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PALM KERNEL MEAL - AN ALTERNATIVE COST-EFFECTIVE FISH FEED

INGREDIENT

Article · August 2020

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 ARTICLE
PALM KERNEL MEAL - AN ALTERNATIVE COST-
EFFECTIVE FISH FEED INGREDIENT
S. Sangavi1, Paramita Banerjee Sawant1, Muralidhar P. Ande2, Karthireddy Syamala2 and N. K. Chadha1
1
ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai
2
ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Kakinada Centre, Andhra Pradesh
Aquaculture is the fastest growing food production sector in What is PKM?
the world and fulfills half of the animal protein requirement. Palm Kernel Meal (PKM) is an
Commercial fish feed accounts for about 50-60% of the total agricultural by-product of the oil palm
operational cost of the production system. Owing to increase in (ElaeisguineensisJacq.) industry and
demand and competition from other animal sectorswith regard is considered as an agro-industrial
to the use of conventional feed ingredients, cost of important waste. It is produced from the kernels
feed ingredients like fishmeal is increasing. Besides this, in the of the oil palm fruits, after the
recent years, the declining trend of capture fisheries has further extraction of palm kernel oil either by
restricted the application of fishmeal in the fish feed formulations. mechanical or solvent extraction
One kg of farmed fish requires 0.7 kg of wild fish in the form of methods (Figure. 1). It is also called S.Sangavi
fishmeal as feed ingredients. This has prompted feed as palm kernel cake or palm kernel expeller. PKM resulting
technologists to search and select sustainable non-conventional from mechanical extraction contains 5-12% oil and solvent-
feed ingredients for the preparation of nutritionally rich and extracted palm kernel meal contains 0.5-3% oil.
balanced formulated fish feed. These ingredients are gaining Status of PKM production
importance in the feed industry due to their reduced costs and About 80% of the PKM originates from Indonesia and
their availability. One such locally available non-conventional Malaysia. Indonesia is the largest producer and exporter of palm
feed ingredient is Palm Kernel Meal (PKM). oil and other palm oil by-products. In the year 2018, Indonesia

Figure. 1. Process flow for commercial production of Palm Kernel Meal (PKM)

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 ARTICLE
produced 5.89 million metric tonnes of PKM and Malaysia of PKM as a food product by humans.
produced 2.74 million metric tonnes of PKM. The other five b) This meal is a cheap raw material source from palm oil
main producer countries are Thailand, Nigeria, Colombia, Papua industry and is a cost-effective one.
New Guinea and Guatemala. India is at 21st position with the c) It is also readily available as a feed ingredient for the
total production of 0.01 million metric tonnes of PKM (USDA, fishes, poultry and ruminants.
2019). d) This is a waste or by-product from agriculture and/
Nutritional profile of PKM processing industries that can be utilized effectively.
PKM is known as an energy-feed and also its chemical e) The use of PKM as a fish feed ingredient plays an
composition is similar to that of copra meal, rice bran or corn effective role in nutrient recycling and is an improved
gluten feed. It is a highly fibrous and medium grade protein form of waste management.
feed(Table. 1), hence most suited to ruminant or rabbit Challenges for theuse of PKM
feeding.The wastes and residues from the palm oil extraction Severalfactors limiting theincorporation of PKM intofish
are cellulosic organic biomass with high nutrient content. diets are:
Table. 1. Chemical composition and nutritional value of a) There is relatively low proteincontent in this meal, so
PKM there are also possible deficiencies of amino acids.
Chemical composition Nutritive value b) The presence of antinutritional factors (non-starch
Crude protein 14-18% polysaccharides) limits the direct use of PKM in the
Crude fiber 13-20% fish diets.
Fat content 8-10 % c) It is slightly unpalatable and mixing this feed ingredient
Ash content 4 -5 % with palatable feedstuffs such as molasses will help
Phosphorous 0.48-0.71% improveintakes.
Calcium 0.21-0.34% d) The higher fibre level can reduce the apparent
Carotene & Vit-E 0.3 IU/kg digestibilityfor fish and other ruminants, limiting its
Use of PKM in aquaculture inclusion in the feeds.
The use of PKM as a locally available non-conventional feed Ways to improve protein content in PKM
ingredient in the fish diets emerged in early 90’s. PKM had been a) Solid state fermentation- The protein content of PKM
substituted in the diet of tilapia and catfish fingerlings wherein, can be increased by the process of solid-state fermentation with
positive growth performancewas recorded at lowerinclusions cellulolytic fungus, Trichoderma koningii. Reports say that this
levels.The following examples illustrate theinclusion levels of process almostdoubled the protein content of rawPKM, from
PKM in the diets for the effective performance of fingerlingsof about 17% to 32% crudeprotein.
different fish species (Table. 2). b) Amino acid supplementation- PKM is low in sulphur
Table. 2. Effective PKM inclusion level for fish fingerlings amino acids andprobably lysine, which are essentialamino acids
in the aqua-diets necessary for the optimal growth of fish. Some studies have
Sl. No Experimental fish Inclusion level of PKM reported that amino acid supplementation (1-1.2 %) improved
1. Oreochromis niloticus 30 % the growth of fish fed PKM based diets.
2. Nile tilapia 35 % c) Utilization of feed enzymes- The low digestibility of
3. Labeo senegalensis 10 % PKM isattributed to the high levelsof non-starch polysaccharides
4. Red hybrid tilapia 30 % (anti-nutritional factors)found in the cell wall. The use of
5. Hybrid Asian–African proteolytic,fibrolytic or carbohydrate-degradingenzymes (ie.,
catfish (Clarias cellulase, xylanase) to PKM-based diets have great possibilityof
macrocephalus × releasing unavailablenutrients and energy.
Clarias gariepinus) 10 % d) Extrusion by Response Surface Method (RSM) -
6. Clarias gariepinus 20% The high indigestible polysaccharides content present in the
Benefits of PKM in fish diets PKM limits the inclusion level in the diets of ruminants and
The advantages of using PKM as a non-conventional feed fish. The twin-screw extrusion treatment of PKM helps to reduce
ingredient in the fish feed are as follows: the indigestible polysaccharides content during exposure to
a) Globally, there is no competition for the consumption various temperatures, screw speeds, hopper speeds and moisture

