv `yB fvlvq K_v e‡jb| Gi GKwU XvKvBqv KzwÆ fvlv, Ab¨wU †mveŸvwm fvlv|
Gi g‡a¨ †mveŸvwm fvlv‡K A‡b‡KB XvKvBqv D`y© bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡ib| GwU DËi fvi‡Zi,
GgbwK wenvix‡`i D`y©i †_‡KI Avjv`v|
evsjvi myevn`vi Bmjvg Lvu XvKv‡K cÖv‡`wkK ivRavbx †NvlYv †`Iqvi ci †_‡KB DËi fviZ
†_‡K wn›`y-gymjgvb Dfq a‡g©iB wecyj msL¨K gvby‡li AvMgb N‡U GLv‡b| AvdMvb, Bivb
†_‡KI eû gymjgvb GLv‡b Qz‡U Av‡mb| GB cÖwµqv cieZx© cÖvq 250 eQi Pjgvb wQj| GivB
eZ©gvb cyivb XvKvi eywoM½v Zx‡i emwZ ¯’vcb K‡ib| G‡`i eska‡iivB AvR‡Ki cyivb XvKvi
Avw` Awaevmx| 1610 mvj †_‡K XvKvq emevmKvix wewfbœ A‡ji gvbyl I ¯’vbxq‡`i
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g n‡q `vuovq DËi fviZxq wn›`y¯Ívwb fvlv| AvR‡Ki D`y© hvi mivmwi DËim~ix|
Avi XvKvi †mB D`y©B ÔXvKvBqv D`y©Õ|
Z‡e XvKvBqv D`y© cÖwgZ D`y© †_‡K A‡bK †ewk Avjv`v| †KD †KD G‡K D`y©I ej‡Z Pvb bv|
eZ©gv‡b Avw` XvKvBqviv GB fvlv‡K Ô‡mveŸvwm fvlvÕ e‡j Ges wb‡R‡`i‡K `vwe K‡i Ô‡mveŸvwmÕ
wnmv‡e| Ômy‡L evm KivÕ †mveŸvwm kãwUi DrcwË e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| eZ©gv‡b XvKvi m~Îvcyi,
†Kv‡Zvqvwj, eskvj, PKevRvi I jvjevM _vbvi wewfbœ gnjøvq GB †mveŸvwmiv evm Ki‡Qb|
XvKvi GB fvlv cÖm‡½ W. KvwbR-B evZzj evsjv wcwWqvq wj‡L‡Qb, ÔAvVvi kZ‡K XvKv Pvj
e¨emv‡qi †K›`ª wQj Ges e¨emvqxiv wQ‡jb gv‡ovqvwi| Zvuiv evsjvfvlx Pvj we‡µZv‡`i m‡½
wn›`y¯Ívwb ev wiLZv fvlvq K_v ej‡Zb| Zv Qvov miKvwi I †emiKvwi mfv I †KvU© -KvPvwi‡Z
wn›`y¯Ívwbi e¨envi cÖPwjZ wQj|Õ A_©vr, XvKvq D`y© fvlvi cÖPjb ïiæ nq †mB 1610 †_‡KB|
hw`I ZLbI Zvi bvgKiY ÔD`y©Õ nqwb| GwUB evsjvi cÖfv‡e cwiewZ©Z n‡q †mveŸvwm fvlvq
cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|
nvwKg nvweeyi ingvb Zvi ÔmsMx‡Zi Avmi ev PPvÕ Aa¨v‡q evsjvq D`y© PPv© cÖm‡½ e‡j‡Qb, Vzgwi
ev †Lqvj wn›`y¯Ívwb fvlvq MvIqv n‡Zv| †nvwji cÖ‡Z¨KwU `jB MvBZ wn›`y¯Ívwb fvlvq| GgbwK
evsjvfvlxivI wn›`y¯Ívwb fvlv‡ZB MvBZ| Zvi g‡Z, †nvwji Mvb iPbvKvix Kweiv †ewkifvM wQ‡jb
wn›`y| gymjgvb wQ‡jb AímsL¨K|
†Rgm †Uji 1838 mv‡j XvKvevmx‡`i 162wU †ckvi ZvwjKv w`‡q‡Qb| Gme †ckvRxexiv nv‡U-
evRv‡i, iv¯Ív-Nv‡U GKwU mvaviY K_¨ wn›`y¯Ívwb fvlvq K_v ejZ| wKš‘ mevi wbR¯^ fvlv wQj
Avjv`v| wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ Zviv K_v ejZ wb‡R‡`i fvlvq| GB wn›`y¯Ívwb fvlvwUi Ici wewfbœ
mg‡q wewfbœ fvlvi cÖfve c‡o‡Q| mvaviY fv‡e ejv P‡j 1610 †_‡K 1830 ch©šÍ dviwm, 1831
†_‡K 1947 ch©šÍ Bs‡iwR I D`y©, 1948 †_‡K 1971 ch©šÍ D`y© Ges Gici †_‡K eZ©gvb ch©šÍ
evsjv fvlv GB fvlvq cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i‡Q| eZ©gv‡b mvaviYZ XvKvBqv fvlv wnmv‡e cwiwPZ KzwÆ
fvlvwU GB †mveŸvwm ev XvKvBqv D`y©i †_‡K A‡bK Avjv`v| KzwÆi m¤úK© AwaKZi evsjvi mv‡_|
†mveŸvwm fvlv K_¨ fvlv nIqvq Gi mvwnwZ¨K bgybv cvIqv hvq bv| Gi d‡j 1952 I 1971
mv‡ji cwiewZ©Z †cÖÿvc‡U GB fvlvwU nvwi‡q †h‡Z _v‡K| D`y©i cÖwZ evsjvfvlx‡`i weZ…òvi
d‡j GB fvlvfvlx gvby‡liv wb‡R‡`i weZ‡K©i D‡aŸ© ivL‡Z Gi e¨envi Kwg‡q †d‡jb| fvlvwUi
cÖwZ Ae‡njv GZLvwb †h †Lv` XvKvi ey‡K nvwi‡q †h‡Z emv GB fvlv wb‡q †Kvb M‡elYv nqwb|
1975 mv‡j wbwg©Z evsjv Pjw”PÎ Rxeb wb‡q Ryqvi GKwU Mvb gvwZqv nvgvi bvg -G GB fvlvi
cÖ‡qvM i‡q‡Q| hv †M‡qwQ‡jb mvwebv Bqvmwgb I Lyiwk` Avjg|

evsjvq D`y© fvlvÑmvwnZ¨

evsjvq D`y© mvwn‡Z¨i PPv©i ïiæ gywk©`vev` †_‡K| evsjv, wenvi I Dwol¨vi beveiv dviwm I D`y©
