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ŒÔe≈Ê√˜ fl¡±˘±‰¬±μ
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Œ‡±˜øÊ√ÚÊ√ø¬ı˛¬ıø˙—
˚˛±›Ù¬˜ Ó¬±fl¡¬Û±
[’˝√√±√Ú¬ı± ˙¬ı˛n∏fl¡]
ª±À¬ı˛—
˝√√œ¬ı˛˜ ’˝◊¬ı± ˘±˜±˚˛
1º fl¡˘± ø¡ZÊ√˜øÌ Œ¬ı˙˜«± 9
2º ˜ø̬Û≈¬ı˛œ Œ˘±fl¡¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ’˙±—¬ı˜ ˜œÚÀfl¡Ó¬Ú ø¸—˝√√ 17
3º Œ˝√√ÃøÊ√!¡œ ˜ø̬Û≈¬ı˛œ ª±À¬ı˛— ¤˘±—¬ı˜ Úœ˘fl¡±ôL ø¸—˝√√ 23
4º Δ˜ÕÓ¬ Ú≈¬Ûœ ¤¸. fl‘¡¯∏ûÀ˜±˝√√Ú ø¸—˝√√ 31
5º ’±¸±˜ ’˜¸≈— ’¸˜œ˚˛± Œ˘±Ú ø¬ıø¬ı˛ø= fl≈¡˜±¬ı˛ ¬ı¬ı˛n∏ª± 38
6º ˝◊ø˘˙± ’˜·œ ˜˝√√±› ŒÚ±—ÀÔ±•§˜ fl≈¡?À˜±˝√√Ú ø¸—˝√√ 51
7º Œ˝√Ã√ øÊ√!¡œ ¸˜±Ê√±√ Δ¬ı:±øÚfl¡ø˙—·œ ŒÔÃ√±— ’±˝◊. ¤¸. ‡±˝◊À√˜ 59
[’øÚq¬ı± ˙¬ı˛n∏fl¡]
1º ¤Àά±À˘¸k ¤Î≈¬Àfl¡˙Ú ª±—Õ‡˜˚˛≈˜ ŒÓ¬±˜À‰¬Ã ø¸—˝√√ 69
2º Œˆ¬˘≈ ¤Î≈¬Àfl¡˙Ú·œ Ó¬„√√±˚˛Ù¬√¬ı± „√√±ø¬ı˛˚˛±Ú¬ı˜ ˝◊À¬ıÀÓ¬±•§œ ø¸—˝√√ 80
[’U˜q¬ı± ˙¬ı˛n∏fl¡]
Δ˙À¬ı˛—
1º ø¬Û-Ô±À√±˝◊ ‡3±˝◊¬ı˛±fl¡¬Û˜ ‰¬±Î◊¬¬ı± ø¸—˝√√ 93
2º Δ˜ÕÓ¬ ‰¬Ú≈ ˘±˜±¬ı˜ fl¡˜˘ ø¸—˝√√ 100
3º ¬Û≈øk ø˝√√À√±˜ ˝√√ª±˝◊¬ı˜ Ú¬ı¡Zœ¬Û‰¬f ø¸—˝√√ 106
4º fl¡˜˘√± ’˙±—¬ı˜ ˜œÚÀfl¡Ó¬Ú ø¸—˝√√ 109
5º ˜ø̬Û≈¬ı˛ ¤˘±—¬ı˜ Úœ˘fl¡±ôL ø¸—˝√√ 115
6º Δ˘-˘±—¬ı± ˘±˝◊|˜ ¸˜À¬ı˛f ø¸—˝ 121
7º Δfl¡¬ı˛±fl¡ ŒÚ±—ÀÔ±•§˜ |œ¬ıœÀ¬ı˛Ú ø¸—˝√√ 129
8º ˜„√√±˘ ˙À·±˘À˙˜ Ò¬ı˘ ø¸—˝√√ 133
9º ˝◊øÓ¬˝√√±¸fl¡œ øÓ¬Úø˙~¬ı± ˜Ú˜ Œ¸Ã·±˝◊Ê√˜ ¬ıËÀÊ√ù´¬ı˛ ø¸—˝√√ 136
10º Œ˜¬ı˛± Ô±Ê√ ˙fl¡À˝√√Ú¬ıœ Δ‡¬ı˛n∏øVÚ Œ‰¬ÃÒ≈¬ı˛œ 141
ª±À¬ı˛—·œ ˙¬ı˛n∏fl¡
fl¡˘±
|œ ø¡ZÊ√˜øÌ Œ√¬ı˙•ú«±
ª±˝√√—
1º ª±˝√√—ø˙— ’ø¸ ˚˛±•ß± ŒÓ¬iß± ‡≈•ú≈–
fl¡] Ó¬La ˙±¶a·œ ˜Ó≈¬—˝◊iß± fl¡˘±·œ ˜¸œ— fl¡˚˛±ÀÚ±∑
‡] Plato fl¡Ú±ÀÚ±∑
·] Aristotle fl¡Ú±ÀÚ±∑
‚] ‘Truth of poetry is greater than truth of history’ fl¡Ú±Ú±
˝√√±˚˛ø‡¬ıÀÚ±∑
„√√] ª±Õ˝√√¬ı≈ ‘Incarnation of thoughts’ øÚ ˝√√±˚˛Ú± fl¡Ú±Ú±
˝√√±˚˛¬ı˛•§À·∑
‰¬] Ú≈„√±˝◊¬ı± Œ¬Û±fl¡˝√√Ú¬ı± ’˜¸≈— ª±¬ı˛¬ı± ˜œ·œ ¬Û≈#¡œ— ŒÓ¬fl¡‡»˝√√Ú¬ı√± fl¡¬ı˛•§±
fl¡˘±Ú± ¬Û”•ß˜Mê·œ Œ˝√√ø~∑
2º ˜‡±·œ ª±˝√√—ø˙— ’ø¸ ŒÓ¬iß± ‡≈•ú≈–
fl¡] ’¬Û±fl¡¬Û± ’Ô«√± fl¡˘± ˝√√±˚˛¬ı˛·± fl¡ø¬ı˛¬ı≈ ‡„√√ÕÚ∑
‡] ¬Ûœfl¡˙œÚ¬ı± ’Ô«√± fl¡˘± ˝√√±˚˛¬ı˛·± fl¡ø¬ı˛¬ı≈ ‡„√√Ú¬ıÀ·∑
·] Plato ’˜¸≈— Aristotle ·œ ˜Ó≈¬—˝◊iß± fl¡˘± fl¡ø¬ı˛√·œ ŒÔ±fl¡˝◊∑
‚] ˝◊—¬ı˛±Ê√œ fl¡ø¬ı Shelley Ú± fl¡˘¬ı≈ fl¡ø¬ı˛øÚ ˝√√±˚˛¬ı˛•§À·∑
„√√] ‘Art for arts sake’ ˝√√±˚˛¬ıø¸ ‰¬»Ú¬ı± ˚˛±√¬ı·œ ˜¬ı˛˜ fl¡ø¬ı˛ÀÚ±∑
‰¬] fl¡˘±fl¡±¬ı˛ ’˜·œ ˜ÀÔà fl¡ø¬ı˛ fl¡ø¬ı˛ÀÚ±∑
3º ˜‡±·œ ’ø¸ ¬Û±¬ı˛·± ˝√√—ø˘¬ı± ª±˝√√—ø˙— ’ø¸ ‡≈•ú≈–
