LED Drivers Power Quality,

PF, Displacement and Harmonic Factors

ALA
July 2018
Agenda

• Background and Scope

• User Cases (LED adoption example)
• Technical Review
• Lighting Devices Examples
• IEC and ANSI updates
• Conclusions
The United States commercial sector energy usage for lighting
purposes reduced 50% in ten years after introducing LED
lighting according to DOE reporting.

Most LED self ballasted lamps have a power factor of 0.6 or 0.7
Detractors proposed that replacing incandescent lamps by LED
lamps will be detrimental because the lower power factor of
LED lamps
The substantial consumer and commercial sectors energy usage
for lighting triggered new power quality considerations
 The residential sector lighting
energy usage will become
Residential electricity use per household decreases for most end uses — the second smallest energy
usage by 2025

Use of purchased electricity per household

thousand kilowatthours per household
cooling
lighting
2017
heating 2050
water heating
fridges & freezers
clothes & dishwashing
cooking
TVs and PCs
other uses

0 1 2 3 4
 The commercial sector
lighting energy usage will
become the smallest energy
usage by 2025
Input current consumption comparison
among a 100W incandescent lamp, a
26W Compact Fluorescent lamp and a
12W LED self‐ballasted lamp

The total current consumption

reduction from replacing a 0.5 PF CFLi
lamp with a 0.6 PF LED lamp is almost
the same than the current reduction
when replacing the 0.5 CFLi lamp with a
0.7PF LED lamp
It is in the scope of this presentation is to

1. Discuss the use of the fundamental metrics of

power quality named, displacement factor and
harmonic factor Power Factor by definition

2. Analyze its recent use in the lighting devices

standards by the IEC and ANSI

3. Consider the fundamental metric adoption Power Factor describe by its

impact to the electrical network fundamental metrics

∗
4. To demonstrate the equivalency of the power
factor calculated as the ratio of real power to
apparent power with the displacement and
distortion factors product