fvlvi c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb| beve Avjxe`x© Lv‡bi Avg‡j gynv¤§` dKxn `i`g›` (g„. 1747) bv‡g
GK D`y© Kwei mÜvb cvIqv hvq| beve wmivR D‡ÏŠjvi mfvKwe wQ‡jb Kz`ivZ Djøvn I dvinvZ
Djøvn dvinvZ| gxi Rvd‡ii Avg‡j gxi gynv¤§` kid bv‡g GK Kwei bvg cvIqv hvq| beve
gn‡ji MÖš’vMv‡i g~j¨evb Aviwe, dviwm I D`y©i cÖvPxb cvÐzwjwc AvRI iwÿZ Av‡Q| AvVvi
kZ‡Ki †klw`‡KI A_©vr ivRavbx cwieZ©‡bi ciI gywk©`vev‡` GKRb D`y© Kwei mÜvb cvIqv
hvq| wZwb `wiqv-G jZvdZ (g„. (1808)| dviwm fvlvq cÖ_g D`y© e¨KiY iPbvi K…wZZ¡ ZviB|
MÖš’wU D`y© gn‡j GLbI we‡kl mgv`„Z|
bevex kvm‡bi Ae¨ewnZ c‡i evsjv I mgMÖ Dcgnv‡`‡ki ivRavbx nq †KvjKvZv| GLv‡b D`y©
I dviwmi PPv© I weKvk N‡U av‡c av‡c| †k‡i gnxïi wUcy myjZv‡bi cZ‡bi ci (1799) Zvi
cwievi‡K †KvjKvZvi UvwjM‡Ä ¯’vbvšÍwiZ Kiv nq| G cwiev‡i D`y©i PPv© wQj| gynv¤§` ewki
DÏxb ZvIwdK (g„. 1884), myjZvb, iwng cÖgyL KwemvwnwZ¨K Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib wUcyi cwiev‡i|
ZvIwd‡Ki evmfe‡b Avãyi iwng, Zvgvbœv †MviLcyix, Iev‡q`yjøvn Avj Ievq`x †mvnivIqv`x©
(1832-1886), Avãyj Mdzi bvmmvL (1833-1889) -Gi b¨vq Kwe-mvwnwZ¨K‡`i Avbv‡Mvbv
wQj| Avwhg DÏxb myjZvb wQ‡jb ZvIwd‡Ki fvB| wZwb cÖavbZ dviwm Kwe n‡jI D`y©‡ZI
Kve¨ PPv© K‡i‡Qb|
weªwUk Avg‡j †KvjKvZvq D`y©i cÖmvi cvIqvi Av‡iKwU KviY wQj j‡ÿèŠi c`P‚¨Z (1856) beve
IqvwR` Avjx kvni (1822-1887) wbev©mb| Zv‡K ew›` Ae¯’vq †dvU© DBwjqvg `~‡M© Avbv nq|
c‡i wZwb cv‡ki gnjøvq emwZ ¯’vcb K‡ib| wZwb D`y© I dviwm‡Z cÖvq 40wU †QvU-eo MÖš’ iPbv
K‡iwQ‡jb| m½xZÁ I iPwqZv wnmv‡eI Zvi L¨vwZ wQj| Zvi m‡½ eû Av‡jg I Kwe-
mvwnwZ¨‡Ki AvMgb N‡U bMi †KvjKvZvq| Gme Kwe mvwnwZ¨K‡`i g‡a¨ bIqve dvZûZ
†`Šjvn, wgRv© †gvnv¤§` wihv Lvu eviK, gvnZve-D` †`Šjvn, gvIjvbv Avãyj nvwjg miKvi cÖgyL
D‡jøL‡hvM¨| GKB mg‡q w`wjø †_‡K wgRv© bIqve Lvu `vM Ges `vwÿYvZ¨ †_‡K wbhvg
ZvevZvevBI †KvjKvZvq Av‡mb|
evsjvi g‡ZvB D`y©i M`¨I †KvjKvZv‡ZB weKvk jvf K‡i| †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡Ri D`y© wefvM
†_‡K gxi Av¤§vb, †ki Avjx Avd‡mvm I nvq`i eLk cÖgyL e¨w³‡`i‡K eû Aviwe I dviwm
MÖ‡š’i D`y© Abyev‡`i `vwqZ¡ †`Iqv nq| gxi Av¤§v‡bi evM-G evnvi (1802) D`y© M`¨mvwn‡Z¨i
w`Kcvj wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ| Avd‡mv‡mi AvivBk-G gvnwdj (1805) I evM-G D`y© Ges eLk
nvq`ixi ZvwiL-G bv‡`wi BZ¨vw` MÖš’ D`y© M`¨ mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnv‡m we‡kl ghv©`v jvf K‡i‡Q|
1822 mv‡j †KvjKvZv †_‡KB Rvg-G Rvnvubygv bv‡g cÖ_g D`y© cwÎKv (mvßvwnK) cÖKvwkZ nq|
†KvjKvZvi evB‡i D`y© mvwnZ¨ PPv©q XvKviI HwZnvwmK f‚wgKv i‡q‡Q| Z‡e GLv‡b G PPv© ïiæ
n‡q‡Q GKUz †`wi‡Z| beve kvgmy‡ÏŠjvni (1770-1831) c„ô‡cvlKZvq XvKvq wgRv© Rvb
Zvwckmn eû D`y© Kwei mgvMg N‡U| 1786 mv‡ji w`‡K Zvwck XvKvq AvMgb K‡ib| `k-
ev‡iv eQi XvKvq Rxeb AwZevwnZ K‡ib wZwb| wKš‘ GiB g‡a¨ kvgmy‡ÏŠjvn Bs‡iR‡`i weiæ‡×
loh‡š¿i Awf‡hv‡M KvivšÍixY n‡j Zvwck †mLv‡b Mgb K‡ib| †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡R PvKwi
MÖnY K‡ib wZwb| Z‡e XvKvq Ae¯’vb Kv‡jB wZwb kvgmyj evqvb wd gymZvjvnvZ G wn›`y¯Ívb
(1792) bv‡g D`y© evMaviv, cwifvlv I cÖev` m¤ú‡K© GKwU MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| GwU 1844 mv‡j
gywk©`vev` †_‡K cÖKvwkZ nq| Gi Av‡M 1812 mv‡j †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡jR †_‡K Zvi KzwjøqvZ
bv‡g GKwU Kve¨MÖš’ †ei nq|
nv‡dR BKivg Avng` hvqMg (1869) bv‡g GK Kwei †ek K‡qKRb wkl¨ c~e© evsjvq e‡m D`y©
