1

FORMULAS TO REMEMBER THAT ARE NOT GIVEN IN

THE FORMULA SHEET

Consumer Arithmetic
1) Hire Purchase = Deposit + Monthly installments

*the word down payment can be used instead of deposit.

&
*monthly payments can be used instead of monthly installments.

2) Profit = Selling Price – Cash Price

Loss = Cash Price – Selling Price

𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 100
% Profit= ×
𝑐𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 1

𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 100
% Loss= ×
𝑐𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 1

*Cash price is the price you buy an item originally for.

*Selling price is the price you sell an item for.

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 100
3) % Discount= ×
𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 1

𝑃×𝑅×𝑇
4) Simple Interest, S.I.=
100

Where P = Principal (this is the money borrowed or invested)

R = Rate (given as a %)
T = Time (always given in years)

Total Amount = S.I. + P

*The total amount is the total to be repaid at the end of a loan or the total
amount you have at the bank at the end of a certain period.

𝑅
5) Compound Interest, A= 𝑃(1 + )𝑛
100

Where P = Principal
R = Rate
n = number of years

𝑅
6) Depreciation, A= 𝑃(1 − )𝑛
100
 2

Measurements
1) Perimeter = total distance around any shape
(add all the sides in the shape)

2) Area of square = side × side = (𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒)2

3) Area of rectangle = length × width = l × w

4) Volume of a cube = side × side × side = (𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒)3

5) Volume of cuboid = length × width × height = l × w × h

6) Surface Area of a cube = (𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒)2 × 6

*To find the surface area of ANY solid, find the area of each face and find
the total.

Extra stuff to remember that is useful for multiple choice:

1 tonne = 1 000 kg
1 litre = 1 000 𝑐𝑚3

7) Distance, Speed and Time

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

8) 1 hour = 60 minute
1 minute = 60 seconds

9) Ensure you familiarize yourself with the 24 hour clock.

Geometry/Trigonometry
1) Pythagoras’ Theorem
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 2 = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 2 + ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 2

Pythagoras’ Theorem is ONLY used in right-

angled triangles AND only when we are given
two sides and want to find the third (3rd)
missing side.
 3

Coordinate Geometry
If we are given two points in a line, (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) then:
𝑦1 −𝑦2
1) Gradient of a line =
𝑥1 −𝑥2

𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
2) Midpoint of a line = ( , 2 )
2

3) Length of a line = √(𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2 + (𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2

4) The equation of a line

The general equation of a straight line is 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄

Where m = gradient
c = the y-intercept (where the
straight line cuts the y-axis)

*To get the equation of the straight line, we need two pieces of information:
 The gradient of the line, m.
&
 A point on the line (x, y)
Once we have those two pieces of information, we substitute it into 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
firstly to find “c” (the y intercept) then once we find “c”, just put back the value of
the gradient and the y-intercept into 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐.
 4

Statistics
1) Mean is known as the arithmetic average.
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
Mean =
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠

*To find the mean in table form (grouped data):

𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 × 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑓 × 𝑥
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑓

2) Mode or modal value

The mode is the number that appears the most.

3) Median
Median is the middle number.
You MUST arrange the numbers in order first (smallest to largest or largest
to smallest) then find the middle number.

*If you have two middle numbers, add them and divide by 2.

4) Range = 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 − 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

5) Probability

The likelihood of an event occurring or how likely something is to happen.

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠

NOTE: The probability of an event occurring ALWAYS has a value from 0

to 1.

0 means that it will never happen while 1 means it is sure to happen. Most
probability outcomes will fall between this range however (and therefore
represented as a proper fraction, decimal or percentage).

Statistical Diagrams
1) Bar Graph (or Bar Chart)
A bar graph is a chart that uses bars to show comparisons between
categories of data. The bars can be either horizontal or vertical. (There
are spaces between each bar).
 5

2) Pie Chart
A pie chart is a circular chart that uses “pie slices” to show relate sizes of
data.
The chart is divided into sectors, where each sector shows the relative
size of each value.
*if information is given in degrees, then the total degrees in the pie chart
is360°.
*if the information if given in percentages, then the total percentage is
100%.

Statistical Graphs
There are three graphs you must know how to plot:
- Cumulative frequency curve
- Histogram
- Frequency polygon.

1) Cumulative frequency curve

Points to plot:
(upper class boundary, cumulative frequency)

*This is the most popular graph for CSEC. Simply plot your points and
connect them to get a smooth curve that looks like an “S”.

A Cumulative Frequency Curve is obtained by plotting

The CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY on the Y-axis
against
The UPPER CLASS LIMITS (or BOUNDARIES) on the X-axis
A smooth CURVE is then used to connect the points as seen in the example above.
 6

2. Histogram
A Histogram is a graphical display of data using bars of different heights.
It is similar to a Bar Graph, but a histogram groups numbers into ranges (or class
intervals) with the height of each bar showing how many fall into each range (or
class interval).
A Histogram is obtained by plotting
FREQUENCY on Y-axis
Against
Both BOUNDARIES (UPPER and LOWER) on X-axis
Note: Keep in mind that it will look like a Bar Graph but for continuous data.

3. Frequency Polygon
A Frequency Polygon is a graph constructed by using lines to join the midpoints of
each interval. The heights of the points represent the frequencies. A frequency
polygon is related to the histogram and can be created from the histogram by
calculating the midpoints of the class intervals from the frequency distribution
table.
A Frequency Polygon is obtained by plotting
FREQUENCY on the Y-axis
Against
(Corresponding)MIDPOINTS on the X-axis
Straight lines are then used to connect consecutive points.
NOTE: A POLYGON is a plane shape (with 3 or more sides) and a shape
must be closed. Therefore, an EMPTY INTERVAL must be shown at EACH
END (Top and Bottom) of the frequency distribution.

If we have a range of 10-19:

The upper class boundary is 19.5 (0.5 more than the higher value)
The lower class boundary is 9.5 (0.5 less than the lower value)
The upper class limit is 19 (the higher value)
The lower class limit is 10 (the lower value)

Class width = 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 − 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦

 7

FORMULA SHEET GIVEN IN PAPER 1 AND PAPER 2