ìfl¡˘±·œ Î◊¬ÀV˙…ø√ Ù¬Ê√¬ı± Œ¬Û±» Œ˙˜·»˘·± ¬ı˛¸ ŒÙ¬±„√√À√±fl¡¬ÛøÚº ÷Õ˙
˙fl¡¬Û± Δ˝√√¬ı± ˜œ ’˜Ú± ˜˝√√±#¡± ŒÙ¬±„√√À√±#¡œ—¬ı± ¬ı˛¸ ’≈√·œ ˜Ó¬œfl¡‰¬±¬ı± ¬ı˛±· ‡~·±
˜˝√√±!¡œ fl¡äÚ±√·œ ŒÔ±fl¡¬Û± ˜‡˘-˜‡±·œ ˜›—√± ¬ı˛¸ ŒÙ¬±„√√À√±fl¡˝◊º ˜˝√√±!¡œ ÷Õ˙
’≈√ Ó¬±¬ı˛·± Ó¬±ø¬ı˛¬ı± ˜œ·œ Ú≈„√±˝◊¬ı± Œ¬Û±fl¡˝◊º ˘±˝◊À˚˛fl¡¬Û± ˜œÚ± Œ˚˛øflv¡¬ı± ˘±˝◊ ’≈√
Î◊¬¬ı˛·± ˘±˝◊ ’≈√Ú± ŒÙ¬±„√√À√±flv¡œ¬ı± ¬ı˛¸ ’≈√ ’Î◊¬¬ı± ˜œÚ± ‡„√√¬ı± „√√˜˝◊ºî-
16 ’ÀÚìı± ˜ø̬Û≈¬ı˛œ ª±À¬ı˛—-Δ˙À¬ı˛—
fl¡] fl¡˘±·œ Î◊¬ÀV˙… fl¡ø¬ı˛ÀÚ±∑
‡] ÷Õ˙ Δ˝√√¬ı± ˜œÚ± fl¡ø¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬Ã˝◊∑
·] ÷Õ˙ ˙fl¡¬Û± ˜œÚ± ¬ı˛¸ fl¡¬ı˛•ß± ŒÙ¬±„√√À√±fl¡¬ÛÀ·∑
‚] ÷Õ˙ Ó¬±¬ı˛·± Ó¬±ø¬ı˛¬ı± ˜œ·œ fl¡ø¬ı˛ ›˝◊¬ıÀ·∑
„√√] ’À˚˛fl¡¬Û± ˘±˝◊ Î◊¬¬ı˛·± ’Î◊¬¬ı± ˜œÚ± fl¡ø¬ı˛ ‡„√√¬ı± „√√˜˝◊∑
4º ˜¬ı˛œ-˜À‡±„√√ Ó¬±M≈êÚ± ˙Àμ±#¡± ˝◊˚˛≈–
fl¡] ’≈√Ú± fl¡˘±fl¡±¬ı˛ ’˜Ú± fl¡ø¬ı˛&•§± ’‰≈¬•§± Œ¬Û±» ’˜± Î◊¬»¬Û± ˜Ó¬˜√±
˝◊øÓ¬˝√√±¸Ú± ŒÓ¬Ã¬ı&•ß± ˝◊Àfl¡±fl¡ Œfl¡±fl¡¬Û± ’‰≈¬•§± ’˜± ›˝◊Ú± Î◊¬»ÀÓ¬,
˜≈√·œ ˜¬ı˛˜√± Δ˘¬ı± ˜˝√√±!¡œ ¬Û≈ø#¡—·œ Ù¬œˆ¬˜ ’≈√ Î◊¬»ø˘º
‡] fl¡Ú±&•§± Ê√À·±˝◊˙±¬ı± Δ˝√√Ó¬¬ı± ˜œÚ± Ê√À·±˝◊ Δ˝√√ ˝√√±˚˛≈√Ú± ˜≈√·œ ˜¬ı˛˜√±
„√√±—˘¬ıø√ ˜˝√√±!¡œ ˜¬ı˛˜√± Œ‰¬fl¡ø˙Ú·√¬ıøÚº ÷Õ˙ ˙fl¡¬Û± Δ˝√√Ó¬¬ı± ˜œÚ±
÷Õ˙·œ ˜¬ı˛˜√± „√√±—˘¬ı¸≈ ’≈√˜„√√±˝◊º
5º ¬ª±˝√√—ø˙— ’ø¸·œ ¬Û±Î◊¬‡≈˜ ˙Àμ±#¡± ˝◊˚˛≈–
fl¡] 똜›˝◊¬ı·œ Ù¬Ê√¬ı± ¬Û±•§± ¬Û≈fl¡À‰¬˘ ’ø¸ Δ˘¬ı√·œ fl¡˘±ø˙— ’ø¸
ŒÔ±fl¡ø‡¬ıøÚºì-
ª±Ù¬˜ ’ø¸ ‰≈¬ø•ú ˝√√±˚˛¬ı± ‡≈√˜·± Œ˘±˚˛ÚÚ± ˙Àμ±#¡± Ó¬±fl¡Î◊¬º
‡] fl¡Ú±¬ı≈ ¸±Ô«fl¡ fl¡˘±fl¡±¬ı˛ Œfl¡Ã·øÚ∑ ¸±Ô«fl¡ fl¡˘±fl¡±¬ı˛ ’˜√± fl¡ø¬ı˛ fl¡ø¬ı˛
&Ì Δ˘¬ı± Ó¬±¬ıÀ·∑ ˙Àμ±#¡± Ó¬±fl¡Î◊¬º
·] ë¸eœÓ¬ fl¡˘±fl¡±¬ı˛·œ ˜ÀÔÃÚ± ’ÕÓ¬√·œ ˘≈¬ı± Œ˝√√ø~í ˝√√±˚˛¬ıø¸ ‡≈√˜·±
Œ˘±˚˛ÚÚ± ˙Àμ±#¡± Ó¬±fl¡Î◊¬º
‚] ë¸eœÓ¬Ú± fl¡˘± ¬Û”•ß˜Mê·œ Œ˝√√ø~í ˝√√±˚˛¬ıø¸ ‡≈√˜·± Œ˘±˚˛ÚÚ± ˙Àμ±#¡±
Ó¬±fl¡Î◊¬º
****
˜ø̬Û≈¬ı˛œ Œ˘±fl¡¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…
’˙±—¬ı˜ ˜œÚÀfl¡Ó¬Ú ø¸—˝√√
¬ı±˝√√Ú – ˙±À√±—
õ∂±fl‘¡Ó¬ – Œ˘±Ú ’˜·œ ø˜—º
˘…±øÈ¬Ú – Œ¬ı˛±˜±Ú Œ˘±Úº
˜≈øMê Ù¬—Ê√¬ı± – Úœ—Ó¬•§± Ù¬—Ê√¬ı±º
¸—¶¥®øÓ¬ – Ú±»
Œ¬ı˙ – øÙ¬ÀÊ√»º
Œ¬Û±¬Û≈˘±¬ı˛ – ‡3±˝◊ ˜˚˛±•ß± ¬Û±•ß¬ı±º
õ∂ˆ≈¬ – ˜¬Û≈º
˜±ø'«©Ü – fl¡±˘« ˜±'« ÚS·± ˜±·œ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬La¬ı±√¬Û≈ ˚˛±¬ı± ˜œº
ª±˝√√—
[’±˝◊. ¤¸. ‡±˝◊À√˜ 1938 √± Î◊¬ø¬ı˛À¬Û±fl¡ ø¸Ú±˜ Δ˘fl¡±˝◊√± Œ¬Û±fl¡˝◊º 1955
√± ŒÊ√±ÚÀ©Ü±Ú ˝√√±˝◊¶≥®˘√·œ Œ˜øCfl¡ Ù¬±©Ü« øάøˆ¬¸μ± ¬Û±˙ ŒÓ¬Ã¬ı˛·± 1959 √± øά.