Kve¨ PPv© K‡i‡Qb| G‡`i g‡a¨ Avãyj Mdzi bvmmvL, gvngy` Avhv`, LvRv Avãyj Mvddvi
AvLZvi, nv‡dR ikx`ybœex IqvnkZ, nvwKg Avkivd Avjx gmZ& cÖgy‡Li bvg D‡jøL‡hvM¨| XvKvi
AvMv Avng` Avjx B¯úvnvbx (1839-1873) cÖavbZ dviwm fvlvi mvwnwZ¨K wQ‡jb| Z‡e wZwb
D`y©I PPv© Ki‡Zb| wZwb wgRv© Mvwj‡ei mgmvgwqK weavq Df‡qi g‡a¨ mvwnwZ¨K cÖwZØw›ØZvI
wQj| wimvjv-G gyLZvmviæj Bk‡ZKvK (1871) Zvi D`y© iPbv| AvMv Avng` Avjxi cÖavb wkl¨
wQ‡jb gynv¤§` Avkivd I wd`v wm‡jUx cÖgyL|
XvKv †gvnwmwbqv gv`ivmvi cÖ_g mycvwi‡›U‡Û›U Ievq`yjøvn Avj Ievq`x †mvnivIqv`x© Aviwe,
dviwm I D`y© fvlvq Kve¨ PPv© K‡i‡Qb| D`y© MvBW I dviwm `yiexb cwÎKv m¤úv`bv K‡i‡Qb
wZwb| wewfbœ fvlvq Zvi iPbvi msL¨v 52wU| Gm‡ei g‡a¨ D`y©‡Z †jLv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ iPbv n‡”Q
w`Iqvb (1880), wgdZvûj Av`ve, `vwe¯Ívb-B `vwbk cÖf…wZ| cÖ_gwU Kve¨, wØZxqwU e¨vKiY
Ges Z…ZxqwU c`v_©we`¨v welqK MÖš’| GQvov fvlvZË¡, g‡bvwe`¨v, bvixwkÿv welqK †ek wKQz
cvÐzwjwcI cvIqv †M‡Q Zvi| Ievq`yjøvni Kb¨v LywR¯Ív AvLZvi (1874-1919) fviZxq gymwjg
gwnjv‡`i g‡a¨ cÖ_g wmwbqi †KgweªR cixÿv cvm Ges †evW© Ae GMRvwg‡bkbm †_‡K wWwMÖ Ae
Abvm© jvf K‡ib| †KvjKvZv wek^we`¨vj‡qi Gg.G. cixÿvi cixÿK wQ‡jb wZwb| gwnjv‡`i
g‡a¨ wZwbB cÖ_g G m¤§vb jvf K‡ib| LywR¯Ív wgjv`ybœex m¤ú‡K© KvIKve-G `yiix bv‡g GKwU
D`y© MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| †nbwi D‡Wi bxwZg~jK GKwU Bs‡iwR MÖš’I Avqbv-G BeivZ bv‡g D`y©‡Z
Abyev` K‡ib wZwb| Zvi Ab¨ iPbvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q wmivZzb bex I Zvwjgyb wbmv|
beve Avãyj jwZ‡di AbyR Avey †gvnv¤§` Avãyj Mdzi bvmmvL D`y© -dviwm‡Z KweZv iPbv K‡i
we‡kl L¨vwZ AR©b K‡ib| wZwb Kg©Rxe‡b wQ‡jb †WcywU g¨vwR‡÷ªU I †WcywU Kv‡j±i| eû
fvlv Rvbv Mdzi KweZv, Av‡jvPbv I msKj‡bi bvbv MÖš’ iPbv K‡i‡Qb| †m¸wji g‡a¨ AvkAvi-
G bvmmvL (1866), `dZi-G †ewgmvj (1869), Pkgv-G dv‡qh (1874) I AvigyMvb
(1875) Kve¨MÖš’| myLvb-G ïAviv (1874) D`y© mvwnZ¨ Av‡jvPbv MÖš’| GQvov MÄ-G ZvIqvwiL
(1873) I Kvbh&-G ZvIqvwiL (1877) bv‡g gnvcyiæl‡`i `ywU RxebxMÖš’ wZwb iPbv K‡ib|
XvKvi e‡b`x cwiev‡ii mšÍvb gybwk ingvb Avjx Zv‡qk (1823-1908) D`y© Kwe I HwZnvwmK
wQ‡jb| ¸jRvi-G bvZ (1880) I w`Iqvb-G Zv‡qk Zvi Kve¨MÖš’| Zvi †kÖô iPbv wnmv‡e
we‡ePbv Kiv nq ZvIqvwiL-G XvKv‡K (1910)| G‡Z wZwb mswÿß cwim‡i evsjvi BwZnvm,
Dwbk kZ‡Ki XvKvi †fŠMwjK, cÖZœZvwË¡K, ivR‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK BwZe„Ë mwe¯Ívi wjwce×
K‡i‡Qb|
XvKvi Av‡iK Rwg`vi gxi Avkivd Avjxi cwiev‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb ˆmq` gynv¤§` Avhv`
(1850-1916)| bIqve Avãyj jwZd wQ‡jb Zvi k^ïi| Avi Zvi RvgvZv wQ‡jb †k‡i evsjv
G.‡K. dRjyj nK| evsjvq wZwbB cÖ_g D`y©‡Z bvUK iPbv K‡ib| Zvi bvU‡Ki g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q
bIqvex `ievi I bIqvex †Lj| cÖe‡ÜI wZwb ¯^Zš¿ Ae¯’vb wbgv©Y K‡iwQ‡jb| wLqvjvZ-G Avhv`
cÖeÜ msKjbwU‡Z mgKv‡ji ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK mgm¨v ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q| Zvi GKwU
AvZ¥RxebxI i‡q‡Q|
XvKv †gvnwmwbqv gv`ivmvi Av‡iK wkÿK Avng` ûmvBb Iqvwd (g„. 1940) Kve¨ I bvUK Dfq
avivq D`y© PPv© K‡i‡Qb| Zvi RbwcÖq bvUK wegvi-G eyjeyj (1880) XvKvq †ek K‡qKevi g¯’
nq|
XvKvq D`y© mvwnZ¨ PPv© cÖm‡½ Awbevh© bvg nvwKg nvweeyi ingvb| wPwKrmv kv‡¯¿ cvi`wk©Zvi Rb¨
