2023 Curriculum coverage – Term 2: SOCIAL SCIENCES (GEOGRAPHY): Grade 9

Term 2 Week 1 Week Week 10 Week 11

Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8
53 days 9
12/4 17/4 24/4 1/5 8/5 15/5 22/5 29/5 12/4 19/6
5/6
CAPS Topic:
DEVELOPMENT ISSUES
Development Factors affecting Opportunities for Revision and Controlled Test:
development development consolidation Term 1 content = 35
marks
•Meaning of •Ways of •The Human Reasons for differences •Alternative Sustainable development Term 2 content = 40
development measuring Development in development development – including economic, social, marks
– including development Index (HDI) – •Historical factors such particularly and environmental factors 75 Marks
economic, life as colonialism alternatives to
Content Low Order: 30%
social and expectancy, •Trade – imbalances – industrialization
and Middle Order: 50%
Concepts environmenta education, unfair trade
High Order: 20%
l aspects per capita •Technology and
GDP industrialization
•Health and welfare
•Education
Political stability

Curriculum
coverage
√
signature
Date
completed
with ALL
classes
Oral assessment – simple question and answers. Geography: 8 mark
Informal Learners should be able to follow simple instructions, such as writing on their books, reading from their books, etc. paragraph
Assessment Homework/ Classwork/ Worksheet.
Informal assessment should be source-based
- content term 2
Geography formal task: Grade Term 3 2022 Section A: Term 1 content and Section B: Term 2 content
7 mark level 3 questions
SBA Content: Map skills (35 marks) and Development issues (40marks) - content term 1 and 2
(Formal Type of formal assessment: Controlled Test
Assessment) Total: 75 marks
Types of questions: Source-based paragraph writing (8 marks) and 7 marks level 3 questions Level 1: 22/75 Level 2: 38/75 Level 3: 15/75

1
 Grade 9 Geography Term 2 Planning Memorandum

Geography teacher
When writing a paragraph in Geography every fact counts ONE mark in gr.4-9, we concentrate on
facts. We don’t use a rubric in Geography. Make sure that all the work on page 1 is covered, if it is
not in the learners’ worksheets you must ADD it yourself.

1. Add more paragraph questions and level 3 questions to teach learners how to answer such

questions. There should be at least 3 paragraphs done by learners during this term.

2. You must add sources and information that are relevant to the work, this will make the content

easier to understand for learners. These worksheets are compulsory so that all pupils have

completed the basic work in Social Sciences.

3. However, you need the learners to do extra work here and there from their textbooks. This extra

work must be included in this planning memorandum. All work that the pupils do extra should be

part of your planning.

4. As you prepare you can add marks for the questions in the activities, it will help learners if they

have to answer their questions.

5. Your planning should be done on this planning memo as well as on clean pages at the work.

6. Please correct any errors on these worksheets and memos.

7. You cannot continue with the next lesson if the learners did not mark the work and corrected

incorrect answers.

Teachers remind the learners to paste pictures out of magazine in their books, on
worksheets about the topic.

Thank you for your hard work, Anette

2
 SOCIAL SCIENCES – SENIOR PHASE
LESSON PLAN : Geography
Lesson group 1
Topic: Development issues (Focus: SA and the World) Term 2

Content / Concepts: Developing and measuring development

1. Meaning of development

Word bank words:

Informal assessment / worksheet pages:
Date completed with last group:
Extra:

2. Three main aspects to development

Word bank words:

Informal assessment / worksheet pages:
Date completed with last group:
Extra:

What did you do extra to assist progressed and retained learners?

3
FIGURE A: Developing and measuring development

Development
Word bank

Indicators: information and statistics that tell us about the level of development of a country
Standard of living: the amount of wealth and access to source that people have
Per capita: for each person
Quality of live: how good or bad a person’s life is, the level of comfort that they have
Infrastructure: installations such as roads, bridges, sewers, railways etc.
Basic needs: the things that people need to live, food, water, housing
Sustainable: able to continue for a long time and keep it up for future generations
Deplete: reduce source, often to a level where they do not recover

Meaning of development
Development: becoming better, stronger and more advanced. Means to change things to improve the way people
live, reduce poverty and creating more opportunities for people to enjoy a better life
Indicators of development: (use this to calculate countries development)
• Population growth rate
• Standard of living of people
Economic growth: usually means to increase the capacity of a country to provide goods and services
Sustain growth: countries needs to manage the natural life-supporting basis very carefully so that it can still
replenish itself and provide the life-sustaining goods that are needed.
Developed country: countries that have achieved high level of development (first world countries)
Developing country: low levels of development (third world countries)

