CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Voice morphing, also referred to as voice transformation or voice

conversion, is a captivating technology that allows for the modification of
a person's voice to resemble the voice of another individual or possess
specific desired qualities. This innovative field has gained considerable
attention and has found applications in diverse areas such as
entertainment, telecommunications, security, and human-computer
interaction. By altering the fundamental aspects of speech, voice
morphing opens up new possibilities for creative expression, improved
accessibility, and enhanced communication. It involves the
transformation of vocal characteristics, such as pitch, timbre, formants,
and other acoustic features, to achieve the desired vocal effect. Voice
morphing has gained significant popularity due to its applications in
entertainment, creative content creation, and various other fields.

The concept of voice morphing has existed for several decades, but recent
advancements in digital signal processing, machine learning, and deep
learning techniques have significantly improved its capabilities. By
harnessing the power of sophisticated algorithms and neural networks,
voice morphing systems can produce highly realistic and convincing
voice transformations, blurring the lines between real and synthesized
voices.

Voice morphing finds extensive use in the entertainment industry,

allowing voice actors to create unique character voices for animations,
video games, and movies. It also has applications in voice disguise,

1
 where individuals may wish to conceal their identities or provide privacy
in certain situations.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The concept of voice morphing emerged as a result of advancements in

digital signal processing, speech analysis, and machine learning
techniques. The ability to modify and transform human voices has
captivated researchers, engineers, and artists alike, leading to significant
developments in the field.

The earliest attempts voice morphing can be traced back to the 1980s,
when researchers began exploring techniques to alter speech
characteristics and manipulate vocal features. Initially, voice morphing
was primarily focused on changing the pitch or fundamental frequency of
a voice, often for artistic or comedic purposes. However, with the advent
of more sophisticated algorithms and computational power, the scope of
voice morphing expanded to include a broader range of vocal
modifications, such as altering formants, prosody, and even mimicking
specific voices.

One of the primary motivations behind voice morphing research is its

potential for enhancing entertainment experiences. In the film industry,
voice morphing enables dubbing and voice-over, allowing for seamless
language translation and localization of movies. It also facilitates the
creation of unique character voices, making animated and computer-
generated characters more expressive and engaging. Voice morphing has
been utilized in video games, enabling lifelike and immersive experiences
by giving virtual characters distinct and realistic voices.

2
 Beyond entertainment, voice morphing has found applications in various
domains. In telecommunications, it plays a crucial role in speech
enhancement and restoration, allowing for clearer communication in
noisy environments or over low-quality connections. Voice morphing is
also employed in speaker verification and identification systems,
improving accuracy and enabling secure access to sensitive information.
Additionally, voice morphing techniques have been used to convert
speech from one language to another, aiding in cross-language
communication and accessibility.

However, alongside the advancements in voice morphing technology,

ethical and security concerns have emerged. The ability to manipulate
and imitate voices raises issues related to identity theft, fraud, and privacy
violations. There is a growing need to address these challenges and
develop robust methods for detecting manipulated voices and ensuring
the responsible use of voice morphing technology.

1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The aim of the study is to examine the concept of voice morphing:

The objectives of this study are stated as follows:

i. To preserve the shared eristic of the starting and final signals while
generating smooth transition.
ii. To identify the challenges faced in voice morphing.
iii. To produce natural sounding hybrid voices between two speakers,
uttering the same content.

1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this study is centered on voice morphing and its techniques
and application.

3
1.4 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Voice Morphing: The process of altering or modifying a person's voice

to sound different from its original characteristics through the use of
digital signal processing techniques.

Digital Signal Processing (DSP): The manipulation, analysis, and

modification of digital signals, such as audio, using mathematical
algorithms and techniques to extract, filter, enhance, or transform the
signals.

Dubbing: The process of replacing the original voice track of a video or

film with a translated version in a different language, often using voice
morphing techniques to synchronize the lip movements of the characters
with the new voice.

Speech Synthesis: The artificial production of human speech using

computer algorithms and techniques to convert written text or phonetic
representations into intelligible and natural-sounding speech.

Voiceover: The process of recording and adding a voice narration or

commentary to a video, film, or multimedia content to provide
information, explanation, or storytelling.

Speaker Verification: The process of confirming or verifying the

identity of a speaker by comparing their voice characteristics, such as
pitch, intonation, and speech patterns, with a pre-registered voice sample
or template.