wZwb Ô‡kdvDj gyjKÕ †LZv‡e f‚wlZ n‡qwQ‡jb| XvKv gv`ªvmvq wkÿvjv‡fi ci wZwb Kvbcyi,
j‡ÿèŠ, w`wjø I AvMÖv cÖf„wZ A‡j ågY K‡ib| mvwnZ¨, BwZnvm I wPwKrmvweÁv‡bi Ici MÖš’
iPbv K‡i D`y© fvlv‡K M‡elYv I cvwЇZ¨i Mwigv `vb K‡ib wZwb| Zvi cÖKvwkZ I AcÖKvwkZ
¸iæZ¡c~Y© MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q AvjdvwiK (1904), nvqvZ-G myKivZ (1904), Avmy‡`Mv‡b XvKv
(1946), XvKv cPvm& eim& †cn‡j (1949), mvjvmv ¸mmvjv, ZvhwKivZzj-dzhvjv, gvmwR`-G
XvKv BZ¨vw`| Avmy‡`Mv‡b XvKvq XvKvi weL¨vZ gvhvimg~n I XvKv cPvm eim †cn‡j MÖ‡š’ Dwbk-
wek kZ‡Ki XvKvi BwZnvm wjwce× n‡q‡Q| nvwKg nvweeyi ingvb Avj gvkwiK (1906) I
hv`y (1923) bv‡g `ywU gvwmK cwÎKv m¤úv`bv I cÖKvk K‡i evsjv I Avmv‡g cÖ_g D`y©
mvsevw`KZvi myPbv K‡ib| AvÄygvb-G D`y© bvgK c~e© evsjv I Avmvg wfwËK GKwU msMV‡biI
cÖwZôvZv m¤úv`K wQ‡jb wZwb|
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Dfq fvlvq mvwnZ¨ PPv© K‡ib| LvRv gynv¤§` Avhg Bmjvgx cÂv‡qZ XvKv (1911) bvgK D`y©
cyw¯ÍKv iPbv K‡ib| Zvi cyÎ LvRv gynv¤§` Av‡`j nvwKg nvweeyi ingv‡bi mv‡_ †hŠ_fv‡e
m¤úv`bv K‡ib hv`y cwÎKvwU| LvRv Avãyi iwng mvev `v¯Í-G mvev bv‡g D`y© Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib|
beve LvRv Avnmvb Djøvn (1845-1901) ÔkvnxbÕ Kve¨bv‡g KzwjøqvZ iPbv K‡ib| Zvi
ZvIqvwiL-G Lv›`vb-G Kvk¥xwiqvu BwZnvmg~jK| GwU GLbI AcÖKvwkZ| kvnxb m½xZ iPbvI
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(1884) bv‡g GKwU D`y© mvßvwnK XvKv †_‡K cÖKvwkZ nq| beve Avãyj Mwbi †`ŠwnÎ I beve
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wQ‡jb evsjv fvlx D`y© Kwe| †LjvdZ Av‡›`vj‡bi GB mwµq Kgx© Zvi w`Iqvb-G Avjg Gi Rb¨
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wnmv‡e †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| hw`I Gi cvÐzwjwc‡Z D`y© nid cvIqv hv‡”Q| AvjMv Ki †Mv †Lvcvi
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m¤¢eZ| A_P, bRiæ‡ji Mh‡ji m~Pbv-B n‡q‡Q D`y© Mhj I KvIqvwji cÖfv‡e|
D`y© ni‡d cvIqv bRiæ‡ji MhjwU wb¤œiƒcÑ
Avq mvËvi, Avq Mvddvi,
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1. A¯úó
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cvIqv hvq|

†k‡i evsjv G.‡K. dRjyj n‡Ki cÖ¯Íve

evsjv‡`‡k D`y© ïay K_¨ wKsev mvwnZ¨ PPv©i g‡a¨B mxgve× wQj bv| wkÿvi gva¨g wnmv‡e c‡i
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PPv©i GKwU bgybv) G.‡K. dRjyj nK ZLb evsjvi cÖavbgš¿x| 1939 mv‡ji 29-31 †m‡Þ¤^i
†KvjKvZvi †gvnv¤§` Avjx cv‡K© Aj BwÛqv gymwjg GWz‡Kkb Kbdv‡i‡Ýi mfvcwZZ¡ Kv‡j
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e³e¨wU AZ¨šÍ Zvrch©c~Y©| D`y©‡Z †`Iqv fvlYwUi wKQz Ask evsjvq cov hvKÑ
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GB KjKvZvq| D`©y fvlvi gnvb †jLK I Kwe‡`i Rb¥ n‡q‡Q ev½jvq Ges Zv‡`i
 Awewkó Hk¦h© GLbI me©Î cvIqv hvq| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b ¯‹yj¸wji AvaywbK e¨e¯’vi e‡`Šj‡Z
Ae¯’v GB n‡q‡Q †h, D`©y ‡_‡K `~iZ¡ I ‰ewiZv µgvMZ e„w× cv‡”Q Ges GB wec` Abyfe
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ev½jvq D`©y ‡ev‡S Ggb †KD _vK‡e bv| ¯‹y‡j D`©y‡K cix¶vi eva¨Zvg~jK wØZxq fvlv
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GB cÖ¯ÍvewU GLb ch©šÍ ev¯ÍevwqZ bv nIqvi GKwU cÖavb KviY n‡jv KjKvZv
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Ki‡Z cv‡i, bv gymwjg msL¨vMwi‡ôi cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡i mv‡_ Gi `~iZg †Kv‡bv m¤úK© Av‡Q|