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contents. Thus, a potential technological extrusion process by Adjanke et al. (2016) showed that the acceptability and
resulted in reducing the anti-nutritional factors and improving palatability response of O. niloticusfingerlings fed with the meal
the nutritive value of PKM (Roslanet al., 2017) as evidenced diets resulted in no significant differences among treatments.
through an analysis using response surface methodology (RSM). The incorporation of PKM in milkfish (Chanos chanos) diets
Status of research on PKM as a potential unconventional high as 16.36% did not show any adverse effect on growth
fish feed performance and gut health (Zulfahmi et al., 2019).
The use of PKM as a locally available non-conventional Conclusion
aqua-feed ingredient emerged in early 90’s. Omoregie and Availability and cost of conventional fish feed ingredients
Ogbemudia (1993) substituted PKM in the diet of Nile tilapia has become a major concern for the aquaculture feed industry.
fingerlings and observed positive performance in the lower level Therefore, use of non-conventional fish feed ingredients which
of inclusion. Saad et al. (1997) found that fingerlings of O. are locally available at reduced cost can be a good option for
niloticus showed significant sign of responses when fed with the feed industry, especially for resource poor fish farmers. It
30% inclusion rate. The fingerlings of Nile tilapia fed with can be therefore concluded that PKM is a viable non-
African PKM (35%) in the practical diets gave better conventional alternative feed ingredient and has a promising
performances (Oliveira et al., 1997). Omoregie (2001) found role to play in aquaculture. It presents an immense scope to
that the minimum incorporation of PKM at 10% inclusion in the substitute or replace fish meal either completely or partially post
diet of Labeo senegalensis (African carp) juveniles had a its processing augmented increase in percentage of protein. PKM
reasonable feed utilization and nutrient digestibility. can herald a new era in on-farm feed production for poor fish
According to Ng et al. (2002), the pretreated PKM diets farmers and will provide an avenue for a more practical and
using enzymes showed a considerable increase in the nutritive cost-effective feed ingredient, adding to their overall profit.
value. They found no better results in the fermentation
(Trichoderma koningii) process and also reported that the raw Envozyme@ Farmer
PKM could be used as a dietary ingredient with no deleterious
effects on red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis sp.). A study on
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feeding trial was conducted in the practical diets for Red hybrid
tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) containing the above meal which
showed a better nutrient utilization efficiency in the partial (20%)
substitution with soybean meal (Ng and Chong, 2002).
Ng and Chen (2002) observed that the performance of hybrid
Asian–African catfish, Clarias macrocephalus × Clarias
gariepinus decreased with increased inclusion of the PKM in
the fingerlings diet. In the study performed by Iluyemi et al.
(2010), it is reported that there were adverse effects on the
performance and feed utilization of Red tilapia fed with
fermented (Trichoderma longibrachiatum) meal. Udo et al.
(2012) incorporated PKM as a plant-based feed ingredient in
the reference diet of African catfish (C. gariepinus) fingerlings.
Among agro-industrial by-products (cassava meal, mesquite
pod meal, cocoa meal), the diets prepared from PKM promoted
the performance of Nile tilapia fish coupled with economic
efficiency index (Carvalho et al., 2012). Thongprajukaew et al.
(2015) studied the utilization of dietary modified palm kernel
meal feed (water-soaked (SPKM), microwave-irradiated HAPPY TO ANNOUNCE all that our company
(MPKM), or water-soaked and microwave-irradiated palm kernel Envozyme, has taken an initiative for FARMER
meals (SMPKM)) in the sex reversed Nile tilapia (Oreochromis CONVENIENCE and ENRICHED our PROBIOTICS
niloticus) and observed that the SMPKM had improved the WITH SELECTIVE NUTRIENTS for BETTER
nutritional quality of PKM containing diet. The study conducted RESULTS & HIGHER YIELDS.

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