∗ /
Agenda

• Background and Scope

• User Cases (LED adoption example)
• Technical Review
• Lighting Devices Examples
• IEC and ANSI updates
• Conclusions
Harmonic Current Amps %Dist to Fund Phase Freq
1 0.830462 100 0.210588 60.0007
DATE 1/11/18
2 0.00190082
0.00308888
0.228888
0.372014
20.8729
-66.5863
120.01
180.009
Harmonics TIME 18:05:55
Incandescent 120V
3
4 0.000693064 0.0834654 -10.728 240.012 Table VRMS 119.97 60 Hz
5 0.000584363 0.0703801 -25.3418 300.032
IRMS 0.8312
6 0.00035711 0.0429995 -19.7138 359.957
7 0.000527094 0.0634797 -28.9043 419.999 WATTS 99.7196
8 0.000361123 0.0434819 -0.26508 479.998 VA 99.7554
9 0.000372796 0.0448956 -23.6834 540.033 0.338969
VTHD Power
10 0.000283792 0.0341763 -20.916 600.027
ITHD 0.484459
11 0.000289993 0.034925 -7.67347 660.002 Quality Data
0.000199894 0.0240759 -19.0875 720.093 PF 0.999988
12 Harmonics
13 0.000290722 0.0350132 -20.1614 780.038 EPA 0.00509373
14 0.000188586 0.0227138 -4.89612 839.97 Chart
15 0.000181656 0.0218801 -45.2058 899.922
16 0.000239654 0.0288627 -33.6594 959.965
17 0.000199165 0.0239842 -18.264 1020.05
18 0.000173996 0.0209527 -39.8533 1079.97
19 0.0001988 0.0239398 -18.6594 1140
20 0.000118915 0.0143202 -33.9837 1199.98
21 0.000074778 0.00900571 1.20288 1259.87
22 0.000262635 0.0316254 -22.9296 1319.96
23 0.000122563 0.0147587 -30.0235 1379.97
24 0.000139342 0.0167816 -51.097 1440.04
25 0.000089004 0.0107193 -73.3046 1499.92
26 0.000149191 0.0179651 -3.90608 1560.12
27 0.000132777 0.0159917 -94.8117 1619.88
28 0.000211932 0.0255258 -49.414 1679.7
29 0.000122928 0.0148029 -100.711 1739.95
30 0.000124387 0.0149796 157.169 1799.87
31 0.000070401 0.00847797 -100.503 1860.11
32 0.00011162 0.0134426 -124.54 1920.07
33 0.000060917 0.00733494 159.553 1980.11
34 0.000207919 0.025039 -99.2271 2039.82
35 0.000200624 0.0246008 23.7345 2099.81
36 0.000170348 0.0205143 -82.7979 2160.23
37 0.000172172 0.0207335 93.3445 2220.02
38 0.000140072 0.0168671 -92.4462 2279.84
39 0.000133141 0.0160353 -11.8277 2339.96
40 0.000109431 0.0131792 -89.4546 2400.19
Harmonic Current Amps %Dist to Fund Phase Freq DATE 1/11/18
1 0.0903555 100 23.5315 60.0065
TIME 17:47:58 LED LAMP CASE
2 0.000505902 0.554075 114.375 120.019
3 0.0773205 84.4871 -107.572 180.027 VRMS 120.073
4 0.000392444 0.435196 -52.813 240.005 IRMS 0.143905
5 0.0543442
0.000222714
59.8631
0.247165
124.553
-172.697
300.023
359.984
WATTS 10.0026 LED 10W 120V 60
6
17.282
7 0.0322988
0.000174481
35.4876
0.193686
8.73168
110.096
420.022
480.017
VA
VTHD 0.332927
Hz
8
9 0.0209073 22.9683 -81.2609 540.064 ITHD 122.393
10 0.000320642 0.350705 -0.099885 599.984
PF 0.578888
11 0.0201267 22.2326 -177.406 660.015
12 0.000400118 0.435835 -139.229 720.013 EPA 0.953422
13 0.0190573 20.8438 77.5242 780.07
14 0.000134834 0.148993 100.868 840.059
15 0.0149502 16.5815 -34.0278 899.873
16 0.00009062 0.0995153 -145.111 960.016
17 0.0127941 14.1101 -128.332 1020.02
18 0.000148537 0.16368 -164.393 1080.16
19 0.012575 13.9346 133.132 1140.08
20 0.000239705 0.265155 142.772 1199.85
21 0.0117065 13.0013 25.7809 1260.1
22 0.000088793 0.0973394 71.5501 1320
23 0.00991324 10.9555 -77.4265 1380.1
24 0.000038185 0.0422485 -142.842 1440
25 0.00920545 10.0597 -172.944 1499.86
26 0.000048599 0.0539761 -52.5704 1559.96
27 0.00850369 9.43131 77.3478 1619.93
28 0.000159682 0.175686 -138.265 1680.27
29 0.00836904 9.15931 -21.0606 1739.91
30 0.00013995 0.154157 -92.7929 1800.02
31 0.00702435 7.71628 -125.23 1859.9
32 0.000165711 0.184142 -162.603 1920.17
33 0.00676455 7.44967 131.615 1980.26
34 0.000123872 0.137456 140.057 2039.83
35 0.00573283 6.33681 19.3997 2099.81
36 0.000200242 0.221155 -122.888 2159.91
37 0.00562595 6.19949 -88.6923 2220.3
38 0.000222166 0.245873 140.125 2279.94
39 0.00492912 5.46156 168.083 2339.81
40 0.000188183 0.208807 44.331 2400.14
Incandescent LED
Incandescent LED
Agenda

• Background and Scope

• User Cases (LED adoption example)
• Technical Review
• Lighting Devices Examples
• IEC and ANSI updates
• Conclusions

This Table describes;
Single phase, sinusoidal voltage,
non-sinusoidal current, steady
state, periodical power quality
parameters summary.
Single phase, sinusoidal voltage, non-sinusoidal current, steady state, periodical
N Parameter Equation
2 Vsin
1
Instantaneous mains voltage (sinusoidal)
2 2 sin
Instantaneous mains current

1
3 RMS mains voltage
Valid when the electrical system
satisfies the following steady-state
conditions 4
1
RMS mains current
1. Single Phase

2. Periodical 5 Current total harmonic distortion 1

3. Sinusoidal Input voltage (THDv <

2%)
1
6 Fundamental power cos
4. Non-sinusoidal input current (may
include harmonic and inter-harmonic
currents)
7 Apparent Power
8 Power Factor
9 Displacement factor
1
10 f
Distortion Factor 1

11 ∗ hf
Power Factor 1
 Power Factor expressed in its fundamental metrics of The total harmonic current distortion is a measurement of how
displacement and harmonic factor much a current departs from the sinusoidal waveform.

Displacement factor is the fundamental current (first harmonic).