Z`ycwi eZ©gv‡b GwU mgMÖ ev½jvi gymjgvb, A”Qyr Ges Ab¨vb¨ `j Ges ¯^qs mvaviY
wn›`y‡`i wk¶vMZ ¯^v‡_©i weKv‡ki c‡_ evav n‡q `vuwo‡q Av‡Q| Avwg GB mgm¨vwU wb‡q
Avjv`vfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kie| GLb Avwg ïay GUzKzB AviR Kie †h, Avwg AšÍZ ev½jvi
gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ D`©y‡K GKwU eva¨Zvg~jK welq Kivi wm×všÍ wb‡qwQ Ges mvaviY
gymjgvb‡`i mg_©‡b Avwg G‡Z mdj ne| D`©y wjwci weKvk I msi¶YI GKwU AZ¨šÍ
¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| Avjøvni ing‡Z GB wjwci myev‡` gymjgvb‡`i A‡bK ¯^v”Q›`¨ I myweav
n‡q‡Q| dvwm©, ckZy, Kvk¥xwi, cvÄvwe, wmwÜ I D`©y GKB wjwc‡ZB †jLv nq Ges GB
wjwci mve©RbxbZvi Kvi‡Y Avgiv wewfbœ cÖ‡`‡ki gvbyl gvbwmK I eyw×e„wËKfv‡e G‡K
Ac‡ii Lye KvQvKvwQ|Õ
wZwb GI e‡jbÑ
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c‡_i me evav †kl ch©šÍ `~i n‡q hv‡e| D`y©i we‡ivwaZv †Kv_v †_‡K n‡”Q GB mgm¨vi
wbimb n‡j ev½jvq gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ D`y©‡K GKwU eva¨Zvg~jK welq wnmv‡e Rvwi Kivi
c‡_ †h evav wQj, ZvI `~i n‡e| Avwg Rvwb †h ev½jvi gymjgvb Ges Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK
†Mvôx Pvq ¯‹z‡j D`y©‡K eva¨Zvg~jK welq Kiv †nvK, wKš‘ eY©wn›`y‡`i GKvwacZ¨ev`x
†Mvôx, hviv KjKvZv wek^we`¨vjq‡K ˆcZ…K DËivwaKv‡i cwiYZ K‡i‡Q Ges ev½jvi
mg¯Í ¯‹z‡ji cvV¨µ‡gi Dci AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi K‡i Av‡Q, Zviv Pvq bv gymjgvb‡`i GB
B”Qv c~iY †nvK, hw`I G‡Z Zv‡`i †Kvb jvf ev ÿwZ †bB wKsev Gi m‡½ Zv‡`i †KvbI
m¤úK©I †bB| KviY, Avgv‡`i miKvi, gv`ªv‡Ri Ks‡MÖm gš¿Yvj‡qi gZ, wµwgbvj A¨v±
ejeZ K‡i wnw›`‡K †Rvic~e©K RbM‡Yi Dci Pvwc‡q w`‡Z Pvq bv| eis GwU‡K Ab¨vb¨
 RvwZi Rb¨ GKwU Hw”QK welq Ges gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ GKwU eva¨Zvg~jK welq Ki‡Z
Pvq|Õ
†k‡i evsjvi cÖ`Ë e³…Zv †_‡K Rvbv hvq, †KvjKvZvi Avãyj Iqv`y` bv‡g R‰bK hyeK D`y©
wjwci ms¯‹vi KvR ïiæ K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb e‡jbÑ
ÔAvgv‡`i kn‡ii GKRb hyeK Rbve Avãyj Iqv`y` weG gvIjvbv nvwKg Aveyj evivKvZ
Avãyi iDd Kv`ixÕi (mfvcwZ KjKvZv †Rjv gymwjg jxM) gnvb DËim~ix, eQ‡ii ci
eQi cix¶v-wbix¶vi ci GKwU we‡kl wjwc I UvBc D™¢veb K‡i‡Qb| GB wjwci bvg
†`Iqv n‡q‡Q ÔKv`ix LZÕ| Gi wKQz ˆewkó¨ Ggb †h, Avkv Kiv hvq, GwU D`©y
UvBcivBUvi Ges D`©y K‡¤úvwRs I gy`ªY BZ¨vw` mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡e| Avwg kÖ‡×q
f`ª‡jvK I fvlv‡cÖgx‡`i ÔKv`ix wjwcÕi m¤¢ve¨ weKvk‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡Z Ges Gi gva¨‡g
fvlvi mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †Póv Ki‡Z Aby‡iva KiwQ|Õ

Avhv`x, wnRiZ I beD`¨g

1947 mv‡j weªwUk †kvl‡Yi bvMcvk †_‡K Dcgnv‡`k gy³ nq| wKš‘ †`kfv‡Mi fqvenZv jvL
jvL ewb Av`g‡K ivZvivwZ DØv¯‘‡Z cwiYZ K‡i| cÖwZ‡ekx AÂj †_‡K exfrmZvi wkKvi
gymjgvbiv XvKvq AvZ¥iÿv I mvgvb¨ AvkÖ‡qi Rb¨ wnRiZ K‡ib| G‡`i A‡b‡KiB fvlv wQj
D`y©| hw`I Zv‡`i mevB‡KB Avgfv‡e wenvix e‡j wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q, Z‡e mZ¨ Zvi †P‡q
mvgvb¨ e¨eav‡bi| GgbwK evOvwji Awemsevw`Z †bZv wnmv‡e cwiwPZ †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`x©
ïay D`y©fvlxB wQ‡jb bv, 21 †deªæqvwi XvKvi ivRc‡_ i³v³ BwZnvm iPbvi ci 24 †deªæqvwi
cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b GK Rbmfvq wZwb D`y©‡KB cvwK¯Ív‡bi GKgvÎ ivóªfvlv nIqvi †hvM¨ e‡j e³…Zv