Three main aspects to development

• Economic aspect
• Social aspect
• Environment aspect

4
 Economic aspects: When we look at how wealthy a person or a country is we refer to their economic aspects

– There are different indicators of economic development:

Per capita income: How a country earns it income:

Average amount of money a person earns per Poor countries: primary activities; mining, farming and forestry
year Wealthier countries: secondary activities manufacturing and
service sectors

Brandt line

Social aspects
– Indicators of social aspect:
• Quality of life
• Access to social services (good education system)
• Infrastructure
• Access to basic needs (clean water)
– Developed countries have strong democracies, were people have more political and personal freedom to
enjoy their basic human rights (rights: quality gender, race, culture and religion)

5
Environmental aspects
– How countries use the natural source is a big part of their development
– Indicator of environmental aspect:
• Sustainability
– Sustainability is to protect our environment and leaving enough source for future generations.
– E.g. fishing community
• Catching fish at a fast rate than what the fish can reproduce they can deplete the fish stock. Future
generations will have less fish.

Write down the following indicators under the correct column

Strong democracies, poor education, lack of human rights, Good healthcare, bad transport and
infrastructure
political and personal freedom Sufficient clean water

More developed (first world) countries Less developed (or third world?)
countries

6
 SOCIAL SCIENCES – SENIOR PHASE
LESSON PLAN : Geography
Lesson group 2
Topic: Development issues (Focus: SA and the World) Term 2
Content / Concepts: Ways of measuring development

1. Measuring development
Word bank words:
Informal assessment / worksheet pages:
Date completed with last group:
Extra:
2. The human development
Word bank words:
Informal assessment / worksheet pages:
Date completed with last group:
Extra:
3. Life expectancy LE
Word bank words:
Informal assessment / worksheet pages:
Date completed with last group:
Extra:
4. Education
Word bank words:
Informal assessment / worksheet pages:
Date completed with last group:
Extra:
5. Per capita GDP
Word bank words:
Informal assessment / worksheet pages:
Date completed with last group:
Extra:

What did you do extra to assist progressed and retained learners?

7
Ways of measuring development
Word bank
Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita: the average amount earned by each person in a year, based on the
amount of money produced in the country
Adult literacy rate: the percentage of the adult population that are able to read and write
Biased: strong feeling towards one result rather than another, not based on fairness
Surplus: oversupply, too many for the number of jobs
Life expectancy (LE): the average number of years a person in a particular country can expect to live
Human Development Index (HDI): measures the well-being and compares the level of development of different
countries
The most common factor used to measure development of a country is the economic indicator GDP per capita.
GDP per capita = Total value of goods and services produced in the country
Number of people in country

Reasons why GDP and level of development does not improve:

1. Wars 2.Rapid population growth 3.Paying off large debts
4. A lack of source 5. Diseases (e.g. Aids)

The human development

HDI: is a figure of between 0 and 1
– HDI of 0 indicates the worst possible quality of life
– HDI of 1 indicates the best possible quality of life
– This is calculated as a decimal value
– Developed countries such as Switzerland = 0,93
– Less developed countries such as Botswana= 0,55
Life expectancy LE
Le: measured by average lifespan from birth to death
– Woman usually have a slightly longer lifespan than men
Le: influenced by standard of health services and nutrition
– Developed countries LE increased due to improvements in medicines and medical treatment
– Less developed countries LE decreased due to diseases e.g. Malaria and Aids

8
Education
– Countries where people have a high level of education use these skills to use source start industries and
create wealth
– Good education systems produce well-qualified people
– These people use their skills to do jobs that increase the level of development
– Underdeveloped countries education is still a problem

Per capita GDP

Make use of FIGURE A and your own knowledge to answer the following questions.
1. Name the three indicators to measure development:
Economic Social Environmental

2. What do the following acronyms stand for?

GDP: Gross domestic product
LE: Life expectancy
HDI: human development index

3. Give 5 reasons why GDP and the level of development does not improve in some countries?
– Wars
– Rapid population growth
– Paying off large debts
– A lack of source
– Diseases (e.g. Aids)