Speech Intelligibility: The extent to which speech can be understood or

comprehended by a listener. It is affected by factors such as clarity,
articulation, pronunciation, and the absence of distortion or background
noise.

4
Voice Rehabilitation: The process of restoring or improving a person's
ability to speak after experiencing speech impairments or disorders, often
through speech therapy, exercises, or technological interventions,
including voice morphing techniques.

Voice Quality: Voice quality refers to the overall perceived

characteristics of a person's voice, including attributes like pitch, timbre,
clarity, and expressiveness.

Voice Variability: Voice variability describes the natural fluctuations

and differences observed in a person's voice due to emotional state, age,
health, or other individual factors.

Voice Acting: Voice acting is the art of using one's voice to portray
characters in animations, video games, movies, or audio productions,
bringing them to life with distinct voices and emotions.

Character Voice Creation: Character voice creation involves crafting

unique and fitting voices for fictional characters in creative content,
requiring creativity and versatility from voice actors.

Phonemes: Phonemes are the smallest distinct units of sound in a

language that carry meaning and can be combined to form words and
sentences.

Computer Human Interface: Computer Human Interface (CHI) refers

to the interaction between humans and computers through input/output
devices, enabling users to communicate with computers effectively.

Signal: In the context of voice processing, a signal is an electrical or

digital representation of voice or audio data, conveying information about
the sound wave.

5
Speech: Speech is the act of producing spoken language using vocal
organs to articulate sounds and convey meaningful messages and
information.

6
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

According to Walt (2017), Voice morphing refers to the process of

transforming the vocal characteristics of a speaker into another voice,
typically using digital signal processing techniques. Voice morphing is
the art of altering vocal attributes such as pitch, timbre, and formants to
create a synthesized voice that is distinct from the original speaker's
voice.

voice morphing involves modifying the acoustic features of speech,

enabling the synthesis of a target voice that may differ significantly from
the source voice (Gundersen, 2010).

The concept of voice morphing refers to the digital manipulation of

speech to create an output voice that retains the linguistic content while
sounding like a different speaker. Voice morphing encompasses a variety
of techniques that modify a person's voice, enabling applications in
entertainment, anonymity, and vocal disguise (Russell, 2011).

Voice morphing is an emerging technology that allows for the alteration

of vocal characteristics, paving the way for enhanced voice conversion
and synthesis applications (Shrikanth, 2018)

Voice morphing is a creative tool that enables the generation of various

voice styles, ranging from robotic and cartoonish to natural and human-
like, by manipulating speech attributes (Tuomo, 2021).

Voice morphing techniques have evolved significantly over the past few
decades. Initially, research focused on basic pitch shifting and time
scaling algorithms (Moulines & Charpentier, 1990). With advancements

7
 in digital signal processing and machine learning, more sophisticated
methods emerged, such as the use of Gaussian mixture models (GMMs)
and hidden Markov models (HMMs) (Tokuda et al., 2013).

Voice morphing has found applications in various domains, including

telecommunications, entertainment, and security. In telecommunications,
it enables efficient bandwidth utilization by transmitting only the
parameters necessary for synthesizing the target voice (Matos et al.,
2007). In entertainment, voice morphing is employed for dubbing, voice
impersonation, and creating novel characters (Smith, 2016). Moreover, in
security, it raises concerns regarding identity theft and voice-based
authentication systems (Alegre et al., 2019).

Despite its potential, voice morphing poses several challenges. One of the
primary concerns is the ability to produce natural-sounding synthetic
voices. Existing techniques often struggle to preserve the natural prosody
and timbre of the original speaker (Campbell & Reynolds, 2010).
Additionally, voice morphing raises ethical and legal issues, particularly
in the context of privacy invasion and impersonation (Dautrich et al.,
2018).

To address the challenges associated with voice morphing, future

research directions may include exploring advanced machine learning
algorithms, such as deep learning and generative adversarial networks
(GANs) (Gómez et al., 2021). Moreover, there is a need for robust
authentication methods capable of detecting morphed voices (Bhargava et
al., 2022).

2.1 CURRENT TRENDS IN VOICE MORHPING

Deep Learning Approaches: Deep learning techniques, such as neural

networks and generative models, have gained significant traction in voice

8
morphing. Models like Variational Autoencoders (VAE) and Generative
Adversarial Networks (GAN) are being employed to generate more
realistic and natural-sounding morphed voices. These deep learning
approaches have shown promise in capturing the intricate details of
speech and producing high-quality voice transformations (Baudoin &
Stylianou, 2011).

