ACTIVE & PASSIVE

VOICES
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What is voice?
 A form or set of forms of a verb showing the relation of the subject to the
action.
 Note: vice means moral fault or weakness.
 As a prefix it means a tittle as vice principal, vice-captain etc=> et cetera.

Verb and Voice

 Voice is the form a verb takes to indicate whether the subject of the verb
performs or receives the action.

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 There are two types of voices
Active voice and Passive voice

Active voice
 Active voice verbs are used when the subject is acting in a sentence.
Example: Sir Diyar teaches English.
 "Teaches" is an active verb because it allows the subject to undertake an
action.

Passive Voice
 Passive voice verb are used when the subject is being acted upon in a
sentence.
Example: English is taught by Sir Diyar.
 "Is taught" are considered passive because they indicate that the subject
(English) is receiving an action.

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 Rules of changing A.V and P.V
 Subject ----> Object => Subjects change into Objects.
 Object ----> Subject => Objects change into Subjects.
 Next tense auxiliary/helping verb is used in passive voice.
 1st, 2nd and Ing form of the verbs are changed into 3rd form of the verb.
 Only past participle (3rdVerb) is used in passive voice.
 Preposition "by" is used before the new object of the passive voice.
 Transitive verb can be changed into passive voice.
 Intransitive verb can't be changed into passive voice.
 Eight aspects are changed into passive voice.
 Four aspects are not changed into passive voice.

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 Pronoun Chart
Subject Object Possessive Possessive Reflexive
Pronouns Pronouns Adjectives Pronouns Pronouns
1st Person
I Me My Mine Myself

2nd Person
You You Your Yours Yourself

3rd Person
He Him His His Himself
(male)
3rd Person
She Her Her Hers Herself
(female)
3rd Person
It It Its (not used) Itself

1st Person
We Us Our Ours Ourselves
(Plural)
2nd Person
You You Your Yours Yourselves
(Plural)
3rd Person
They Them Their Theirs Themselves
(Plural)
Name remain same!!! 5

Any Questions???
 Model Auxiliary verbs

Can (Active) Can+be (Passive)

Could (Active) Could+be (Passive)

Must (Active) Must+be (Passive)

Should (Active) Should+be (Passive)

Would (Active) Would+be (Passive)

Might (Active) Might+be (Passive)

He can play a game. (Active)

A game can be played by him. (Passive)

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 Present Indefinite Tense
Active Voice
Structures:
Positive: Subject+1stVerb+Object+ (.)
Negative: Subject+Do/Does+Not+1stVerb+Object+ (.)
Interrogative: Do/Does+Subject+1stVerb+Object+ (?)
Positive: He writes a letter.
Negative: He does not writes a letter.
Interrogative: Does He writes a letter?

Passive Voice
Structures:
Positive: New.Subject+Is/Am/Are+3rdVerb+By+New.Object+ (.)
Negative: New.Subject+Is/Am/Are+Not+3rdVerb+By+New.Oject+ (.)
Interrogative: Is/Am/Are+New.Suject+3rdVerb+By+New.Object+ (?)
Positive: A letter is written by him.
Negative: A letter is not written by him. 7

Interrogative: Is A letter written by him?

 Present Continuous Tense
Active Voice
Structures:
Positive: Subject+Is/Am/Are+1stVerb+Ing+Object+ (.)
Negative: Subject+Is/Am/Are+Not+1stVerb+Ing+Object+ (.)
Interrogative: Is/Am/Are+Subject+1stVerb+Ing+Object+ (?)
Positive: He is writing a letter.
Negative: He is not writing a letter.
Interrogative: Is He writing a letter?

Passive Voice
Structures:
Positive: New.Subjct+Is/Am/Are+Being+3rdVerb+By+New.Object+ (.)
Negative: New.Subject+Is/Am/Are+Not+Being+3rdVerb+By+New.Object+ (.)
Interrogative: Is/Am/Are+New.Subject+Being+3rdVerb+By+New.Object+ (?)
Positive: A letter is being written by him.
Negative: A letter is not being written by him. 8

Interrogative: Is a letter being written by him?

 Present Perfect Tense
Active Voice
Structures:
Positive: Subject+Has/Have+3rdVerb+Object+ (.)
Negative: Subject+Has/Have+Not+3rdVerb+Object+ (.)
Interrogative: Has/Have+Subject+3rdVerb+Object+ (?)
Positive: He has written a letter.
Negative: He has not written a letter.
Interrogative: Has He written a letter?

Passive Voice
Structures:
Positive: New.Subject+Has/Have+Been+3rdVerb+By+New.Object+ (.)
Negative: New.Subject+Has/Have+Not+Been+3rdVerb+By+New.Object+ (.)
Interrogative: Has/Have+New.Subject+Been+3rdVerb+By+New.Object+ (?)
Positive: A letter has been written by him.
Negative: A letter has not been written by him. 9

Interrogative: Has a letter been written by him?

 Past Indefinite Tense
Active Voice
Structures:
Positive: Subject+2ndVerb+Object+ (.)
Negative: Subject+Did+Not+1stVerb+Object+ (.)
Interrogative: Did+Subject+1stVerb+Object+ (?)
Positive: He wrote a letter.
Negative: He did not write a letter.
Interrogative: Did He write a letter?

Passive Voice
Structures:
Positive: New.Subject+Was/Were+3rdVerb+By+New.Object+ (.)
Negative: New.Subject+Was/Were+Not+3rdVerb+By+New.Object+ (.)
Interrogative: Was/Were+New.Subject+3rdVerb+By+New.Object+ (?)
Positive: A letter was written by him.
Negative: A letter was not written by him. 10

Interrogative: Was a letter written by him?