†`b|
mvZPwjø‡k wenvi I Av‡kcv‡ki GjvKv †_‡K wnRiZ K‡i Gme Rb‡Mvôx bZzb K‡i c~e© evsjvq
wbevm M‡ob| G‡`i g‡a¨ ¯^íwkwÿZ I wbiÿiiv we‡kl K‡i wkí-KviLvbv, †ij BZ¨vw`‡Z
kÖwgK wnmv‡e †hvM †`q| Av‡M †_‡KI D`y©fvlx gvby‡li AvwacZ¨ wQj Gme Kg©‡ÿ‡Î| d‡j
wb¤œ¯Í‡ii gvby‡li g‡a¨ bZzb K‡i D`y©i we¯Ívi N‡U|
Avi wkwÿZ‡`i gva¨‡g c~e© evsjvq bZzb D`¨‡g D`y© mvwn‡Z¨i hvÎv ïiæ nq| †iRv Avjx Iqvn&mZ
(1881-1953), mwjgyjøvn dvnwgmn †ek K‡qKRb D`y© Kwe ZrKvjxb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b Av‡mb|
ZLb wbqwgZ gykvqiv AbywôZ n‡Zv XvKvq| cÖL¨vZ weÁvbx Rvgvj bRiæj Bmjv‡gi gv ivnvZ
Aviv †eMg D`y©fvlx wenvix wQ‡jb| †QvUMí iPbvq wZwb we‡kl `ÿZv †i‡L‡Qb| Zvi evumywi wK
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bvU‡Ki cÖ_g D`y© Abyev`KI wQ‡jb wZwb|
GQvov D‡¤§ Av¤§viv, Avng` mvw`, Avkivd gvn&cywi, †eMg Rqbe Zvmwbb, BDmyd Avnwg cÖgyL
D`y© †QvUMíKvi i‡q‡Qb G mg‡qi| Gme iPbv LvIqvi (XvKv, 1952), bvwhg (XvKv, 1960),
KY©dzjx (PÆMÖvg,1967) Ges `vwe¯Ív-G gvkwiK (Lyjbv) cÖf„wZ cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ n‡Zv| GQvov
IqvZb (XvKv, 1947) I cvmevb (XvKv, 1947) mn &AviI K‡qKwU cwÎKv ZLb XvKv †_‡K
cÖKvwkZ n‡Zv| †m mg‡q AwaKvsk ¯‹zj-K‡j‡Ri evwl©K g¨vMvwR‡b GKwU D`y© wefvM _vKZ|
†iwWI cvwK¯Ívb †_‡K Lei QvovI D`y© bvUKI cÖPvwiZ n‡Zv| ivRkvnx wek^we`¨vj‡qI cÖwZôvKvj
†_‡KB D`y©I cVb-cvVb ïiæ nq|

XvKvB Pjw”P‡Î D`y©

cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j evsjv‡`‡k Pjw”PÎ wbgv©Y ïiæ nq| 1956 †_‡K 1971 mvj Awã †gvU 224wU
wm‡bgv wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q XvKvq| Gi g‡a¨ 59wUB D`y© fvlvq wbwg©Z| XvKvi D`y© QvqvQwe w`‡qB
cvwK¯Ív‡bi Pjw”PÎ RM‡Z D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡q D‡Vwj‡Qb kebg, kvevbv, bvwmgv Lvb, myjZvbv
Rvgvb, †ikgv, Keix, ingvb, Av‡bvqvi †nv‡mb, bvw`g cÖgyL Awf‡bZviv|
ZrKvjxb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b D`y© Pjw”P‡Îi hvÎv ïiæ nq Rv‡Mv ûqv mv‡fiv w`‡q| 1959 mv‡ji 25
†g gywfwU gyw³ cvq| gvwbK e‡›`vcva¨v‡qi cÙv b`xi gvwSi Rwni ivqnvb K…Z Bs‡iwR Abyev`
†_‡K D`y©‡Z Gi wPÎbvU¨ I msjvc wj‡L‡Qb cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖL¨vZ Kwe d‡qR Avn‡g` d‡qR|
QwewU A¯‹v‡iI g‡bvbxZ n‡qwQj| Gici 1962 mv‡j Pv›`v bv‡g Av‡iKwU D`y© Qwe ˆZwi nq
XvKvq| Gici †_‡KB G‡K G‡K A‡bK¸‡jv D`y© Qwe wbwg©Z n‡Z _v‡K|
1964 mv‡j D`y© fvlvq wbwg©Z m½g cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖ_g iwOb wm‡bgv| Gi cwiPvjK wQ‡jb Rwni
ivqnvb| IB eQ‡ii wW‡m¤^‡i cvwK¯Ív‡bi wm‡bgvi BwZnv‡m ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Qwe K¨vivfvb gyw³ cvq|
†bcv‡ji ivRcÖvmv‡` GwU wPÎvwqZ n‡qwQj| cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖ_g wm‡bgv‡¯‹vc Qwe evnvbvI wbwg©Z
n‡qwQj XvKvq|
XvKvq wbwg©Z 59wU D`y© wm‡bgvi A‡bK¸‡jvB mgMÖ cvwK¯Ív‡b RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡i| †hgb Pv›`v,
Zvjvk, m½g, wgjb, eÜb, KvRj, evnvbv, jv÷ †÷kb, P‡Kvwi, `k©b, †Qv‡U mv‡ne, †mv‡q
b`xqv Rv‡M cvwb, Pv›` AvIi Pv›`wb, Kzwj, `vM, Avbvox, knx` wZZzgxi cÖf…wZ| Gme wm‡bgvi
cwiPvjK‡`i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Qb Gn‡Zkvg, gy¯ÍvwdR, Rwni ivqnvb, bRiæj Bmjvg, Lvb AvZvDi
ingvb cÖgyL|
Awef³ cvwK¯Ív‡b XvKvq ˆZwi me©‡kl D`y© wm‡bgvi bvg R¦j‡Z m~ih †K wb‡P| QwewU 1971