¤˜. fl¡À˘Ê√Ó¬·œ B.Sc. ˜Ô—√± 1961 √± M.Sc. ¬Û±˙ ŒÓ¬Ã¬ı˛·± D. M. Col-
lege Ó¬± Chemistry ·œ ›Ê√± ˜Àfl¡±fl¡ ›˝◊¬ı˛•§√·œ ˜ø̬Û≈¬ı˛ ˚˛≈øÚˆ¬±¬ı˛ø¸øȬ √±
Œõ∂±ÀÙ¬¸¬ı˛ [Chemistry] ’˜¸≈— Dean of School of Science ›˝◊¬ı˛•úœº
1994 √·œ ˚˛≈øÚˆ¬±¬ı˛ø¸øȬ ’ø¸·œ V.C. ›˝◊≈√Ú± ‰¬˝√√œ 4 Δ˘¬ı˛•°·± Ô¬ıfl¡Ó¬·œ
Œ¬Û±Ô±ø‡º ˜ø̬Û≈¬ı˛ ¬Û±ø¬ıvfl¡ ¸±øˆ¬«¸ fl¡ø˜¸Ú·œ Œ‰¬˚˛±¬ı˛À˜Ú¸≈ ›˝◊¬ı˛•úœº ø¬ı:±Ú·±
˜¬ı˛œ Δ˘Ú¬ı± ˘±˝◊ø¬ı˛fl¡ fl¡˚˛± ˝◊¬ı˛•úœº ˘±˝◊ø¬ı˛fl¡ø˙—≈√·œ ˜Ú≈—√± ëø¬ı:±Ú·œ ¬Û±Î◊¬√˜í
˙œ—Ô±¬ı± ˚˛±˝◊º
Œ˝√√ÃøÊ√!¡œ ˚≈· ’ø¸ ø¬ı:±iß± ‰¬±Î◊¬‡»¬Û·œ ’ª±—¬ı± Ô±Mê± fl¡±¬ı˛¬ı± ˜Ó¬˜øÚº
˜Ó¬˜ ’ø¸√± ø¬ı:±Ú·œ :±Ú Δ˘¬ı˛¬ı± Δ¬ı:±øÚfl¡ ’˜¸≈— ø¬ı:±iß± ¬Û≈ÀÔ±fl¡¬Û± ‡≈»q-
‡≈»˘±˝◊, Œ˜øÂ√Ú, ø˙~˜ ‡„√√˘¬ı± ŒÈ¬À#¡±À˘±øÊ√©Üø˙—Ú± ˜œ›˝◊¬ı± ¸˜±Ê√√± fl¡ø¬ı˛ ŒÔÃ√±—
˚˛±Ù¬˜ ŒÔ±fl¡˝◊ ˝√√±˚˛¬ıø¸ ’˝◊¬ı± ’±˝◊, ¤¸, ‡±˝◊À√˜Ú± ª±À¬ı˛— ’ø¸√± ˜ø¬ı˛fl¡‰≈¬•ß± ˝◊ø¬ı˛º
˜œ›˝◊¬ı·œ ¸˜±Ê√√± Œ˝√√ÃøÊ√fl¡ Δ˘ø¬ı˛¬ı± ¸˜¸…± fl¡˚˛±, ‡≈√˜ ›˝◊Ú± Ó¬˜Ôœ¬ı± ˘±˚˛Ú±-
˘±˚˛Ô≈—, ‰¬œ?±!¡œ ¸˜¸…±, ˜œø˙— Œ˝√√Ú·»¬Û·œ ¸˜¸…±, ˙øMê ª±»¬Û·œ ¸˜¸…±
’ø¸Úø‰¬—¬ı±, Œfl¡±fl¡˝√√μ≈Ú± Ú≈—„√√±˝◊-˚˛±˝◊Ù¬¬ı ¸˜±Ê√ ’˜± Œ˙˜·»¬Û√± Δ¬ı:±øÚfl¡ø˙—·œ
60 ’ÀÚìı± ˜ø̬Û≈¬ı˛œ ª±À¬ı˛—-Δ˙À¬ı˛—
ŒÔÃ√±— ˚˛±•ß± ˜¬ı˛n∏ ›˝◊º Δ¬ı:±øÚfl¡ø˙—Ú± øÔøÊ√Ú¬ı√± ‡„√√˘fl¡¬Û± Ù¬—˘fl¡¬Û± fl¡˚˛±≈√
˜œ˚˛±˜¬ı≈ ¸˜±Ê√·œ fl¡±i߬ı± ø˝√√¬ı˛˜√± ø˙øÊ√iß˝√Ú¬ı√± Δ¬ı:±øÚfl¡ø˙—·œ ŒÔÃ√±— Δ˘º
fl¡ø¬ı˛ fl¡ø¬ı˛&•§√± ˜œ›˝◊¬ı± Ê√±øÓ¬Ú± ˜˙±·œ ›˝◊Ê√¬ıÓ¬± Œ˚˛—¬ı± ø˜»À˚˛—Ú± ø¬ı:±Ú¬ı≈
Œ˙¬ı˛±ißÚ± ˘˜øÊ√—≈√Ú± ˜œ›˝◊¬ı·œ ’˜±—-’Ó¬± ›˝◊˝√ Ú¬ı± Ù¬M√√ ¬ı± Ô¬ıfl¡ fl¡˚˛±√±
ø˙øÊ√iß√¬ı± ÚÀM√√º ’≈√¬ı≈ Œ˘‡#¡± ˝√√±˚˛ø¬ı˛, ìø¬ı:±Úø√ ø¬ı:±ÚøÚ, Œ˘—√Ú± Δ˘¬ıøÚº
fl¡±Ú¬ı± ˜›√√—√± ÚS·± ˜±— Ó¬±fl¡˝√√Ú¬ı± ˜›√√—√± ’≈√˜ ø˙øÊ√i߬ı± ˚˛±˝◊ºî ø˙øÊ√i߬ı·œ
˜›√—ø√ Δ¬ı:±øÚfl¡ø˙—·± Œ˘±˚˛ÚÚ± ˜œ˚˛±˜ ’˜¸≈— Œ√˙ Œ√˙fl¡œ ˘≈ø‰¬—¬ıø˙—·œ ª±‡˘
ø˜»À˚˛—·œ ˜‡± Œ¬Û±ø~º ø¬ı:±Ú ‰¬±Î◊¬‡»˘fl¡¬Û·± Œ˘±˚˛ÚÚ± Δ¬ı:±øÚfl¡ Œ¬Û±ÀO±fl¡ø¸—
ø˙øÊ√i߬ı√± ¸˜¸…± fl¡˚˛±¸≈ ŒÔ±¬ı˛fl¡¬Û± ˚˛±˝◊º ø˙øÊ√i߬ı≈√√± ŒÔ±¬ı˛fl¡¬Û± ˚˛±¬ı± ’Ù¬-Ù¬M√√±
˜±—›˝◊ÚÚ± ˜œ˚˛±˜√± ‡„√√˝√Ú¬ıø√ Δ¬ı:±øÚfl¡ø˙—·œ ˜ÀÔÃøÚº]