Style Transfer and Emotion Manipulation: Voice morphing techniques

are increasingly being used for style transfer and emotion manipulation.
Researchers are exploring methods to alter the speaking style of a voice,
such as transforming a formal voice into a more casual or conversational
style. Similarly, there is growing interest in manipulating the emotional
content of voices, enabling the generation of happy, sad, or angry voices.
These advancements open up possibilities for creating personalized voice
experiences and enhancing emotional expression in human-computer
interaction.

Multimodal Voice Morphing: Multimodal voice morphing involves

integrating voice transformation techniques with other modalities, such as
facial expression synthesis or gesture generation. This approach aims to
create a more immersive and synchronized user experience by
transforming both the voice and non-verbal cues simultaneously. The
combination of voice morphing with visual or gestural transformations
can enhance the realism and coherence of multimodal interactions.

Cross-Lingual Voice Morphing: Cross-lingual voice morphing involves

transforming voices from one language to another while preserving
speaker identity. This area of research has gained attention due to its
potential applications in language learning, translation, and cross-cultural
communication. Techniques such as voice conversion and accent

9
conversion are being explored to enable seamless communication
between speakers of different languages.

Real-Time and Low-Latency Voice Morphing: Real-time voice

morphing is another emerging trend in the field. Efforts are being made to
develop efficient algorithms and architectures that can perform voice
morphing in real-time with minimal latency. This is particularly
important for applications that require immediate response, such as live
voice manipulation during interactive conversations or real-time voice
conversion in telecommunication systems.

Ethical Considerations and Responsible Use: With the increasing

capabilities of voice morphing technology, ethical considerations and
responsible use have become important areas of focus. Researchers and
policymakers are exploring the potential misuse and ethical implications
of voice morphing, such as identity theft, fraud, and unauthorized voice
impersonation. Efforts are being made to develop guidelines, regulations,
and tools for detecting and mitigating the risks associated with unethical
use of voice morphing technology

Privacy and Security: As voice morphing technology advances,

ensuring the privacy and security of individuals' voices has become
crucial. Protecting voice data from unauthorized access and preventing
voice forgery or spoofing attacks are important research areas.
Techniques such as voice watermarking and speaker verification systems
are being explored to enhance the security and authenticity of voice
morphing applications.

These current trends reflect the ongoing advancements and emerging

research areas in voice morphing. They not only focus on improving the
quality and realism of morphed voices but also address important ethical,

10
 privacy, and security considerations. By staying abreast of these trends,
researchers and practitioners can contribute to the further development
and responsible deployment of voice morphing technology (Kain &
Macon, 2018).

Figure 2.1: Model Diagram of the process of Voice Morphing

Source
(https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UeWVFwpChiU/Tit_p-2V9gI/AAAAAAAAABA/s
vKPh3-PyMw/w1200-h630-p-k-no-nu/1.JPG )

11
2.2 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF VOICE MORPHING

Voice morphing is a technique for modifying a source speaker's speech to

sound as if it was spoken by some designated target speaker. This can be
done by transforming the spectral and temporal characteristics of the
source speech signal to match those of the target speaker. Voice
morphing has a number of potential applications, including:

 Entertainment: Voice morphing can be used to create synthetic

voices that sound like famous actors or singers. This can be used in
movies, TV shows, and video games.
 Telecommuting: Voice morphing can be used to allow people to
telecommute without having to worry about their voice being
recognized by others.
 Security: Voice morphing can be used to create secure voice
authentication systems.
 There are a number of different methods for voice morphing. One
common method is to use a parametric model of the vocal tract.
This model is trained on a set of speech recordings from the source
and target speakers. The model can then be used to transform the
spectral and temporal characteristics of the source speech signal to
match those of the target speaker.

Another common method for voice morphing is to use a non-parametric

model of the vocal tract. This model is not trained on a set of speech
recordings. Instead, it is trained on a set of acoustic features extracted
from the speech recordings. The model can then be used to transform the
acoustic features of the source speech signal to match those of the target
speaker (Joseph, 2016).