4. What indicators are used to determine HDI?

Life expectancy, the level of education and per capita GDP

9
5. What influences LE?
Standard of health services and nutrition

6. Why is education an important indicator for HDI?

– Countries where people have a high level of education use these skills to use resource start
industries and create wealth
– Good education systems produce well-qualified people
– These people use their skills to do jobs that increase the level of development

7. How is GPD calculated?

GDP= Total value of goods and services produced in the country
Number of people in country

8. True and false questions

True or false

8.1 Countries with high level of development is called developing countries False

8.2 Two countries may differ widely on one indicator, but have similar HDI’s True

8.3 Comparison between the levels of development of different countries are used by True

economic planners and policy makers

8.4 The levels of development in countries in the same regions are often quite similar True

10
 SOCIAL SCIENCES – SENIOR PHASE
LESSON PLAN : Geography
Lesson group 3
Topic: Development issues (Focus: SA and the World) Term 2
Content / Concepts: Factors affecting development

Reasons for difference in development

1. Historical factors
Word bank words:
Informal assessment / worksheet pages:
Date completed with last group:
Extra:

2. Colonialism
Word bank words:
Informal assessment / worksheet pages:
Date completed with last group:
Extra:

3. Trade imbalances/ Trade deficit

Word bank words:

Informal assessment / worksheet pages:
Date completed with last group:
Extra:

4. Unfair Trade
Word bank words:
Informal assessment / worksheet pages:
Date completed with last group:
Extra:

5. Technology and industrialisation

Word bank words:
Informal assessment / worksheet pages:
Date completed with last group:
Extra:

11
4. Health, welfare and education

Word bank words:

Informal assessment / worksheet pages:
Date completed with last group:
Extra:

5. Political stability

Word bank words:

Informal assessment / worksheet pages:
Date completed with last group:
Extra:

6. Other Factor: Source and population growth

Word bank words:

Informal assessment / worksheet pages:
Date completed with last group:
Extra:

What did you do extra to assist progressed and retained learners?

12
 FIGURE B: Factors affecting development

Word bank
Exploiting: using something that belongs to another person for your own benefit
Trade deficit: the amount by which the cost of imports exceeds the value of exports
Trade barriers: measures that make it more difficult for other countries to export their products into the country that
imposes these trade barriers
Subsidies: money paid by the government to local farmers or suppliers to make their prices lower and cheaper than
imported goods
Trade tariffs: taxes added to the prices of imported goods, making more expensive so that they do not sell as easily
as locally produced goods
Embargoes: laws preventing a particular country from selling goods to the country passing the laws

Historical factors

Colonialism
Trade
imbalances
Trade

Unfair trade

Reasons for difference in Technology and

industrialisation

development Health and

welfare

Education

Political stability

Source
Other factors
cation
Population
growth

Historical factors
– Looking at ancient history of the world you will see that some countries and ethnic groups in certain periods
of time were more developed than others
– E.g. Egyptians built pyramids using technology that indicated they had an advanced level of development
at that time

Colonialism
– Colonialism is the practice of tacking over political control of another country, occupying it with settlers and
exploiting it resource
– Most Africa countries were colonised during 1400s-1900s ,only gained independence 1950 and 1970
– Colonialism increased development
– Today some ex-colonies still have huge development problems due to these colonies stripping their source
13
 – E.g.. Left bankrupt after independence , suffered civil war due power struggles

Trade imbalances/ Trade deficit

Trade leads to increase the wealth and development of countries
Trade imbalances occurs when the income received from exports does not equal the cost of imports.
Where imports are greater than exports we all it trade deficit.
This means the importing country might need to take a loan to pay the difference
E.g.→ SA exports minerals to USA $ 2 billion
→Imports machinery from USA $3 Billion
→ Trade deficit of $1 billion

Unfair Trade
Some countries create trade barriers to protect their own businesses, we call it unfair trade.

Subsidies, trade tariffs and restrictions are unfair trade.

E.g. Imbalance as one country (e.g. USA) is able to sell goods to another country (e.g. SA)
But the second country (SA) is restricted to sell their goods to the first country (USA)
Often it is developed countries that introduce these unfair practices
Then the developing country suffers and are sometimes forced to sell their goods at reduced prices just to earn
some income
Fair trade is where developed countries are encourages to pay higher prices for imports from developing countries
to help with developing countries development.