¤Àά±À˘¸k–
¸±˝◊Àfl¡±À˘±øÊ√©Ü ‡¬ı˛Ú± ‰¬˝√√œ 13 √·œ 18√√ Ù¬±›¬ı¬ı≈ ’≈√·± ’ÀÓ¬±m± ‡¬ı˛Ú±
‰¬˝√√œ 10 √·œ ‰¬˝√√œ 19 Ù¬±›¬ı·œ ˜Ó¬˜¬ı≈ ¤Àά±À˘¸kfl¡œ ˜Ó¬˜øÚ ˝√√±˚˛º ‡¬ı˛± Œ‡i߬ı˛¬ı¸≈,
’„√√±— ›˝◊¬ı˛•§√·œ ‰¬±Î◊¬‡»˘M≈êÚ± ˝√√fl¡‰¬±—·œ ˙¬ı˛+fl¡ ‰¬±Î◊¬¬ı˛fl¡¬Û±, ª±‡˘ ‡~fl¡¬Û±
Œ˝√√~fl¡¬Û±, ¸˜±Ê√·œ ‰¬»Ú¬ıœ·œ ˜›—√± ˜œ›˝◊ ˜¬Û”— Ù¬±¬ı± ’˜± ›˝◊¬ı˛fl¡¬Û± Ù¬±›¬ı·œ
˜Ó¬˜¬ı≈ ¤Àά±À˘¸kfl¡œ ˜Ó¬˜øÚ ˝√√±˚˛¬ı± Ó¬±˝◊º Ú≈¬Ûœ·œ ‰¬˝√√œ 10-14 √± Ô±·œ
Œ‡±„√√fl¡±¬Û ˘±fl¡¬Û± ˜Ó¬˜ ˝√√±˚˛¬ıø√ ˜‰¬± Œ¬Û±fl¡¬Û± ˚˛±¬ı˛¬ı± ˜Ó¬˜√·œ ˜œ›˝◊ ˜¬Û”— Ù¬±¬ı±
˜Ó¬˜ ˝√√±˚˛¬ıø√ ‰¬˝√√œ 19 Œ˘±˜ q¬ı± Ù¬±›¬ı·œ ˜Ó¬˜ ’≈√¬ı≈ ¤Àά±À˘¸k·œ ˜Ó¬˜
70 ’ÀÚìı± ˜ø̬Û≈¬ı˛œ ª±À¬ı˛—-Δ˙À¬ı˛—
Œfl¡Ã¬ı± ˚˛±˝◊º Ú≈¬Ûœ·œ Ô±·œ Œ‡±„√√fl¡±¬Û ˘±fl¡¬Û± ˜Ó¬˜¬ı≈ ¬Û≈…¬ıøȬ« [Puberty] Œfl¡Ã˝◊º
¤Àά±À˘¸k·œ ˜Ó¬˜ ’ø¸√± ˝√√±˚˛¬ıø√ ’„√√±— Œ¬Û±fl¡¬Û± ˚˛±¬ı˛·√¬ı± ˜Ó¬˜
’ø¸√± øÚ¬Û± ’˜¸≈— Ú≈¬Ûœ·œ ˝√√fl¡‰¬±—√± ’À‰¬Ã¬ı± ’À˝√√±—¬ı± ˘±fl¡˝◊º ˜Ó¬±— ’ø¸√±
¬Û±‡—-Δ˘˙±¬ıœ·œ ‰¬¬Û‰¬±¬ı± ˜˙fl¡ ˜›— ˘±fl¡¬Û± Œ˝√√Ã˝◊º øÚ¬Û±¸≈ Ú≈¬Ûœ¸≈ ª±—¬ı±
Œ˝√√Ú·»˘fl¡˝◊, ‰¬±Î◊¬¬ı± Œ˝√√Ú·»˘fl¡˝◊º Œ˘— Ù¬~fl¡˝◊, Ô¬ı±fl¡ ‰¬±Î◊¬‡»˘fl¡˝◊º øÚ¬Û±ø˙—·œ
Œ‡±À?˘ Œ˝√√±—˘fl¡˝◊, Ú±ÀÓ¬±Ú·œ, ‡√±—·œ Œfl¡±˝◊Úø‰¬—¬ı± ˜Ô— ˜Ô— Œ˝√√ìı˛fl¡˝◊º
¤Àά±À˘¸kfl¡œ ˜Ó¬˜ ’ø¸√± ˝√√fl¡‰¬±—·œ ’À˝√√±—¬ı± ˘±fl¡¬Û± ˜Ó¬˜√± ¬Û±‡—-
Δ˘˙±¬ıœø˙—·œ ¬Û”#¡—·œ ª±‡˘¸≈ Œ˝√√±—˘fl¡˝◊º ‰¬˝√√œ ˜Ó¬±— ’ø¸√± ˜¬Û”#¡œ—√± ’¬Û±˜
Ú≈—ø˙·œ ª± ‡„√√˘fl¡˝◊º ’≈√·œ¸≈ ˜ÔMê± ¬Û±-¬Ûœ·œ ª±‡˘√± ¬Û”#¡œ— Œ‡±˚˛√±¬ı˛fl¡˝◊,
’¸≈•ß± ŒÓ¬Ã¬ı˛fl¡¬Ûø¸ ˜À˝√√Ã˙±·œ Œ˝√√ÃÚ¬ıœøÚº ˜Ó¬˜ ’ø¸√± ˜ÀÔ±fl¡ fl¡±¬ı˛fl¡ø˘¬ı± ¬Û±‡—-
Δ˘˙±¬ıœø˙—Ú± ˚˛±•ß± :±Ú Ó¬±Ú± ’˜¸≈— Œ‰¬fl¡ø˙iß± Δ˘¬ı± Ó¬±¬ıøÚº
ª±˝√√—
1º ª±˝√√—ø˙— ’ø¸ ˚˛±•ß± ŒÓ¬iß± ‡•ú≈–
[fl¡] ëEducereí ˝√√±˚˛¬ıø¸·œ ’Ô« fl¡ø¬ı˛ÀÚ±∑
[‡] ëø˜Î◊¬øÊ√˚˛˜í ˝√√±˚˛¬ıø¸ fl¡ø¬ı˛ÀÚ±∑
[·] ëά±À˚˛øȬø˙˚˛±Úí ˝√√±˚˛˛¬ı˛·± fl¡ø¬ı˛ ‡„√√¬ıÀ·∑
[‚] ì:±Ú ˝√√±˚˛¬ıø¸ ˙øMêøÚî- ª±Ù¬˜ ’ø¸ fl¡Ú±Ú± ˝√√±˚˛¬ı˛•§ÀÚ±∑
[„√√] ¸ÀSêøȬ¸ fl¡Ú±ÀÚ±∑
[‰¬] ë’±R:±Úí ˝√√±˚˛¬ı·œ ’Ô« fl¡ø¬ı˛ÀÚ±∑
2º ª±˝√√—ø˙— ’ø¸ ŒÓ¬iß± ‡≈•ú≈–