mv‡ji 10 †m‡Þ¤^i gyw³ cvq| evsjv‡`‡ki Afy¨`‡qi ci 1974 mv‡j Rv‡b AvbRv‡b bv‡g GKwU
D`y© Qwe XvKvq wbwg©Z n‡qwQj| †mwU ïay evsjv‡`‡kB cÖ`wk©Z nq| Gici 1983 †_‡K 1993
mvj ch©šÍ evsjv‡`k I cvwK¯Ív‡bi †hŠ_ cÖ‡hvRbvq Av‡iv 18wU Qwe wbwg©Z nq| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨
i‡q‡Q †ivwRbv-bvw`‡gi nvg †m n¨vq Rvgvbv, eweZv-Rvdi BKev‡ji bv`vwb, bvw`g-kvevbvi
nvjPvj, iw½jv-‡ivwRbv-iv¾v‡Ki mvZ m‡nwjqv, bvw`g-kvevbvi AvwÜ D‡jøL‡hvM¨|

cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b evOvwj ZviKv

gRvi welq n‡”Q D`y© wm‡bgvi BwZnv‡m me‡P‡q RbwcÖq bvwqKv wQ‡jb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi kebg|
Zvi AwfbxZ Avqbv QwewU cvwK¯Ív‡bi nj¸‡jv‡Z me‡P‡q †ewk mgq Pjvi †iKW© ˆZwi K‡i|
`xN© 28 eQ‡ii ivR‡Z¡ kebg 13 evi cvwK¯Ív‡bi †miv wbMvi cyi¯‹vi AR©b K‡ib| wZwb
beŸB‡qi `k‡K evsjv‡`‡k wd‡i Av‡mb|
†`‡ki cÖL¨vZ wkíx iæbv jvqjvI D`y© Pjw”P‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡Lb| gvÎ 13 eQi eq‡m
MvIqv Bb wK bR‡iv †m †Rv gynveŸZ Kv cqMvg mybv Mv‡bi gva¨‡g RbwcªqZv AR©b K‡ib wZwb|
cvwK¯Ív‡b `yÕevi wbMvi cyi¯‹vi †R‡Zb iæbv| evsjv, D`y© QvovI cvÄvwe, wmwÜ I Aviwemn 17wU
fvlvq Mvb K‡i‡Qb wZwb| 1974 mv‡j †`‡k wd‡i Av‡mb|
D`y© Mv‡bi cÖm½ G‡j kvnbvR ingZzjøvni D‡jøL Aek¨¤¢vex| kvnbvRI evsjv‡`‡ki †g‡q,
Awf‡bZv Rvdi BKev‡ji †evb| Zvi eû D`y© Mvb i‡q‡Q hv cvwK¯Ív‡b GLbI MxZ nq| Zv‡KI
kÖ×vi mv‡_ ¯§iY K‡ib cvwK¯Ív‡bi ms¯‹…wZ †cÖwgiv| Gi we‡kl KviY Zvi MvIqv †mvnwb awZ©
Avjøvn iv‡L K`g K`g Avev` MvbwU| GB MvbwU‡K GKcÖKvi cvwK¯Ív‡bi weKí RvZxq m½xZ
wnmv‡e we‡ePbv K‡ib A‡b‡K| MvbwU 1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb nIqvi ci †`‡k wd‡i Avmvi
mgq †M‡qwQ‡jb wZwb| GKBmv‡_ wRI‡q wRI‡q wRI‡q cvwK¯Ívb MvbwUI Zvi MvIqv| GwUI
Zzgyj RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡i| 1970 mv‡j Zvi Av‡iKwU Mvb mvov RvMvq| `wÿYe‡½ N~wY©So
wb‡q Zvi MvIqv MvbwUi wk‡ivbvg Ni †Zv AvwLi Avcbv n¨vq|
weL¨vZ I RbwcÖq Mvb AvR Rv‡b wK wR` bv Kv‡iv, Zmwei †Zwi w`j †giv †enjv bv mv‡KwM
wKsev bv Zzg †g‡i bv w`j †givi g‡Zv Mv‡bi iPwqZv dvqvR nvkwg †KvjKvZvq Rb¥MÖnY
K‡iwQ‡jb| mvZPwjø‡ki †cÖÿvc‡U wZwb cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b iIbv †`b| Zvi nv‡Z Mov wkíx‡`i
g‡a¨ gwjøKv-G Mhj dwi`v LvbgI wQ‡jb cwðg evsjvi gvbyl|
agx©q cwigЇj D`y© PPv©
evsjv‡`‡k D`y© PPv© cÖm‡½ G A‡ji Av‡jg mgv‡Ri f‚wgKv D‡jøL bv Ki‡j P‡j bv| G‡`‡k
GLbI wgjv‡`-gvnwd‡j-gmwR‡` `iæ` cvV nq D`y©‡Z| GLbI wewfbœ GjvKvq IqvR gvnwdj I
Zvdwmiæj KziAv‡b eqvb Kiv nq D`y©‡Z| wVK mvaviY D”P wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b †hgb GLbI evsjv
fvlvq †U·U AcÖZzj, GKBfv‡e †`‡ki KIwg gv`ivmv ev agx©q D”P wkÿv cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡Z evsjv
fvlvq PPv© Kiv m¤¢e n‡q I‡Vwb| weKí wnmv‡e mnR‡eva¨ Ges Bmjv‡gi cÖvq mKj Áv‡biB
iZœfvÐvi D`y© fvlv G‡`‡ki ag© wkÿvi cÖavb gva¨g wnmv‡e wU‡K i‡q‡Q|
ZvQvov evsjv‡`‡k D`y©i cÖvwZôvwbK PPv© G‡`‡ki gv`ivmv e¨e¯’v †_‡KB ïiæ n‡q‡Q| D`y© mvwnZ¨
PPv©i †ÿ‡Î XvKv †gvnwmwbqv gv`ivmvi `yBRb wkÿ‡Ki K_v B‡Zvc~‡e© Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q|

cwi‡k‡l
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XvKv I †KvjKvZvi iv¯Ívq ZLb cÖwZaŸwb Zz‡j‡Q| ZvQvov B‡q AvRv`x SzUv n¨vq, jv‡Lv Bbmvb
fzLv n¨vq ÑAvRv`xi Ae¨ewnZ c‡iB KwgDwb÷ cvwU© AvRv`x‡K weZwK©Z Ki‡Z GB †¯øvMv‡b
AvIqvR †Zv‡jwb wK?