 Past Continuous Tense
Active Voice
Structures:
Positive: Subject+Was/Were+1stVerb+Ing+Object+ (.)
Negative: Subject+Was/Were+Not+1stVerb+Ing+Object+ (.)
Interrogative: Was/Were+Subject+1stVerb+Ing+Object+ (?)
Positive: He was writing a letter.
Negative: He was not writing a letter.
Interrogative: Was He writing a letter?

Passive Voice
Structures:
Positive: New.Subject+Was/Were+Being+3rdVerb+By+New.Object+ (.)
Negative: New.Subject+Was/Were+Not+Being+3rdVerb+By+New.Object+ (.)
Interrogative: Was/Were+New.Subject+being+3rdVerb+By+New.Object+ (?)
Positive: A letter was being written by him.
Negative: A letter was not being written by him. 11

Interrogative: Was a letter being written by him?

 Past Perfect Tense
Active Voice
Structures:
Positive: Subject+Had+3rdVerb+Object+ (.)
Negative: Subject+Had+Not+3rdVerb+Object+ (.)
Interrogative: Had+Subject+3rdVerb+Object+ (?)
Positive: He had written a letter.
Negative: He had not written a letter.
Interrogative: Had He written a letter?

Passive Voice
Structures:
Positive: New.Subject+Had+Been+3rdVerb+By+New.Object+ (.)
Negative: New.Subject+Had+Not+Been+3rdVerb+By+New.Object+ (.)
Interrogative: Had+New.Subject+Been+3rdVerb+By+New.Object+ (?)
Positive: A letter had been written by him.
Negative: A letter had not been written by him. 12

Interrogative: Had a letter had been written by him?

 Future Indefinite Tense
Active Voice
Structures:
Positive: Subject+Shall/Will+1stVerb+Object+ (.)
Negative: Subject+Shall/Will+Not+1stVerb+Object+ (.)
Interrogative: Shall/Will+Subject+1stVerb+Object+ (?)
Positive: He will write a letter.
Negative: He will not write a letter.
Interrogative: Will He write a letter?

Passive Voice
Structures:
Positive: New.Subject+Shall/Will+Be+3rdVerb+By+New.Object+ (.)
Negative: New.Subject+Shall/Will+Not+Be+3rdVerb+By+New.Object+ (.)
Interrogative: Shall/Will+New.Subject+be+3rdVerb+By+New.Object+ (?)
Positive: A letter will be written by him.
Negative: A letter will not be written by him. 13

Interrogative: Will a letter be written by him?

 Future Perfect Tense
Active Voice
Structures:
Positive: Subject+Shall/Will+Have+3rdVerb+Object+ (.)
Negative: Subject+Shall/Will+Not+Have+3rdVerb+Object+ (.)
Interrogative: Shall/Will+Subject+Have+3rdVerb+Object+ (?)
Positive: He will have written a letter.
Negative: He will not have written a letter.
Interrogative: Will He have written a letter?

Passive Voice
Structures:
Positive: New.Subject+Shall/Will+Have+Been+3rdVerb+By+New.Object+ (.)
Negative: New.Subject+sHall/Will+Not+Have+Been+3rdVerb+By+New.Object+ (.)
Interrogative: Shall/Will+New.Subject+Have+Been+3rdVerb+By+New.Object+ (?)
Positive: A letter will have been written by him.
Negative: A letter will not have been written by him. 14

Interrogative: Will a letter have been written by him?

Infinitive:-
 To+1stVerb is also called infinitive.
Examples: to see, to watch, to eat, to look, to drink, etc.
=> Want:
A.V: I want to teach an English.
P.V: I want an English to be taught.
A.V: She want to press the clothes.
P.V: She want the clothes to be pressed.
=> Love:
A.V: I love to recite the Holy Quran.
P.V: I love the Holy Quran to be recited.
A.V: She love to sew the clothes.
P.V: She love the clothes to be sewed.
=> Time:
A.V: It was time to offer the prayer.
P.V: It was time for the prayer to be offered.
A.V: It is time to offer the prayer. 15

P.V: It is time for the prayer to be offered.

Imperative Sentences:-
Structure: Let + N.Subject + Be + 3rd form of Verb + (.)
A.V: Open the door.
P.V: Let the door be opened.
A.V: Wring the clothes.
P.V: Let the clothes the wring.
A.V: Use the mobile.
P.V: Let the mobile be used.
A.V: Make a chart.
P.V: Let the chart be made.
A.V: Write a story.
P.V: Let a story be written.
A.V: Teach an English.
P.V: Let an English be taught. 16
To + have + 3rd form of verb
Structure: To + Have + Been + 3rd form of Verb.
Active: I want to have done this work.
Passive: I want this work to have been done.

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Who broke the pen? (Active)
By whom was the pen broken? (Passive)
May you touch the pinnacle of success! (Active)
May the pinnacle of success be touched by you! (Passive)
Please help your friends. (Active)
You are requested to help your friends. (Passive)
Why were you knocking the door? (Active)
Why was the door being knocked by you? (Passive)

NOTE:
Who changes into by whom in the passive; (by) whom changes to who in the passive.
Active: Whom did you call?
Passive: Who was called by you?
Active: Who killed the snake?
Passive: By whom was the snake killed?
Active: Why did he punish you?
Passive: Why were you punished by him? 18
See you soon

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