[fl¡] ø˙鬱 ˝√√±˚˛¬ıø¸ fl¡ø¬ı˛ÀÚ±∑
[‡] Ó¬˜≈√Ú± Δ˝√√·√¬ı± ø˝√√¬ı˛˜ ‡¬ı˛·œ ˜ø˜— ¬Û~≈º
[·] fl¡¬ı˛•§± ˜œ˙#¡± ˜Õ˝√√-˜¸œ— Ó¬ø•§·øÚ∑
[‚] ø˙鬱 ¬ÛÔ±¬Ûfl¡œ ¬Û±μ˜ø˙—·œ ˜Ú≈—√± ˜¬ı˛n∏ ›˝◊¬ı± ’˜± fl¡ø¬ı˛ÀÚ±∑
[„√√] 댈¬˘≈ ¤Î≈¬Àfl¡˙Úí ˝√√±˚˛¬ı˛·± fl¡ø¬ı˛ ‡„√√¬ıÀ·∑
[‰¬] ëfl¡ø•úÎ◊¬øÚøȬ ¶≥®˘í·œ ˜¬ı˛˜√± fl¡ø¬ı˛ ‡„√√¬ıÀ· Ó¬±fl¡Î◊¬∑
[Â√] ë˝◊μ±ø©Ü™À˚˛˘ ø¬ı˛Àˆ¬±˘≈˙…Úí·œ ˜Õ˝√√ fl¡ø¬ı˛ÀÚ±∑
[Ê√] ŒÈ¬À#¡±À˘±øÊ√Ú± ‡≈˜±— ‰¬±Î◊¬ø˙~fl¡¬Û·œ ˜Õ˝√√ fl¡ø¬ı˛ÀÚ±∑
[Á¬] |œ¬ı˛±˜fl‘¡¯∏û ¬Û¬ı˛˜˝√√—¸À√¬ıÚ± ø˙鬱·œ ¬Û±μ˜·œ ˜Ó¬±—√± fl¡ø¬ı˛
90 ’ÀÚìı± ˜ø̬Û≈¬ı˛œ ª±À¬ı˛—-Δ˙À¬ı˛—
˝√√±˚˛¬ı˛•§À·∑
[¤û] ìÓ≈¬—·œ ‰¬±À¬ı˛±Ú- qÀ¬ı˛±Ú·œ√˜fl¡ ‹À‡±˚˛Ú± Ô¬ıfl¡ ˜˚˛±˜ ’˜± ŒÓ¬Ã¬ı˛•§±
Ó¬±˝◊ºî- Ó≈¬—·œ ‰¬±À¬ı˛±Ú-qÀ¬ı˛±Ú·œ√˜fl¡ ‹À‡±˚˛Ú± fl¡ø¬ı˛ fl¡ø¬ı˛ Ô¬ıfl¡
ŒÓ¬Ã¬ı˛•§± Ó¬±¬ıÀ·∑
[Ȭ] ˜œ·œ ›˝◊¬ı± &Ìø˙— ˙Àμ±fl¡¬Û·œ Ô¬ıfl¡ fl¡Ú±Ú± ŒÓ¬Ã·øÚ∑
3º ˜‡±·œ ’ø¸ ¬Û±Î◊¬ ’≈√·± ª±˝√√—ø˙—·œ ¬Û±Î◊¬‡≈˜ ¬Ûœ˚˛≈–
ì‹À‡±˚˛·œ Δ˘¬ı±fl¡ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬-Ó¬¸≈ ’À˙±fl¡, ¬ı≈X, ø¬ıÀ¬ıfl¡±Úμ, ·±gœÚ± ¬Û≈øk·œ
Œ‰¬„√À√ Ê√˘ Ó¬±Ú¬ı·œ ¬Û±Õ•§·œ ˜˜±—√± ¬Û≈øk·œ &Ìø˙—·œ ˜Ù¬˜ ¬Ûœ¬ı˛•úœºî- ’À˙±fl¡,
¬ı≈X, ø¬ıÀ¬ıfl¡±Úμ, ·±gœ·œ ˜¬ı˛˜√±√fl¡ø¬ı˛ ‡„√√¬ıÀ·∑ ŒÓ¬±„√√±Ú ŒÓ¬±„√√±iß ˝◊˚º≈˛
4º ˜¬ı˛œ-˜À‡±„√√ Ó¬±M≈êÚ± ˙Àμ±#¡± ˝◊˚˛≈–
[fl¡] ˙øMê ˝√√±˚˛¬ıø¸Ú± ˜›√√— ’˜± ÚÀS ’˜√± ˜œ ’˜¬ı≈ ’ÀÓ¬±m± ’˜Ú±
‡≈≈√˜ ‰¬i߬ı± Œ˝√√±»ÕÚº
[‡] Œ‡±„√√Ô±— ‡≈ø—√·œ ˜œ›˝◊¬ıÚ± ‡ÚÀ√±fl¡-‡ÚøÊ√Ú ŒÓ¬ÃÚ„√√±˝◊ ø˝√√¬ı˛˜ø˙—
ŒÔ—Úø¬ı˛, ‡≈√˜ ›˝◊Ú± ˜œ›˝◊¬ıÚ± Œ˝√√i±ß Ù¬¬ı± &Ì·œ ˜±˚˛Õ·√± ‰¬„√√ø˙Ú·^±
ÚS·± Ú±ÕÔ≈√Ú± ‰¬»fl¡^± ˝√√±˚˛¬ıø¸√± øÚ—øÊ—√-˜±—øÊ√—Ú˝√√ø~º
[·] ‰¬±fl¡˘±•§± ˝√√±˚˛¬ıø¸ Ê√œ¬ı ‡≈ø√˜Mê± Ù¬±Î◊¬¬ı± ÷øÔ˘ ’˜øÚº ’≈√Ú± ‰¬±¬ı±
˜Ó¬˜√± Œ˚˛iß≈√Ú± ‰¬±ø˜i߬ı± ˝√√±˚˛¬ıø¸ ˜œ›˝◊¬ı·œ ›˝◊¬ı± &ÌøÚº
ŒÓ¬Ã˝◊&•§¸≈— ’ÀÓ¬±m·œ ‰¬±fl¡˘≈fl¡ ˜≈μ≈Ú± ‰¬±¬ıø√ ˜œ·œ ›˝◊¬ı± &Ì ÚÀM√√º
[‚] ’≈√Ú± ‹À‡±˚˛ ˝◊˙±Ú± ˝◊˙±·œ ª±‡˘ ¬Ûø¬ı˛— ı≈ ‰≈¬˜˝◊¬ı¬ı˛± ÚS·± ˘±ø~¬ı¬ı˛±
˜Ú≈— UÚøÊ√iß± ‡Lö¬ı·œ ˜Ó¬˜øÚº
5º ª±˝√√—ø˙—·œ ¬Û±Î◊¬‡≈˜ ˙Àμ±#¡± ˝◊˚˛≈–
[fl¡] 댈¬˘≈ ¤Î≈¬Àfl¡˙Úí fl¡√±˚˛¬ı≈ Œfl¡Ã¬ıÀ·∑ 댈¬˘≈ ¤Î≈¬Àfl¡˙Úí·± ëÚœøÓ¬:±Ú