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv‡ZI GwU ¯úó n‡q‡Q †h D`y© mvwnZ¨, wm‡bgv I Mv‡b evsjv‡`k Ges evOvwj‡`i
Ae`vb Ab¯^xKvh©| †Kvbfv‡eB evsjv AÂj ev` w`‡q D`y© mvwnZ¨, wm‡bgv I Mv‡bi BwZnvm
c~Y©Zv †c‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‘ fviZ I cvwK¯Ív‡b D`y© fvlvi †ÿ‡Î evsjvi Ae`vb ¯^xKvi Kiv nq
bv| XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡qi D`y© wefv‡Mi Aa¨vcK D‡¤§ mvjgvI Zvi cÖe‡Ü GB Avd‡mvm K‡i‡Qb|
wKš‘ GB ¯^xK…wZ bv †`Iqvi cðv‡Z nq‡Zv GwUB eo KviY †h evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl wb‡RB D`y©i
cÖwZ Zvi AwaKvi ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| Z‡e 2012 mv‡j cwðge½ miKvi D`y©‡K cÖ‡`‡ki
wØZxq miKvwi fvlvi ghv©`v w`‡q‡Q|
k~b¨ `k‡K XvKvq D`y© Kwe bIkv` b~ixi MÖš’ †ivRvb-G `vi cÖKvwkZ nq| Abyôv‡b mfvcwZZ¡
K‡ib Kwe kvgmyi ivngvb| wZwb D`y©i cÖwZ ˆelg¨ I we‡Øl †cvlY bv Kivi AvnŸvb Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb
IB Abyôv‡b|
†kl Kiv P‡j AvjZvd cvi‡f‡Ri GKwU cÖeÜ w`‡q| cÖ_g Av‡jv cwÎKvq 2019 mv‡ji 26
Ryb evsjv‡`‡ki D`y©fvlx gvbyl I Kwei AvwZ© wk‡ivbv‡gi IB cÖe‡Ü wZwb Rvbv‡”Qb, GK mgq
XvKvi bevecyi †iv‡Wi †nv‡Uj¸‡jv‡Z D`y© Kwe‡`i Avmi emZ| Zviv Dcgnv‡`k Ry‡o Avgwš¿Z
n‡Zb gykvqivq| wKš‘ Gici Zv Avi GgbwU _v‡Kwb|
D`y© Kwe Avn‡g` Bwjqv‡mi GKwU KweZv D×…Z K‡i evsjv‡`‡k wejxqgvb D`y© fvlv I mvwnZ¨
iÿvi D‡`¨vM †bIqvi `vwe Rvbv‡bv nq cÖeÜwU‡Z| AvjZvd cvi‡f‡Ri fvlvqÑ Òevsjv‡`‡ki
Rb¨ GUv †MŠi‡ei n‡e hw` D`y©fvlx‡`i cybev©m‡b †h ivóªxq D‡`¨vM †bIqv n‡”Q, Zv‡Z gvZ…fvlvi
wjLb-cV‡b g`` `vb‡KI AšÍfz©³ Kiv nq| Gfv‡e Avgiv AviI †Rv‡ii m‡½ ej‡Z cvie,
†Kv‡bv fvlvi weiæ‡× bq, GKvˇii gyw³hy× wQj Jcwb‡ewkK gb¯Í‡Ë¡i weiæ‡×| D`y©fvlx
gvbyl¸‡jv‡K mgv‡Ri g~javivq wb‡q G‡m evsjv‡`k GKvˇii weRq‡K ˆbwZKfv‡e AviI eo
D”PZvq wb‡Z cv‡i|Ó
Avn‡g` Bwjqv‡mi GKwU KweZvq D`y©fvlx me©‡kl GB Kwe I Zvi ¯^RvwZi AvZ©bv` Dcjwä
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡iÑ
BZ‡b wnm‡mvu †g evUv ûu Mvqv g¨vq
Avc‡b wnm‡m †g KzQ evPv wn †bwn|

m~Î:
1. KvwbR-B evZzj, D`y©, evsjvwcwWqv
2. bRiæj iPbvejx, 9g LÐ, evsjv GKv‡Wwg
3. †gv. gbRyiæj Bmjvg, Avãyj Avjxg: wkíxi `vq Ges GKwU mvÿvrKvi, †jLv‡jwLi DVvb, 25
Rvbyqvwi, 2023
4. †k‡i evsjv D`©y‡K evOvwj gymjgvb‡`i wk¶vi gva¨g Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb, bZzb XvKv WvB‡R÷, 7
wW‡m¤^i, 2022
5. †gv. mvnveywÏb mvey, XvKvBqv †mveŸvwm I Zv‡`i fvlv, cÖ_g Av‡jv, 24 A‡±vei, 2021
6. AvjZvd cvi‡fR, evsjv‡`‡k D`y©fvlx gvbyl I Kwei AvwZ©, cÖ_g Av‡jv, 26 Ryb, 2019
7. Fazila Gulrez, Urdu in Bangladesh, The Dawn, 11 September, 2002
8. Rv‡f` û‡mb, evsjv‡`‡ki D`y© KweZv Avi wenv‡ii LwÐZ mËv, wméiæU, 17 Ryb, 2022
9. mv‡jn kwdK, nviv‡bv eyK‡jU I D`y© Qwei Sjg‡j Rwni ivqnvb, kebg, Keix I Gn‡Zkv‡giv, `¨
weR‡bm ÷¨vÛvW©, 20 GwcÖj, 2022