The formation of a new species
NATURAL SELECTION vs ARTIFICIAL SELECTION SPECIATION:………………………………………...
Favourable traits and desirable traits: what is the difference?
A favourable trait is one that is most suited (fittest) to the
environmental conditions (Natural Selection).
A desirable trait is one that is selected by a human
according to what the person desires or wants (Artificial
selection).
E.g. growing/breeding of seedless grapes, bigger fruit, cows
producing more milk, sheep with shorter leg, etc.
Differences between Natural Selection and Artificial Selection
Natural selection Artificial Selection
The environment or nature Humans represent the
the selective force selective force
Selection is in response to Selection is in response to
suitability to the environment satisfying human needs
Occurs within a species May involve one or more
species (eg. cross-breeding)
Briefly describe FIVE Reproductive Isolation mechanisms which
prevents different animal/plant species form cross breeding.
Breeding at different times of the year
(i).…………………………………………………………………………………………………
One species is fertile when other is not
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Species-specific courtship
(ii)…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Courtship behavior of one species will not attract other species
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Adaptation to different pollinators
(iii)..………………………………………………………………………………………………
Pollinator of one species not adapted to pollinate other species
…..…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Infertile offspring
(iv)..………………………………………………………………………………………………
Different species produce infertile offspring. Can’t form new sp. (i) Give ONE conclusion the scientists came to after the
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Pheromones are used to attract mates
(v)….………………………………………………………………………………………………
If the pheromones are not correct they will not mate
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Different genitalia
(vi)…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii)Why did the scientists repeat the investigation?
Unsuited/incompatible reproductive organs prevents mating
……..……………………………………………………………………………………………… To ensure that the results would be reliable
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out of an existing species
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See Mind the Gap, pg. 71
Species B and C evolved from species A.
Describe how species B and C evolved from
species A. (6) developed from a common ancestor.
• The original species was separated into three different
populations (not species!!!)
• by the sea*
• Which acted as a geographical barrier
• There was no gene flow between the different
populations
• Each population was exposed to different environmental
conditions
• Natural selection occurred independently in each
population
• And the individuals of each population became different
from each other
• Genotypically and phenotypically
• Even when the three populations were mixed again
• They would not be able to reproduce with each other
Shrimps A and B lives on opposite sides of a strip of land.
In an investigation, scientists placed the shrimps in a fish
tank. It was noticed that shrimps A did not mate with
shrimps B. The investigation was repeated several times
and obtained the same result each time.
investigation.The two types of shrimps /type A and B did
………………………………………………………………
not belong to the same species / were different species
…………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) Explain your answer to QUESTION (i).
The two types of shrimps did not mate with each other
………………………………………………………………………………….…
and therefore were unable to interbreed
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Darwin noticed different species of tortoises on the
Galapagos Islands.
Explain how tortoises 1 and 2 might have
(6)
• POPULATION (not species) of tortoises becomes separated
by a geographical barrier, the ocean / sea.
• On each island there was variation (long and short) in the
population of tortoises lived under different environmental
conditions different sources of food
• After a period of time each group of tortoises underwent
natural selection independently
• On each island only those tortoises with the characteristics
(long or short neck) favourable for its own conditions
survived
• Continued natural selection resulted3 in each island having
tortoises that are very different from each other / they
differed genotypically and phenotypically
• Reproductive isolating mechanisms prevented them from
interbreeding3 even if they are allowed to mix i.e. each is
a separate species
Define the following terms:
• A group of similar organisms that can breed to
Species:……………………………………………………..………...……..
• produce fertile offspring.
…..…………………………………..………………………..………...………
• A group of organisms of the same species in
Population:.………………………..…………………….….………..……
• a specific habitat.
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•Biogeography.………………………………………...…………..………
Present-day distribution of living
•…………………………………………………………..…….….……..………
organisms across the continents.
Total disappearance of a species from
Extinction:……………………………………….………..…………………
earth.
………………………………………..………………………..…………………
Explain briefly how speciation and extinction affect
biodiversity.
Speciation increases biodiversity
……………………………………………………………………………….………
Extinction causes a decrease in biodiversity
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