Ó¬ø•§¬ı·± ˜±i߬ı˱∑ ’Úœ ’ø¸·œ ˜¬ı˛Mê± fl¡ø¬ı˛ Œ‡i߬ı± Δ˘¬ıÀ· Ó¬±fl¡Î◊¬∑
[‡] 댈¬˘≈ ¤Î≈¬Àfl¡˙Úí ˜ÀÔà Ӭ±ø¬ı˛¬ı± fl¡ø¬ı˛·œÀÚ±∑ ˙Àμ±#¡± Ó¬±fl¡Î◊¬∑
[·] 댈¬˘≈ ¤Î≈¬Àfl¡˙Úí·œ Ó¬„√√±˚˛Ù¬√¬ı± Δ˘¬ı˛fl¡¬Û·œ ’À˝√√Ú¬ı± ˜¬ı˛˜ø˙—≈√ fl¡ø¬ı˛
fl¡ø¬ı˛ÀÚ± ˙Àμ±#¡± Ó¬±fl¡Î◊¬∑
Δ˙À¬ı—˛ ·œ ˙¬ın˛ fl∏ ¡
ø¬Û-Ô±À√±˝◊
‡3±˝◊¬ı˛±fl¡¬Û˜ ‰¬±Î◊¬¬ı± ø¸—˝
[‡3±˝◊¬ı˛±fl¡¬Û˜ ‰¬±Î◊¬¬ı± ø¸—˝√√ [1895-1950] Î◊¬ø¬ı˛À¬Û±fl¡ Œ˙±À¬ı«±Ú øÔÀ„√√˘,
˝◊•£¬±˘√± Œ¬Û±fl¡˝◊º ’ÀÚìı± ˜ø̬Û≈¬ı˛œ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…·œ ‡”»˜±¬ı± ’ÀÔ±˝◊¬ı± fl¡ø¬ı ’˜¸≈—
¸±ø˝√√øÓ¬…fl¡øÚº ˜ø̬Û≈¬ı˛œ Œ˘±Ú·œ ’˝√√±Ú¬ı± ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ Î◊¬¬ÛÚ…±¸ ˝◊¬ıøÚº ëø˜—Ú±˝◊√¬ıœí
’˜¸≈— ëŒÊ√…±øÓ¬í Œ‰¬ÀÙ¬±„√√ø˙—·œ ¸•Û±√fl¡ ›˝◊ø‡º ˜˝√√±!¡œ ŒÙ¬±„√√˘¬ı± ˘±˝◊ø¬ı˛fl¡ø˙—-
Â√±S ˜‰¬± [ª±À¬ı˛—-Δ˙À¬ı˛—·œ ’¬Û≈Ú¬ı±í], fl¡±i߬ı± ª±, øÙ¬√˜ ª±‡˘, ª±‡˘·œ ÷À‰¬˘,
Ô±˝◊Ú·œ Δ˘¬ı˛±— [Δ˙À¬ı˛—í, ˘¬ıe±-˘Ó¬± [‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ Î◊¬¬ÛÚ…±¸] øÚº ˜ø̬Û≈¬ı˛œ
¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ¬Ûø¬ı˛¯∏√Ú± 븱ø˝√√Ó¬… ¬ı˛Pí [1948] Î◊¬¬Û±øÒ ¬Ûœø‡º
ëø¬Û-Ô±À√±˝◊í ˝√√±˚˛¬ı± Δ˙À¬ı˛— ’ø¸√± fl¡ø¬ıÚ± ø¬Û-Ô±À√±˝◊ Œfl¡Ã¬ı± Î◊¬À‰¬#¡±
Œ‡±—¬ı± Ó¬±¬ı˛·± Ô±˚˛Ú·œ ’Õ˙¬ıø˙—Ú± ˙#¡¬ı˛•§± Œ˜±˝◊¬ı˛±— Δ˘¬ı±Mê± ŒÚ±—¬ı±iß±
‰¬œ—‡≈¬ı·œ ˜À˜±˜ ŒÔ±˝◊¬ıœ¬ı≈ Ú≈—ø˙Ê√¬ı·œ ª±¬ı˛œ ’≈√ øÚ—ø˙—˘fl¡˝◊º ŒÔ±˝◊¬ıœ
˜q—˘±—·œ√˜fl¡ ¬Û±•§± Δfl¡·œ ‡±˚˛±M√√± ˚˛±˝◊¬ıœ Ôª±˚˛ ˜±„√‡Ë¬ı± ŒÚ±—¬ı±Ú·œ ’±R±Ú±
›Úø‡¬ı± Î◊¬À‰¬ø#¡ ˝√√±˚˛Ú± ‡ø~ ’˜¸≈— Î◊¬À‰¬fl¡ ’ø¸Ú± ˜±À˘˜ ø˙Ú¬ı± Ô≈—Ú± Œfl¡±˚˛¬Û±˝◊
¬Û±˝◊≈√Ú± fl¡±˚˛Ú¬ı·œ Ú≈—ø˙-÷Õ˙ ˙Àμ±fl¡ø˘ ˝√√±˚˛Ú± Œ˘Ãø¬ı˛º ˜¬ı˛˜ ’≈√Ú± Î◊¬À‰¬fl¡ ’ø¸¬ı≈
õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬Ú± ˜±À˘˜±√ ø¬ıù´Àõ∂˜ Ó¬ø•§Ú¬ı± Ô±¬ı˛fl¡¬ÛøÚ ˝√√±˚˛Ú± fl¡ø¬ıÚ± Δ˙˙øflv¡º]
ª±˝√√—
1º ª±˝√√—ø˙— ’ø¸ ˚˛±•ß± ŒÓ¬iß± ‡≈•ú≈–
[fl¡] ëΔfl¡√ÀÚ± ’≈√fl¡ ‡?±Úø¬ı˛¬ı±í- ‡?±Úø¬ı˛¬ı± ’ø¸ fl¡Ú±ÀÚ±∑
[‡] ë›Ø Ô±øÚ—¬ı·œ Ô±Ê√¬ıøÚ, ‹·œ fl¡ø¬ı˛ ˝◊øÓ¬fl¡ Δ˘Øí- fl¡Ú±Ú± ˝√√±˚˛¬ıÀÚ±∑