Each harmonic current, including the first harmonic, is a
sinusoidal waveform with a phase angle measured with respect
The harmonic factor is
to the voltage. The sum of all harmonic currents is in general,
not a sinusoid.
1
The first harmonic phase angle is named the displacement
factor because it is true measurement of the displacement of 1
the fundamental current and the fundamental voltage.
hf is on for a sinusoidal current; it reduces it’s value as the
current departs from the sinusoidal waveform
 LED Driver and
Module Simulation
 RMS
V_in I_tot I_1 I_3 I_5
120 0.332 0.332 0.001 0.005
120.0 0.341 0.322 0.100 0.050
120 0.414 0.215 0.289 0.204

Percentage
I_1 I_3 I_5 THDI hf
1.000 0.003 0.015 0.015 1.000
1.000 0.310 0.155 0.347 0.945
1.000 1.344 0.948 1.645 0.520
 RMS
V_in I_tot I_1 I_3 I_5
120 0.332 0.332 0.001 0.005
120.0 0.341 0.322 0.100 0.050
120 0.414 0.215 0.289 0.204

Pf=1.00
No displacement

Percentage
I_1 I_3 I_5 THDI hf
1.000 0.003 0.015 0.015 1.000
1.000 0.310 0.155 0.347 0.945
1.000 1.344 0.948 1.645 0.520
 RMS
V_in I_tot I_1 I_3 I_5
120 0.332 0.332 0.001 0.005
120.0 0.341 0.322 0.100 0.050
120 0.414 0.215 0.289 0.204

Percentage
I_1 I_3 I_5 THDI hf
1.000 0.003 0.015 0.015 1.000
1.000 0.310 0.155 0.347 0.945
1.000 1.344 0.948 1.645 0.520
 RMS
V_in I_tot I_1 I_3 I_5
120 0.332 0.332 0.001 0.005
120.0 0.341 0.322 0.100 0.050
120 0.414 0.215 0.289 0.204

Pf=0.945
No displacement

Percentage
I_1 I_3 I_5 THDI hf
1.000 0.003 0.015 0.015 1.000
1.000 0.310 0.155 0.347 0.945
1.000 1.344 0.948 1.645 0.520
 RMS
V_in I_tot I_1 I_3 I_5
120 0.332 0.332 0.001 0.005
120.0 0.341 0.322 0.100 0.050
120 0.414 0.215 0.289 0.204

Percentage
I_1 I_3 I_5 THDI hf
1.000 0.003 0.015 0.015 1.000
1.000 0.310 0.155 0.347 0.945
1.000 1.344 0.948 1.645 0.520
 RMS
V_in I_tot I_1 I_3 I_5
120 0.332 0.332 0.001 0.005
120.0 0.341 0.322 0.100 0.050
120 0.414 0.215 0.289 0.204

Pf=0.520
No displacement

Percentage
I_1 I_3 I_5 THDI hf
1.000 0.003 0.015 0.015 1.000
1.000 0.310 0.155 0.347 0.945
1.000 1.344 0.948 1.645 0.520
Agenda

• Background and Scope

• User Cases (LED adoption example)
• Technical Review
• Lighting Devices Examples
• IEC and ANSI updates
• Conclusions
 A RMS Deg Hz Rad

Example; H Current % to Fund Phase Freq Phase

Fluorescent Lamp Ballast 0.949 100 1.982 59.996 0.035
1

4X32W T8 Fluorescent lamp ballast fundamental harmonic parameters

Table of 4X32W T8

The power factor value is the same regardless which method is used. The fundamental metrics allows the data user to
clearly identify if the root cause of a power factor deterioration is current displacement, current distortion, or both.
DATE 1/11/18
LED 10W 120V 60 Hz
TIME 17:37:06
VRMS 120.07
IRMS 0.12
Cos 1 0.92
WATTS 8.16
THD 1.22
VA 13.99
VTHD 0.34
ITHD 122.38 har factor*disp factor This LED lamp power factor
PF 0.58 PF 0.58
is low because its high
EPA 0.95
current distortion. The total
harmonic distortion is of
about 122%

Displacement is high, at 092.