Technology and industrialisation

– Industrialisation is the chance from being a producer from primary goods to a manufacturer of products in
large factories
– Today we have moved from heavy industries to new areas such as Information Technology (IT)
– Newly industrialised countries such as the BRICS have established themselves as the world biggest
manufacturers of products (clothing, cars, machinery)
– These countries have made huge advances in technology
over the years and living standards in some of these countries
have improved due to these advancements

14
Health and welfare - They say a healthy nation is a wealth nation

– Countries with high levels of life expectancy is where the people are not sick or dying at a young ages
– People in these countries are able to work many years and become more experienced and skilled
– Downward spiral of poverty is where poor developing countries find it difficult to improve their level of
development.

Education
– Educated population has the skills to keep improving technology
– This keeps the country developing
– Industrialised countries have skills like (engineers, accountants, mangers…)
– Poor countries do not many skills or many opportunities= high unemployment
– Qualified skilled worker earn more money and together with taxes contribute to GDP per capita

Political stability
– A factor which is negatively affecting the African continent political INSTABILITY
– Since the end of the colonial era there have been many civil wars in Africa
– E.g. Angola, Mozambique, Sudan, Rwanda, Sierra Leone and Nigeria
– Wars causes low HDI and decline in development

– Effect the civil wars

– Industries and services cannot function properly
– Infrastructure is damaged
– Economic reserves are used for weapons
– Skilled people leave the country

– More forms of Political instability

– Corrupt leaders and poor management
– Undemocratic governments
– Violent dictators
– Violent protest actions

15
 Other Factor: Resources and population growth

Resources
The quantity and type of resources a country has and its ability to use these resources has a huge influence on its
level of development

Population growth
This growth can delay development. A country would use much more resources to provide the basic needs to their
growing population.

Make use of FIGURE B and your own knowledge to answer the following questions.

1. Name 8 reasons why development is different for each country.

1. Historical factors 5. Health and welfare

2. Colonialism 6. Education
3. Trade 7. Political stability
4. Technology and industrialisation 8. Resources and population growth

2. Define Colonialism
Colonialism is the policy or practice of tacking over political control of another country, occupying it with settlers
and exploiting it resources

3. How does trade benefit the development of a country?

Countries that trade have learnt how to use new resources and have made a good income by selling their extra
resources.

4. Explain what trade imbalances are and give an example.

Occurs when the income received from exports does not equal the cost of imports. Imports are greater than
exports→ trade deficit .This means the importing country might need to take a loan to pay the difference

E.g.SA exports minerals to USA $ 2 billion →Imports machinery from USA $3 Billion → Trade deficit of $1
16
 billion
5. Give three examples of unfair trade.
Subsidies, trade tariffs and embargoes

6. What is considered as fair trade?

A movement that encourages importers in developed countries to pay higher prices for imports from developing
countries

7. What does BRICS stand for? Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa

8. What is the downward spiral of poverty?

When poor developing countries find it difficult to improve their level of development. People don’t contribute to
GDP and the HDI

9. What is meant by adult literacy and what effect does it have on a country’s development?
Adult’s ability to read and write. Adults who are not literate slows development as they are not able to use the
technology and help the country to advance

10. Name 4 forms of political instability.

Corrupt leaders’ poor management, Undemocratic governments, Violent dictators, Violent protest
actions

11. Why does population growth have an effect on the country’s development?
This growth can delay development. A country would use much more source to provide the basic needs to
their growing population.

17
 SOCIAL SCIENCES – SENIOR PHASE
LESSON PLAN : Geography
Lesson group 4
Topic: Development issues (Focus: SA and the World) Term 2

Content / Concepts: Opportunities for development

1. South African trade negotiations

Word bank words:

Informal assessment / worksheet pages:
Date completed with last group:
Extra:

2. Sustainable development

Word bank words:

Informal assessment / worksheet pages:
Date completed with last group:
Extra:

What did you do extra to assist progressed and retained learners?