[·] ëfl¡±ø= Δ˘Àfl¡±˘í ˝√√±˚˛¬ı˛·± fl¡ø¬ı˛¬ı≈ ‡„√√¬ıÀ·∑
[‚] 댇±ÀißÃ Ú˝√√± Œ‡±˝◊øÚ—í- ˝√√±˚˛ø¬ı˛¬ıø¸ fl¡Ú±¬ı≈ÀÚ±∑
[„√√] ëÚ˝√√±fl¡ ˘±fl¡À˘ Î◊¬¬ı√±í-
˜ø¸√± ëÚ˝√√±fl¡í ˝√√±˚˛ø¬ı˛¬ıø¸ fl¡Ú±¬ı≈ÀÚ±∑
[‰¬] ëÔ±˝◊Ú·œ Δ˘¬ı˛±— Δ˘Ú≈—ø˙í ˝√√±˚˛¬ıø¸Ú± fl¡ø¬ı˛ ‡„√√˝√ø~¬ıÀ·∑
[Â√] 똱˝◊Ú≈í ˝√√±˚˛¬ıœø¸ fl¡Ú±ÀÚ±∑
[Ê√] ë¬Û±•ú≈¬ıœ fl¡±Î◊¬¬ı˛¬ı± ’≈√Õ„√√í- ˜ø¸√± ë¬Û±•ú≈¬ıœí ˝√√±˚˛ø¬ı˛¬ıø¸ fl¡Ú±¬ı≈ÀÚ±∑
[Á¬] fl¡Ú±¬ı≈ ëŒ˜Õ˘ ˘±—¬ı±í Œfl¡Ã¬ıÀ·∑
[¤û] „√√±—‡Õ¬ı˛˜± fl¡Ú±ÀÚ±∑
[Ȭ] ë’˜≈À√±Ú ŒÚ±—˚˛±˝◊í ˝√√±˚˛¬ıø¸ fl¡Ú±ÀÚ±∑
’ÀÚìı± ˜ø̬Û≈¬ı˛œ ª±À¬ı˛—-Δ˙À¬ı˛— 127
2º ª±˝√√—ø˙— ’ø¸ ŒÓ¬iß± ‡≈•ú≈–
[fl¡] 뇄√√√¬ı¬ı˛± ˙fl¡À˝√√Ú¬ıœ
˚˛±À˝√√ÃÀÔ„√√¬ıœ Δ˘¬ı˛±—¬ıœí-
fl¡Ú±Ú± ˝√√±˚˛ø¬ı˛¬ıÀÚ±∑ ˙fl¡À˝√√Ú¬ıœ·œ ’Ô« fl¡ø¬ı˛ÀÚ±∑ ë˚˛±À˝√√ÃÀÔ„√√¬ıœ
Δ˘¬ı˛±—¬ıœí ˝√√±˚˛¬ıø¸Ú± fl¡Ú±¬ı≈ ‡„√√˝√¬Ú¬ıÀ·∑
[‡] 댇±ÀißÃ Ú˝√√± Œ‡±˝◊øÚ— ’˜±
Œ‡±—Ê√¬ı˛˜˝◊ ˜À‡Ã Œ¬Û±„√√ Ú±í- ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛— ’Úœø¸√± ŒÙ¬±„√√À√±fl¡ø˘¬ı± ª±Ù¬˜
’≈√ fl¡ø¬ı˛ÀÚ± Ó¬±fl¡Î◊¬º
[·] ë˝◊Úfl¡ Ú#¡± Ó¬±À¬ı˛± ˘±›,
Œ˙±fl¡˘¬ı± Œ‡±À?˘À¸ºí-
fl¡Ú±·œ Œ‡±À?˘·œ ˜¬ı˛˜√± ˝√√±˚˛ø¬ı˛¬ıÀÚ± Ó¬±fl¡Î◊¬º
[‚] ë’˜≈À√±Ú ŒÚ±—˚˛±˝◊ ˝√√Mê±fl¡Ù¬±›
˙œÀ„√√˘ Δ˘À¬Û±¬Û fl¡±˚˛¬ı˛˜À√-Δ˘ø¬ı˛À√±ºí-
˜ø¸√± ¬Ûø~¬ı± ŒÔÃÀ√±fl¡ ’≈√ fl¡ø¬ı˛ÀÚ± ‡„√√˝√~≈º
3º ˜¬ı˛œ-˜À‡±„√√ Ó¬±M≈êÚ± ˙Àμ±#¡± ˝◊˚˛≈–
[fl¡] Ú±À‰¬±˜ Δ˘‰¬Ú Δ˘‰¬± „√√±fl¡
øÔø¸ ˘±›, Œ˚˛—ø¸ ˘±›, ˜Úø¸ ˘±›,
Δ˘˝√√±Î◊¬ Δ˘À¬ı˛Ú Œ˝√√fl¡ø¸ ˘±›-
[‡] Δ˘Àfl¡±˘ ’ø¸ fl≈¡˝◊√ø¬ı˛Ø
Œ‡±ÀißÃ Ú˝√√± Œ‡±˝◊øÚ— ’˜±
Œ‡±—Ê√¬ı˛˜˝◊ ˜À‡Ã Œ¬Û±„√√Ú±
Œ‰¬fl¡˘± ˜À√±˜ „√√±˝◊Ê√ø‡
Úœ—„√√˜ø‡À√ ˜˝√√±fl¡Ôfl¡- fl≈¡˝◊√ø¬ı˛Ø
[·] ˚˛±¬ı˛˘ ¬Û±»fl¡œ ŒÓ¬±˜øÔÚÕ˘
Ú”¬ı˛± ¬Û≈ø#¡— Ó¬±Ê√Ú±
˜±˝◊Ú≈ ˜±Ú± Ô±¬ı˛•§√±˝◊
˘±˝◊·œ ˜‰¬± Œfl¡±ø•§Õ¬ı˛
˘À•£¬˘ Ú±ª± ˝√√±˚˛Ú¬ı√±˝◊º
128 ’ÀÚìı± ˜ø̬Û≈¬ı˛œ ª±À¬ı˛—-Δ˙À¬ı˛—
[‚] ‰¬œ—‡≈¬ı·œ ˜À˜±˜À˘±˝◊
’˜M√√± Œ¬Û±fl¡¬Ûœ Ô±À√±˝◊Ú±
˙±¬ıœ Œ˜Õ˘-˘±—¬ı·±
˘±—ø˜i߬ı± Δ˘¬ı˛±—À√±
Δ˘¬ı˛±— Δ˘Ù¬˜ fl¡±˚˛√ø¬ı˛
ñ ˙±»ø˘À√±Ø
[„√√] ˜¬Û≈ ˜±·œ ¬Û≈ø#¡—ø√
Ôª±Ú Δ˜¬ı˛± ø˘ø˙—øÚ
Œ‡±„√√Õ˘ ‰¬±¬ıœ Ú≈Ê√±·œ
ŒÔ±fl¡Î◊¬ ŒÔ±fl¡Î◊¬¬ı± ‡≈»ÀÔø#¡,