12
 CHAPTER THREE

DISCUSSION

3.0 WHAT IS VOICE MORPHING

Voice morphing is a technique used to alter or manipulate a person's

voice to sound different or to mimic another voice. It involves modifying
various vocal characteristics, such as pitch, timbre, formants, and other
acoustic features, to achieve the desired vocal transformation. Voice
morphing can be achieved through digital signal processing techniques
and advanced algorithms. The process of voice morphing typically starts
with capturing or recording the source voice, which serves as the input to
the system. Then, using sophisticated audio processing algorithms, the
source voice is transformed to match the characteristics of the target
voice. The target voice can be any desired voice, whether it's a different
person's voice, a cartoon character, or even a robotic voice.

13
 Figure 3.1: Diagram model of voice morphing signal

3.1 THE CONCEPT OF VOICE MORPHING

Voice morphing refers to the process of altering or modifying a person's

voice to create a desired output or effect. It involves transforming the
characteristics of a source voice into those of a target voice while
preserving the linguistic content and speech intelligibility. Voice
morphing techniques leverage various algorithms and signal processing
methods to manipulate speech signals and modify their acoustic
properties.

The fundamental idea behind voice morphing is to enable the

modification of vocal characteristics, such as pitch, timbre, intonation,
and speaking style, while maintaining the naturalness and intelligibility of
the speech. By manipulating these acoustic features, voice morphing can
transform a speaker's voice into different voices, imitate specific
individuals, simulate fictional or animated characters, or create entirely
new and unique voices.

14
 Figure 3.2 Block diagram model of voice conversion.

Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Block-diagram-of-voice-
conversion_fig2_308760829

3.2 NEED OF VOICE MORPHING

Voice morphing serves several important purposes and fulfills various

needs, which include:

Entertainment: Voice morphing is extensively used in the entertainment

industry to create unique and distinct voices for characters in movies,
animated films, and video games. It allows voice actors to portray a wide
range of characters, including animals, mythical creatures, or even alter-
egos with different voice styles.

Vocal Disguise: In certain situations, individuals may need to conceal

their identity for privacy or security reasons. Voice morphing can help
achieve vocal disguise, making it challenging for others to recognize the
original speaker.

15
 Accessibility: Voice morphing technology can assist individuals with
speech disabilities or conditions that affect their vocal abilities. By
altering their voices, they can communicate more effectively or express
themselves differently.

Forensic Analysis: In forensic investigations, voice morphing can be

utilized to enhance speech intelligibility, remove noise or background
interference from audio recordings, and adjust the quality of a voice for
clearer analysis.

Creative Content: Content creators, such as podcasters, YouTubers, and

musicians, can use voice morphing to add unique and captivating vocal
effects to their productions, making their content more engaging and
appealing to the audience.

3.3 VOICE MORPHING PROCESS

The voice morphing process involves several steps that transform a

source voice into a target voice. These steps can be carried out through
digital signal processing techniques and advanced algorithms. Below is a
general outline of the voice morphing process:

Voice Recording: The first step is to record or capture the source voice
and, if available, the target voice. These voice recordings serve as the raw
input data for the voice morphing system.

Feature Extraction: The voice signals are analyzed to extract various

vocal characteristics, such as pitch, formants, timbre, and other acoustic
features. These features represent the unique aspects of the speaker's
voice.

16
 Alignment: To ensure that the source and target voices have the same
duration and correspond correctly, the two voice recordings may need to
be aligned in time.

Mapping: In this step, a mapping function is created to relate the vocal

characteristics of the source voice to those of the target voice. The
mapping function establishes how different acoustic features of the
source voice should be adjusted to match the target voice.

Transformation: Using the mapping function, the source voice features

are transformed to resemble those of the target voice. This transformation
can involve adjustments in pitch, timbre, and other vocal attributes.

Cross-synthesis: In some cases, cross-synthesis techniques may be

employed to blend aspects of the source and target voices together,
creating a smoother and more natural transition between the two.

Synthesis: Once the vocal characteristics are suitably transformed, the

new synthesized voice is generated. This voice retains the linguistic
content of the source voice while sounding like the target voice.

3.3 LIMITATION OF VOICE MORPHING

Voice morphing, while a powerful and versatile technology, also has

some limitations and challenges that researchers and developers need to
address. Some of the key limitations of voice morphing include:

Naturalness: Achieving a completely natural-sounding voice

transformation can be challenging, especially when significant changes in
vocal characteristics are required. The synthesized voice may still contain
artifacts or sound slightly unnatural to discerning listeners.