Adding a capacitor bank to

improve power factor will
not be as effective as adding
an harmonics' filter.
 Self Ballasted Lamp Dimming Example

Channel C Channel C Channel C

Full Dim Middle Full Output
Frequency Hz 59.98 59.99 60.01
AC+DC Current mArms 238.20 448.00 548.10
Current THD _% 0.96 0.67 0.13

Historical Metric
AC+DC Voltage Vrms 119.90 119.73 119.77
AC+DC VA VA 28.56 53.64 65.65
AC+DC Power W 14.19 37.13 64.98
Power Analyzer Report
AC PF 0.50 0.69 0.99
AC Phase Degrees ‐60.19 ‐46.18 ‐8.18
a AC+DC PF 0.50 0.69 0.99
AC+DC Phase Degrees ‐60.19 ‐46.19 ‐8.18
b Displacement PF 0.69 0.84 1.00
Fundamental Phase Degrees ‐46.10 ‐33.06 ‐1.99
a df or COS(AC+DC) 0.50 0.69 0.99

Fundamental Metric
c D % to PF meas. 0.01 0.00 0.00
b COS Fund Phase 0.69 0.84 1.00
hf by
1/sqrt(1+THD^2) 0.72 0.83 0.99 Fundamental Metric
a PF by df*hf 0.50 0.70 0.99 Report
c D % to PF meas. 0.62 0.47 0.10
a PF by W/VA 0.50 0.69 0.99
c D % to PF meas. ‐0.03 ‐0.01 0.00
 THD 30 35 40 45 50
df hf 0.96 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.89
1 0.96 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.89
0.95 0.91 0.90 0.88 0.87 0.85
power factor

0.9 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.82 0.80

0.85 0.81 0.80 0.79 0.78 0.76
0.8 0.77 0.76 0.74 0.73 0.72
0.75 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.68 0.67
0.7 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.64 0.63

This table describes the power factor

relationship to the displacement factor
and the harmonic factor
Agenda

• Background and Scope

• User Cases (LED adoption example)
• Technical Review
• Lighting Devices Examples
• IEC and ANSI updates
• Conclusions
 International
Standard ‐ LED Performance standard IEC 62612 Electrotechnical
Commission

Self Ballasted LED Displacement Factor IEC and ANSI Alignment

Metric P < 2W 2W < P ≤ 5W 5W < P ≤ 25W P > 25W

Displacement df No Limit >0.4 >0.7 >0.9

 Self Ballasted LED Displacement Factor IEC and ANSI Alignment

ANSI Current
Draft

Metric P < 2W 2W < P ≤ 5W 5W < P ≤ 25W P > 25W

Displacement df No Limit >0.4 >0.7 >0.9

Distortion dh No Limit No Limit 0.89 0.95 and Annex A

Fundamental (by definition) 100%* The hf limits are under

2nd Harmonic 5% discussion at he IEC
3rd Harmonic 30% TC77A PT group
Individual Harmonics  11th 7%
Odd Triples (#) 30%
THD (fundamental) 32%
*AllPercentages are % of the fundamental RMS
input current.
#Root – sum – square of the 3rd, 9th, 15th, 21st,
23rd …39th harmonics.
Agenda

• Background and Scope

• User Cases (LED adoption example)
• Technical Review
• Lighting Devices Examples
• IEC and ANSI updates
• Conclusions
• Power quality data users benefit more from
displacement factor and harmonic factor information
than from power factor information because, it
permits design an effective power factor correction
measurement if needed
• Yes, power quality will be improved. The energy
consumption, RMS current, and the system losses will
be less
• The electrical network will be positively impacted.
The electrical power usage in commercial lighting
applications reduced about 50% in 10 year in the US
• See ANSI C92.77‐10
• Power factor can be expressed in terms of the
fundamental metrics of displacement and
distortion factors. What is the benefit?
• IEC and ANSi have updated their lighting devices
standards accordingly. Power factor old metrics
have been replaced by harmonic and distortion
factors. Can we improve power quality form its
adoption?
• What is the electrical network Impact?
• What’s should be the minimum requirement for
DF and THD?
Conclusions

• The traditional power factor calculation as the ratio of real power to apparent power yields the same
result as the power factor calculated form the product of displacement and harmonic factor.

∗ /
• Power quality data users benefit more from displacement factor and harmonic factor information than
from power factor information because its permits design an effective power factor correction solution
• IEC and ANSi have updated their lighting devices standards accordingly. Old power factor metrics have
been replaced by harmonic and distortion factors
• The electrical system benefits from the adoption of LED lamps in compliance with the IEC (or ANSI)
power quality requirements
• This adoption simplifies lighting systems energy savings models and predictions