Ù¬±˝◊À¬ı˛Ú Ô±·œ Δ˘ø‰¬Ú·œ
Úœ—˘fl¡ Úœ—˘fl¡¬Û± ˜›—øÚº
[‰¬] ’±–Ø Ú≈—ø˙ ˜„√√À˘Ú ‰≈¬5≈Ú±
Ó≈¬—·œ Δ˘¬ı˛±— Œ¬Û±˜Ê√ø¬ı˛
fl≈¡˜·œ ŒÚ±—¬ı≈ „√√±˝◊Ê√ø¬ı˛
’ÀÚìı± fl¡˚˛± ˙±»˘øflv¡
ŒÓ¬±˜˙±» Œ¬Û±˜˙±»Ú¬ı˛øflv¡º
4º ¬ı±˝√√—ø˙—ø¸·œ ¬Û±Î◊¬‡≈˜ ˙Àμ±#¡± ˝◊˚˛≈–
[fl¡] ëΔ˘-˘±—¬ı±í Δ˙À¬ı˛—·œ ª±-˜‰¬— ˝◊˚˛≈º
[‡] ëΔ˘-˘±—¬ı±í Δ˙À¬ı˛—√± fl¡ø¬ıÚ± ˝√√±˚˛Úœ—ø˘¬ı≈√ fl¡ø¬ı˛ÀÚ± ˙Àμ±#¡± Ó¬±fl¡Î◊¬º
[·] ëΔ˘-˘±—¬ı±í Δ˙À¬ı˛—√± fl¡ø¬ıÚ± Œ˚˛˛fl¡˘•§± ˜ø̬Û≈¬ı˛·œ ˜À˝√√Ã˙±·œ
Δ˘Àfl¡±˘·œ øÚ—øÔÊ√¬ı± ˙Mê˜≈√ Ú˙±·œ Œ˘±iß± Ô±≈√Ú± ˝◊˚˛≈º
[‚] ëΔ˘-˘±—¬ı±í Δ˙À¬ı˛—·œ Ù¬Ê√¬ıø√ Δ˘ø¬ı˛ fl¡ø¬ıÚ± ¸—Àfl¡Ó¬ [allusion]
’˜¸≈— ’Ú≈õ∂±¸ [alliteration] ø˙øÊ√i߬ı√±í ˝√√±˚˛¬ıø¸ fl¡˚˛±˜≈fl¡ ‰≈¬•§À·
‡≈√˜·± Œ˘±˚˛ÚÚ± Î◊¬»˘≈º
Δfl¡¬ı˛±fl¡
ŒÚ±—ÀÔ±•§˜ |œ¬ıœÀ¬ı˛Ú ø¸—˝
[ŒÚ±—ÀÔ±•§˜ |œ¬ıœÀ¬ı˛Ú [1946-] Î◊¬ø¬ı˛À¬Û±fl¡, ’À‰¬±˜ Δ˘fl¡±˚˛,
˝◊•£¬±˘√± Œ¬Û±fl¡˝◊º ’Úœq¬ı± ˘±?±› ˜Ó≈¬—·œ ’ÀÚìı± ˜ø̬Û≈¬ı˛œ Δ˙À¬ı˛—·œ ˙#¡±˝◊¬ı˛¬ı±
fl¡ø¬ıøÚº ëŒÓ¬±~¬ı± ˙±≈√·œ ª±‡˘í, ë˜ø¸Ú± ˝◊•£¬±˘·œ ª±¬ı˛œøÚí, 똬۱˘ Ú±˝◊√¬ıø¸√±
‹í Œfl¡Ã¬ı± Δ˙À¬ı˛— ˘±˝◊ø¬ı˛fl¡ø˙— ’˜ø√ ëΔ˘ø‰¬~!¡œ Ô±Ê√í [ª±¬ı˛œ ˜‰¬±], ë˝√√~fl¡¬Û±í
[˘œ˘± ˜‰¬±] ŒÙ¬±„√√À‡Ëº ˜ø̬Û≈¬ı˛ Œ©ÜȬ fl¡˘± ¤fl¡±À√˜œ·œ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…·œ ˜Ú± ’˜ø√
¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ¤fl¡±À√˜œ ˜Ú± Ù¬—˘¬ı± fl¡ø¬ıøÚº
¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ √˘·œ ˜œÀ¬ı˛¬Ûø˙—Ú± ˜œÀ¬ı˛¬Û Œ˘m± ˜Ó¬˜√± ˜œ˚˛±˜√± ˜À‡±˚˛Ú±
˝√√±˚˛¬ı˛•§ø˙— fl¡˚˛±≈√ Ô¬ıfl¡ ›˝◊Ú± ¬Û±—ÀÔ±Mê≈√Ú± ˜¸±·œ √˘ ’˜ø√ ˜¸± ˜˙±·œÓ¬±
Œ˚˛—≈√Ú± Œ˙?± Ô≈˜Ê√± fl¡˚˛± ŒÓ¬Ã≈√Ú± Δ˘ø¬ı˛º ˜ø¸Ú± ˜œ˚˛±˜·œ ’˜±„√√¬ıÓ¬± ÚM√√Ú±
Δ˘¬ı±!¡œ¸≈ ’˜±—¬ı± ›˝◊ø¬ı˛º ’¸≈•ß± ˜œ˚˛±˜·œ ˜ÀÓ¬—Ú± Δ˘¬ı±!¡œ ’À‰¬Ã¬ı± Ù¬˜ ¬Û±˚˛ø‡¬ı±
’˜¸≈— ¬Û±˚˛ø¬ı˛¬ı± ˜œ›˝◊ø˙—Ú± ˜œ˚˛±˜·œ√˜Mê± ˚˛±˝◊Ù¬Ú¬ı± Ô¬ıfl¡ ’˜Mê± ŒÓ¬Ã¬ı˛Mê¬ı±
’ø¸ ‡~≈¬ı˛·± fl¡ø¬ı·œ ÔÀ•ú±˚˛√± Ú≈„√±˚˛Ó¬¬ı± Œ¬Ûμ¬ı± Ù¬±›¬ı˛fl¡¬Û·œ ˙Mê˜ ’≈√ ‹À‡±˚˛Ú±
ëΔfl¡¬ı˛±fl¡í Œfl¡Ã¬ı± Δ˙À¬ı˛—ø¸√± Î◊¬¬ı± Ù¬—˝◊º]
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