Speaker Variation: Voice morphing performance may degrade when

dealing with extreme differences between the source and target voices.

17
 Morphing between voices of vastly different age, gender, or accent can be
more challenging and may result in less convincing results.

Limited Training Data: High-quality voice morphing often requires a

substantial amount of training data, particularly when using deep learning
models. Obtaining a diverse and extensive dataset for all possible voice
combinations can be impractical or time-consuming.

Ethical Concerns: Voice morphing technology can potentially be

misused for deceptive or harmful purposes, such as voice impersonation
for fraudulent activities. This raises ethical concerns, and measures need
to be taken to prevent abuse.

Limited Expressiveness: Some voice morphing methods may struggle to

preserve the full expressive range of the original speaker's voice, leading
to a loss of emotion and nuance in the transformed voice.

3.4 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF VOICE MORPHING

Voice morphing, like any technology, has its merits and demerits. Let's
explore some of the advantages and disadvantages of voice morphing:

Advantages of Voice Morphing

 Creative Expression: Voice morphing allows for creative

expression and customization in various applications, such as
entertainment and multimedia content creation.
 Versatility and Flexibility: It allows for the transformation of a
speaker's voice to match a specific target voice or adapt to different
contexts, styles, or preferences, expanding the range of
possibilities.
 Personalization: Voice morphing allows for the personalization of
voice-based technologies, such as virtual assistants or chatbots.

18
  Accessibility: Voice morphing contributes to accessibility by
enabling speech transformation and adaptation for individuals with
speech impairments.
 Security Applications: Voice morphing can be used in security
applications to disguise a speaker's voice, ensuring privacy and
anonymity.

Disadvantages of Voice Morphing

 Ethical Concerns: Voice morphing raises ethical concerns related

to privacy, identity theft, and impersonation.
 Naturalness and Artifacts: Achieving a completely natural-
sounding voice through morphing can be challenging.
 Voice Variability: Voice morphing techniques may struggle with
capturing and accurately modeling the wide range of individual
speaker differences, including pitch, timbre, accent, and
pronunciation.
 Data Limitations: Voice morphing models rely on training data to
learn and generate morphed voices.
 Computational Complexity: Voice morphing algorithms can be
computationally intensive, especially for real-time or high-quality
processing.
 Dependency on Target Models: Voice morphing often requires a
target voice or speaker model to guide the transformation.

3.5 APPLICATION OF VOICE MORPHING

Applications of Voice Morphing:

 Entertainment Industry: Voice morphing has numerous

applications in the entertainment industry. It is commonly used for
dubbing and voice-over in movies, TV shows, and video games.
19
 Voice morphing enables the synchronization of dialogue with on-
screen actions, creating a seamless and immersive viewing
experience.
 Telecommunications and Accessibility: Voice morphing has
significant applications in telecommunications and accessibility. It
can be used for speech enhancement, improving the quality and
intelligibility of speech in noisy environments or during poor
network conditions. Voice morphing techniques also enable
speaker verification, ensuring secure access to devices,
applications, or restricted areas based on voice recognition.
 Human-Computer Interaction: Voice morphing plays a vital role
in human-computer interaction. It is used in text-to-speech
synthesis systems to convert written text into natural-sounding
speech. Voice morphing enables the creation of interactive virtual
assistants and chatbots, providing personalized and engaging voice
interactions.
 Forensics and Security: Voice morphing has applications in
forensics and security. It can be used for voice disguise, where
individuals alter their voices to conceal their identities. Voice
morphing techniques are employed in speaker recognition spoofing
detection, aiming to identify and prevent fraudulent attempts to
deceive speaker recognition systems.
 Healthcare and Assistive Technologies: Voice morphing has
potential applications in healthcare and assistive technologies. It
can be used to develop speech prostheses or voice rehabilitation
systems for individuals with speech impairments. Voice morphing
techniques can enable individuals with speech disabilities to
communicate using their own voices or customized synthesized
voices.
20
 Virtual Reality and Gaming: Voice morphing finds applications
in virtual reality (VR) and gaming environments. It enables the
creation of realistic and immersive virtual characters with dynamic
and interactive voices. Voice morphing can be used to synchronize
the virtual character's voice with their facial expressions, gestures,
and actions, enhancing the overall realism and immersion of the
VR or gaming experience.
 These are just a few examples of the wide range of applications for
voice morphing. As the technology continues to evolve, new and
innovative applications are likely to emerge, expanding the
possibilities for voice manipulation and customization in various
domains.