18
FIGURE C: Opportunities for development

Word bank
Equitable: equal and fair
Trade surplus: when the value of exports is greater than imports
Trade quota: the maximum amount of selling and buying officially allowed
Empower: enable authorise
More equitable trading relations

South African trade negotiations

SA main exports:
– minerals (iron, coal, gold and platinum)
– agricultural products (fruit, wine and wool)
– manufacture goods (canned food and motor cars)
– When SA enter in trade agreements they try and make it easy for both countries to achieve a satisfactory
balance in trade E.g. SA imports coffee from Brazil and exports iron ore to them
– Both these countries will try negotiate that the value of their exports will be equal to or more than the cost of
their imports. (More will be a trade deficit)
– Sometimes changes in the price of a product may result in a trade surplus
– E.g. SA export gold to Saudi Arabia in exchange for oil
– If the price of gold increases faster than price of oil
– SA can buy more oil for the same amount of gold
– So the terms of trade is in favour for SA
– SA will have more money for development
– SA has trade agreement with the BRICS countries and these countries try to make trading easier by
reducing trade barriers (such as tariffs and subsidies)

South African trade negotiations

– SA has free trade agreements (FTA) with some countries making trading easier and more equitable
– Some importing countries have trade quotas, which set a limit on the amount of products being imported.
This protects their local industry
– e.g. the clothing industry in SA have asked to limit the import of clothing from china as clothing factories
could close down

19
Sustainable development

– For any business to be successful in the long-term it has to be sustainable

Sustainable development→ meeting current development needs in such a way that future generations will still
benefit.

1. Name 3 types of factors contributing to sustainable development:

1. Economic
2. Social
3. Environmental
Economic Factors

– After a business is established, it needs to be profitable in order to be sustainable

Social Factors

– Take care of people’s wellbeing such as cultural identity (traditions and beliefs) ,developing in traditional
communities and the problem with rapid development (drugs and alcohol abuse, crime increases)

Environmental Factors

– Identifying ways to look after natural resources and not exploit them so that they can last for future
generation
– If we don’t look after resources, they eventually become depleted

Make use of FIGURE C and your own knowledge to answer the following questions:

1. Explain why countries aim to achieve a positive trade balance and try to avoid a trade deficit when signing trade
agreements.
A trade surplus brings income which leads to economic growth and more jobs as well as speeding up
development.
A deficit means that money may have to be borrowed, resulting in debt.

2. How do trade partners try to make trading easier and more equitable?
By reducing and removing trade barriers

20
 3. What are FTA’s? Free trading agreements, trading agreements where there is no tariffs

4. What organisations can help promote development in the country and smaller communities?
Provincial governments, city councils, municipalities, private businesses and non-government
organisations can all play a role in further development.

5. What does community-based development usually provide besides financial assistance?

It usually involves teaching new skills to community members. They can use these skills to address their
needs and to start businesses that will help to develop their community.

6. What is the meaning of sustainable development?

Sustainable development is where humans live and meet their needs without sacrificing the development
of future generations.

7. Name three types of factors contributing to sustainable development? Economic, Social, Environmental

Teachers you can use the following and give to students, they do not have it in their worksheets. You can also use
some of it NO MORE THAN 5 questions (TRUE and FALSE) in exam

Revision
True or False
1.1 Standard of living is the amount of wealth and access to resource that people have True
1.2 Sustainable is the reduce resource, often to a level where they do not recover False
1.3 Developing countries are countries that have achieved high level of development False
1.4 Per capita income is the average amount of money a country earns per year False
1.5 Indicators of social aspects are quality of life and infrastructure True
1.6 Embargoes are laws preventing a particular country from selling goods to the country passing the laws True
1.7 HDI is a figure between 0 to 1 True
1.8 Trade tariffs is money paid by the government to local farmers or suppliers to make their prices lower and cheaper False
than imported goods
1.9 Downward spiral of poverty is when developed countries find it difficult to improve their level of development False
1.10 Economic growth usually means to decrease the capacity of a country to provide goods and services False
1.11 Developed countries are third world countries False
1.12 Sustainability is an environmental aspect of development True
1.13 A trade barrier is the barrier amount between the cost of imports and the value of exports False
1.14 Trade deficit: is a measure that makes it more difficult for other countries to export False
1.15 A form of political instability is civil unrest True
1.16 Colonialism is the policy or practice of tacking over political control of another country True
1.17 Adult literacy rate is the rate of adults economic developing in a country False
1.18 Population growth can delay development True
1.19 Exploiting is using something that belongs to another person for your own benefit True
1.20 Historical factors also play a role in the development of a country True

21
What does the following acronyms stand for?
1. GDP: Gross domestic product
2. LE: Life Expectancy

3. HDI: Human Development Index

4. BRICS: Brazil, Russia, India, China, SA

22