21
 CHAPTER FOUR

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

4.0 SUMMARY

Voice morphing is a technology that enables the transformation and

modification of voices, allowing for creative expression, customization,
and improved accessibility in various applications. It finds applications in
the entertainment industry, multimedia content creation,
telecommunications, human-computer interaction, forensics, healthcare,
and more. Voice morphing offers benefits such as creative expression,
versatility, enhanced user experience, accessibility, security, and efficient
communication. However, it also comes with challenges, including
maintaining voice quality, handling voice variability, ethical concerns,
computational complexity, and data limitations.

4.1 CONCLUSION

Voice morphing is a promising technology with numerous applications

and benefits across different domains. It provides opportunities for
creative expression, personalization, and enhanced user experiences in
entertainment, multimedia, and communication. It also contributes to
accessibility, security, and assistive technologies, improving the quality
of life for individuals with speech impairments. However, there are
challenges in achieving naturalness, handling voice variability, and
addressing ethical concerns. Ongoing research and development efforts
are required to overcome these challenges and further enhance the
capabilities and reliability of voice morphing systems.

22
4.2 RECOMMENDATION

Based on the current state of voice morphing technology, the following

recommendations are made:

Continued Research: Researchers should continue to explore and

develop voice morphing techniques to improve voice quality, address
voice variability, and enhance the naturalness and realism of morphed
voices. Further advancements in machine learning, deep learning, and
signal processing techniques can contribute to more accurate and robust
voice morphing models.

23
 REFERENCES

Alegre, F., Abad, A., & Luna, J. M. (2019). On the use of voice morphing to
attack automatic speaker verification systems. IEEE Transactions on
Information Forensics and Security, 14(9), 2356-2370.

Baudoin, G. & Stylianou Y, (2011). “On the transformation of the speech

spectrum for voice conversion”. Mayfield publishing Company,
California.

Bhargava, S., Gupta, R., & Mittal, M. (2022). Robust speaker verification in the
presence of voice morphing attacks using deep learning. Digital Signal
Processing, 122, 102946.

Campbell, W. M., & Reynolds, D. A. (2010). Support vector machines using

GMM supervectors for speaker verification. IEEE Signal Processing
Letters, 17(5), 413-416.

Dautrich, J., Lohr, K. N., & Muhlenberg, L. (2018). Legal issues in voice
morphing technology: A review. Journal of Privacy and Confidentiality,
10(2).

Gómez, P., Orio, N., & Bonafonte, A. (2021). Voice morphing using generative
adversarial networks. In Proceedings of the International Conference on
Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP) (pp. 6487-6491).

Gundersen, T., (2010). “Voice Transformation based on Gaussian mixture

models”. Pack Agbowo Publisher, Lagos, Nigeria.

Joseph, P. (2016). “Fanta scope morphing animation. magical media museum”.

Grawhill Book Company, Song Pore.

Kain, A. & Macon, M. (2018). “Spectral voice conversion for text to speech
synthesis”. AfricaOdun Publishing Company, Ibadan, Nigeria.

24
Matos, S., Neto, J. P., & Rebelo, A. (2007). Bandwidth-efficient voice
morphing for VoIP applications. In Proceedings of the IEEE International
Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) (pp.
IV-589-IV-592).

Moulines, E., & Charpentier, F. (1990). Pitch-synchronous waveform

processing techniques for text-to-speech synthesis using diphones.
Speech Communication, 9(5-6), 453-467.

Russell. M. (2011). “Towards Speech Recognition using Palaiologan Contact

Patterns for Voice Restoration.” Akin publishing Ltd Lagos, Nigeria.

Shrikanth, N. (2018). “Voice morphing: An illusion or reality”. Cambridge

University Press, London.

Smith, J. (2016). Voice morphing: From science fiction to reality. Journal of

Sound and Vibration, 360, 1-14.

Tokuda, K., Zen, H., & Kitamura, T. (2013). A speech synthesis system
developed from HMM-based speech synthesis. IEICE Transactions on
Information and Systems, 96(5), 843-852.

Tuomo, R. (2021). “Voice conversion through vector quantization”. Cambridge

University Press, London.

Walt, D. P. (2017). “The Peter Tchaikovsky Story” (transformation excerpt).

magical media museum. Odun Prints, Ibadan, Nigeria.

25